Abstract

forBiomedicalJournal1.FunctionofabstractTypesofabstractStructuresandcontentsofabstractTense,voiceandpersoninabstractKeywordsWritingtipsforabstractPatternsandstructuresinabstractTranslation2.Function “Thefunctionoftheabstractofascientificpaperistoprovideanoverviewofthepapersothatthereadersknowthemainstoryandafewessentialdetailsofyourworkwithoutreadingtheholetextofthepaper.Theabstractshouldmakesensebothwhenreadaloneandwhenreadwiththepaper.”-URMSMJ讓讀者盡快了解論文的主要內(nèi)容，以補(bǔ)足文體信息的不足為科技情報(bào)文獻(xiàn)檢索數(shù)據(jù)庫的建設(shè)和維護(hù)提供方便中文科技文章的英文摘要還可以起到與外國同行進(jìn)行學(xué)術(shù)交流的作用3.Type(1) 根據(jù)內(nèi)容的不同,摘要可分為以下三大類：報(bào)道性摘要、指示性摘要和報(bào)道-指示性摘要。

1）報(bào)道性摘要(informativeabstract)：也稱信息型摘要或資料性摘要。其特點(diǎn)是全面、簡要地概括論文的目的、方法、主要數(shù)據(jù)和結(jié)論。通常,這種摘要可部分地取代閱讀全文。

2）指示性摘要(indicativeabstract)：也稱為說明性摘要、描述性摘要（descriptiveabstract）或論點(diǎn)摘要（topicabstract）。一般只用二、三句話概括論文的主題,而不涉及論據(jù)和結(jié)論,多用于綜述、會(huì)議報(bào)告等。此類摘要可用于幫助讀者決定是否需要閱讀全文。

4.Type(2)3）報(bào)道-指示性摘要(informative-indicativeabstract)：以報(bào)道性摘要的形式表述一次文獻(xiàn)中信息價(jià)值較高的部 分,以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分。5.Indicativeabstract–example16.Indicativeabstract–example2

Latedevelopmentofcolorectalcancersubsequenttopelvicirradiation Twocasesofirradiation-associatedcarcinomaofthecolonarereportedandliteraturereviewed.Theclinicalcoursesandoperativedifficultiesintreatingthesepatientsareemphasized.Thenecessityforlife-longfollow-upexaminationswithproctoscopicandbarium–enemaevaluationsinhighriskpatientsisstressed.Irradiation-associatedcarcinomaofthecolonoccursalmostexclusivelyinwomen,butshouldbeinvestigatedinpatientsofeithersexwholiveforlongperiodsafterpelvicirradiation.7.Type(3) 資料性摘要：告訴讀者研究的總體情況，使他們了解研究的目的、材料、方法、結(jié)果、結(jié)論以及存在的問題。 資料性摘要分為傳統(tǒng)型或非結(jié)構(gòu)式（non-structured）和結(jié)構(gòu)式(structured)兩大類型。據(jù)報(bào)道，現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)期刊雜志論文中約有60%的資料性摘要采用結(jié)構(gòu)式的寫作格式。

8.Non-structuredabstract–example

Parenteralnutrition-inducedgallbladderdisease:Areasonforearlycholecystectomy

Patientswhoreceivelong-termparenteral（不經(jīng)胃腸的）nutritionhaveanincreasedincidenceofbothcalculousandacalculouscholecystitis.【研究背景－用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表述】InanattempttoestablishguidelinesforclinicalmanagementofpatientswithTPN-inducedgallbladderdisease,wehavereviewedtherecordsof35patientswhohaveundergonecholecytectomyforthisproblemsince1976attheUCLAMedicalCenter.【目的－用過去時(shí)或現(xiàn)在時(shí)表述】Themeanageofthe23adultsand12childrenwhohadcholecystectomywas29.1years.Fortypercentofthesepatientsrequiredemergencycholecystecotmy.【材料和方法-過去時(shí)表述】9.Non-structuredabstract–example Theoveralloperativemorbiditywas54percent,andthehospitalmortalitywas11percent.Significantfactorscontributingtothishighrateofcomplicationsincludedadelayindiagnosis,especiallyintheyoungchildren,andincreasedoperativedifficultyduetoextensiveadhesionsandintraoperativehemorrhage.【結(jié)果-過去時(shí)表述】Ouranalysissuggeststhatpatientsreceivinglong-termTPNshouldhaveaprogramofultrasoundsurveillanceforgallbladderformation,electivecholecystectomywhenstonesfirstappear,andconsiderationofcholecystectomyatthetimeoflaparotomyperformedforotherreasons.【結(jié)論-時(shí)態(tài)視具體情況】WhetherTPN-inducedgallstonescanbepreventedthroughdailystimulatedgallbladderemptyingawaitsresultsoffuturestudies.【前瞻性說明-現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)表述】 非結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要的主要缺點(diǎn)是：段落不明，給編輯、審稿、閱讀及計(jì)算機(jī)處理帶來諸多不便。

10.Full-structuredabstract 1974年4月，加拿大McMaster大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)中心的DrRBrianHaynes首先提出建立臨床研究論文的結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要。在DrEdwardJHuth創(chuàng)導(dǎo)下，美國《內(nèi)科學(xué)記事》（AnnualsofInternalMedicine）在國際上率先采用了全結(jié)構(gòu)式（full-structured）摘要。 Haynes所提出的全結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要包含8個(gè)要素： 1.目的（Objective）：說明論文要解決的問題 2.設(shè)計(jì)（Design）：說明研究的基本設(shè)計(jì)，包括的研究性質(zhì) 3.地點(diǎn)（Setting）：說明進(jìn)行研究的地點(diǎn)和研究機(jī)構(gòu)的等級(jí) 4.對(duì)象（Patients,participantsorsubjects）：說明參加并完成研究的病人或受試者的性質(zhì)、數(shù)量及挑選方法 5.處理（Interventions）：說明確切的治療或處理方法 6.主要測定項(xiàng)目（Mainoutcomemeasures）：說明為評(píng)定研究結(jié)果而進(jìn)行的主要測定項(xiàng)目 7.結(jié)果（Results）：說明主要客觀結(jié)果 8.結(jié)論（Conclusion）：說明主要結(jié)論，包括直接臨床應(yīng)用意義11.Full-structuredabstract–exampleObjectives:TodeterminewhetheracomputerizeddecisionsupportsystemforinitiationandcontroloforalanticoagulantimprovesqualityofanticoagulantcontrolachievedbytraineedoctorsDesign:RandomizedcontroltrialSetting:DistrictgeneralhospitalinNorthLondonSubjects:148inpatientsrequiringstartofWarfarin(華法靈/芐丙酮香豆素)treatmentInterventions:Managementbytraineedoctors(toachievetherapeuticrangeofinternationalnormalizedrationof2to3)withindirectassistancefromcomputerizeddecisionsupportsystem(interventiongroup)orwithoutsuchassistance(controlgroup)Mainoutcomemeasures:Mediantimetotherapeuticrange,stabledose,andfirastpseudoevent(excessiveinternationalnormalizedratioaftertherapeuticrangehadbeenreached)andpersontimespentinthetherapeuticrange12.Full-structuredabstract–exampleResults:72patientswererandomizedtotheinterventiongroupand76tocontrolgroup.Mediantimetoreachinternationalnormalizedratioof>2wasnotsignificantlydifferentinthetwogroups(3days).Mediantimetoachieveastabledosewassignificantlylowerininterventiongroupthanincontrols(7daysv9days,p<0.01)withoutexcessiveovertreatmentorundertreatmentwithanticoagulant.Patientsininterventiongroupspentgreaterproportionoftimeintherapeuticrange,bothasinpatients(59%v52%)andoutpatients(64%v51%).Conclusions:ThecomputerizeddecisionsupportsystemwassafeandeffectiveandimprovedqualityofinitiationandcontrolofWarfarintreatmentbytraineedoctors.13.Full-structuredabstract 與非結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要相比，全結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要觀點(diǎn)更明確（moreexplicitness），信息量更大（moreinformation），差錯(cuò)更少（fewererrors），同時(shí)也更符合計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)庫的建立和使用要求。但其缺點(diǎn)也是顯而易見的，即煩瑣、重復(fù)、篇幅過長,而且不是所有研究都能按以上8個(gè)要素分類的。于是更多的雜志揚(yáng)長避短，采用半結(jié)構(gòu)式（semi-structured）摘要。14.Half-structuredabstract 半結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要也稱為四要素摘要，包括：目的（objective/purpose/aim）、方法（methods）、結(jié)果（results）和結(jié)論（conclusion），例如：Purpose:Autopsystudieshaveshownthatpregnancyresultsinphysiologicpituitary（垂體的）enlargement.Weusedmagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)tocorroboratethesefindingsinvivo.PatientsandMethods:Basedongestationalage,32normalprimigravid(初產(chǎn)的)patientsweredividedintothreegroups:GroupI(n=11),lessthan12gestationalweeks;GroupII(n=10),13to26gestationalweeks,andGroupII(n=11),27gestationalweeksormore.Thepituitarydimensionsandvolumesinthesegroupswerecomparedwiththosein20healthynulliparous（未經(jīng)產(chǎn)的）women(controlgroup).15.Half-structuredabstractResults:MRImeasurementsshowedasignificantincreaseinpituitaryvolumeinGroupI,IIandIIIwhencomparedwiththecontrolgroup(p<0.001).Furthermore,therewasanincreaseinpituitaryvolumebetweenGroupIandIIandbetweenGroupIIandIII,althoughtheformerwasnotstatisticallysignificant(p>0.05).Attheendofpregnancy,thehypothysishadincreased2.6mminvertical,anteroposterior,andtransversedimensions,withoverallincreaseof136percentwhencomparedwiththatofthecontrolgroup.Conclusion:Baselinemeasurementofthenormalenlargementofthepituitaryglandthatoccursduringpregnancycouldproveusefulwhenevaluatingpregnantpatientswithsuspectedpituitarytumorsorlymphocytichypothysitis.

16.Structureandcontent 采用何種摘要形式要根據(jù)各雜志的具體要求而定。目前國內(nèi)許多雜志正從非結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要向半結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要過度。在國外，為節(jié)省篇幅，有些期刊對(duì)上述結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要進(jìn)行了適當(dāng)簡化，如NewEnglandJournalofMedicine，采用背景（background）、方法（methods）、結(jié)果（results）、結(jié)論（conclusions）4個(gè)方面；TheLancet則采用背景（background）、方法（methods）、發(fā)現(xiàn)（findings）和解釋（interpretation）4個(gè)方面。JAMA（TheJournalofAmericanMedicalAssociation）的研究性論文基本上采用結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要，其摘要的全部項(xiàng)目包括9項(xiàng)：背景（context）、目的（objective）、策劃（design）、地點(diǎn)（setting）、參與者（participants）、介入手段（interventions）、主要措施（majoroutcomemeasures）、結(jié)果（results）、結(jié)論（conclusion）。作者可根據(jù)需要選用其中項(xiàng)目或?qū)⑾嚓P(guān)項(xiàng)目合并。 無論是傳統(tǒng)的一段式摘要，還是結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要，實(shí)際上都是按照邏輯次序發(fā)展而來，沒有脫離IMRAD的范疇。17.Structureandcontent 一篇摘要并不一定非要包羅背景、目的、策劃、方法、結(jié)論等全部內(nèi)容，其中研究過程與結(jié)果以及作者結(jié)論是關(guān)鍵性的。所以，有的資料性摘要只寫研究過程與結(jié)果，或只寫結(jié)論。但大多數(shù)資料性摘要同時(shí)寫出這兩方面的內(nèi)容。置于研究背景與目的以及對(duì)未來的展望，相對(duì)來說比較次要，可隨作者的需要決定?？傊?，沒有一成不變得格局。18.Informativeabstract–example119.Informativeabstract–example2

Alcoholuse,myocardialinfarction,suddencardiacdeathandhypertension Studyingcoronaryriskfactors,thisarticleconcludesthat:regularuseofalcoholmayprotectagainstmajorcoronaryevents;regularuseofthreeormoredrinksisprobableriskfactorsforhypertension;therelationsofalcoholusetocoronarydisease,hypertensionandcardiomyopathyaredisparate.20.Informativeabstract–example3

Malignanthypertensionandcigarettesmoking Thesmokinghabitsof48patientswithmalignanthypertensionwerecomparedwiththose92consecutivepatientswithnon-malignanthypertension.33ofthepatientswithmalignantand34ofthepatientswithnon-malignanthypertensionweresmokerswhenfirstdiagnosed.Thisdifferencewassignificant,andremainedsowhenonlymenorblackandwhitepatientswereconsideredseparately.Resultssuggestthatmalignanthypertensionisyetanotherdiseaserelatedtocigarettesmoking.21.Informativeabstract–example4

Impairedpancreaticpolypeptidereleaseinchronicpancreatitiswithsteatorrhoea

Pancreaticpolypeptide(pp)isnewlydiscoveredhormonalpeptidelocalizedinadistinctendocrinecelltypeinthepancreas.PPcirculatesinplasmaandinnormalsubjectslevelsrisesubstantiallyontheingestionoffood(meanrise138pmol/l).In10patientswithchronic…22.Informativeabstract–example5

Mammarycancergrowthkineticsandintervalsbetweenscreening

Thepurposeofthisstudywastoconsiderthetimeintervalforperiodicmammographicscreeningforbreastcancer.Onehundredfifteenbreastcancersoccurringin…23.Informativeabstract–example6

Angiosarcomaoftheheart

Twocasesofangiosarcomaoftheheartaredescribed.Inonethetumor,whicharosefromtherightatrium…24.Informativeabstract–example7

Efficacyofcalcifediolinrenalosteodystrophy Theresultsareinagreementwithpreviousreportsonsmallnumbersofpatients.Althoughnodirectcomparisonstudiesareavailable,itwouldseemthatcalcifediolofferssomeadvantagesoverotherformsofvitaminDtherapyinthesepatients.Ultimately,comparativestudieswillberequiredtodeterminetherelativeefficacyandconvenienceofthevariousformsofvitaminDthatarenowbeingdevelopedforuseinpatients.25.Informativeabstract–example7

DoctorsandPatients:GenderInteractioninConsultation Background:… Method:… Results:… Conclusion:Medicalstudentsdidnotbehaveinagender-neutralwayintheconsultation.Thereisapowerfulinteractionbetweenastudent’sgenderandapatient’sgender.Thiswarrantsfurtherinvestigationintherealclinicalsituationbecauseithasimplicationsontheoutcomesoftheconsultation.26.Type(4) 資料性摘要有時(shí)也摻雜描述性摘要的寫法，即對(duì)部分內(nèi)容不詳細(xì)敘述，而是按通報(bào)性摘要的寫法提示一下。

27.Informative-indicativeabstract–example

Modificationandapplicationofanteriorskullbasemicrosurgerywithnavigationsystem

Objective:Toinvestigatetheaccuracyandsafetyofthemodifiedtechniquesinanteriorskullbasemicrosurgerywithnavigationsystem. Methods:Operationwasperformedupon42patientswithbenignandmalignanttumorofanteriorskullbaseinvolvingbothcerebralcranium.Arrangementwasdesignedforstablemaintenanceoftheheadsetwithdynamicreferenceframetoavoiddisturbanceduringemissionofencodedinfraredsignal.Sixreferencepointswereused,distributedintheparietal,frontal,zygomatic,maxillary,andmastoidregions.TheSTNnavigationsystemandSMNsurgical28.Informative-indicativeabstract–example microscopenavigatorwereusedtoprovidevirtualpointer,virtualapproachrouteandvirtualcontourasanorientationforstereotaxicguidanceduringsurgery. Results:Themodifiedtechniquecouldkeeptheaccuracyofsurgicalguidancewithin1-1.5mmincomparisonwiththeaccuracyof4mmormorebytheoriginaldesign,thusguaranteeingthesafetyofsurgery. Conclusion:Themodifiedtechniquesraisetheaccuracyandsafetyofanteriorskullbasemicrosurgery.However,thecostsremainhigh.29.Tense(1)

摘要寫作時(shí)所采用的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)視表達(dá)內(nèi)容而定，力求表達(dá)自然、妥當(dāng)。寫作中可大致遵循以下原則： 1.介紹背景資料時(shí)，如果句子的內(nèi)容為不受時(shí)間影響的普遍事實(shí)，應(yīng)使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)；如果句子的內(nèi)容是對(duì)某種研究趨勢的概述，則使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；如果句子的內(nèi)容是對(duì)過去研究的描述，則用過去時(shí)。 Pneumaticdilatationandsurgicalmyotomyarethetwoprincipalmethodsfortreatmentofachalasia. Theassociationbetweensystolicbloodpressureatadmission,clinicalcharacteristics,andoutcomesinpatientshospitalizedforheartfailurehasnotbeenwellstudied.30.Tense(2)

Previously,abnormalitiesin5-HTreceptorbindinginthemadullaeofinfantsdyingformsuddeninfantdeathsyndromewereidentified,suggestingthatmedullary5-HTdysfunctionmayberesponsibleforasubsetofSIDScases. 2.在資料性摘要中，介紹本文的主題或內(nèi)容用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表達(dá)。 Threecasesofruptureofthespleenaredescribed.Thediagnosisisdiscussed. Currentopinionsconcerningtumorbiologyandclinicalcharacteristicsofsmallcellundifferentiatedbronchogeniccarcinomaarereviewed.Aseriesof16suchpatientsisalsopresented.31.Tense(5)

3.目的 主導(dǎo)時(shí)態(tài)：一般過去時(shí)。這是因?yàn)檠芯窟^程中所做的一切已成為過去，在著手研究前要確定的研究目的更應(yīng)用過去時(shí)態(tài)。 Thisstudywasundertakento… Theaimofthisstudywastocorrelate… Inthepresentstudywesoughttoassess… 如果采用“論文導(dǎo)向”，多使用現(xiàn)在式（如：Thispaperpresents/describes…）；如果采用“研究導(dǎo)向”，則使用過去式（如：Thisstudyinvestigated…）32.Tense(6) 4.方法 主導(dǎo)時(shí)態(tài)：一般過去時(shí) Researchersdesignedaquestionnairethatinquiredaboutdietandfamilyandpersonalhealthhistory… …andtheresultofsurgerywerestudiedin34patientsofhepatocellularcarcinoma. Wehadconcentratedonavaccinecandidatebecauseofitspotentialin… 方法中被動(dòng)語態(tài)的使用頻率較高,是因?yàn)槊枋鲅芯糠椒〞r(shí),涉及到實(shí)驗(yàn)材料、設(shè)備等，用這些詞作主語，后面的胃語動(dòng)詞自然多用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。33.Tense(7) 5.結(jié)果 結(jié)果是摘要中最重要，也是最詳盡的內(nèi)容。結(jié)果部分主要敘述研究中所獲得的資料及所觀察到的現(xiàn)象，這一切均發(fā)生在作者撰寫論文之前，常用一般過去時(shí)。如果是敘述客觀存在或基本規(guī)律，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 Thesepatientshadclinicalremissionaftertransplantation;thelevelsofimmnoglobulinsdeclinedandcomplementsroseup.34.Tense(4) 6.文章的結(jié)論源于結(jié)果，即是由具體“結(jié)果”抽象演繹出的 一般性原理，按英語習(xí)慣，應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表達(dá)。敘 述結(jié)論或建議時(shí)，還可以用臆測動(dòng)詞或may,should, could等助動(dòng)詞。 Theriskofacuterenalfailureinchildrenismuchlessthantheriskreportedforadults. WesuggestthattherearecertainnicheindicationsforblockingNF-kappaBininflammatoryboweldiseasethatofferparticularpromise. NO-cGMPsignalpathwaycouldgreatlyincreasetheopenprobabilityofthechannels. 但是，如果作者認(rèn)為其研究結(jié)果不具有一般性而僅僅是本實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果，在結(jié)論部分可用一般過去時(shí)。35.Voiceandperson(1) 國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ISO214-1976(E)《文獻(xiàn)工作---供出版及文獻(xiàn)處理的文摘》中指出：“盡量采用主動(dòng)語態(tài)，因?yàn)橹鲃?dòng)語態(tài)有助于文字清晰、簡潔及有力地表達(dá)。然而‘在提示性以及報(bào)道性摘要中，為強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作承受者，也需被動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞?！睒?biāo)準(zhǔn)強(qiáng)調(diào)：“除非采用第一人稱可避免語句結(jié)構(gòu)繁瑣累贅而更易于理解，一般應(yīng)采用第三人稱?！眹H知名期刊Nature、Cell等尤其如此，其中第一人稱和主動(dòng)語態(tài)的使用十分普遍。究竟采用何種語態(tài)，既要考慮摘要的特點(diǎn)，又要滿足表達(dá)的需要。一篇摘要很短，盡量不要隨便混用，更不要在一個(gè)句子里混用。36.Voiceandperson(2) (1)英文摘要中，編者、著作者，無論單復(fù)數(shù)，常用復(fù)數(shù)第一人稱We或Authors，以避免文字冗長及動(dòng)詞與動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者之間的關(guān)系表達(dá)不清。 我們報(bào)道了一例腎盂淀粉樣變性與兩例膀胱淀粉樣變性，并討論了蛋粉樣蛋白形成的免疫學(xué)及淀粉樣變性的治療問題。 Wedescribeapatientwithamyloidosisofrenalpelvisandtwopatientswithurinarybladderamyloidosis,anddiscussimmunologyofamyloidformationandtreatmentofamyloidosis.37.Voiceandperson(3)

(2)用thisreport,thispaper,thisstudy等替代第一人稱代詞We或Authors。 我們報(bào)道了一種評(píng)價(jià)睡眠性呼吸暫停的方法，并介紹了用該方法對(duì)兩例患者詳細(xì)研究的結(jié)果。 Thispaperreportsamethodofevaluatingsleepapnea,andpresentstwocasesfullystudiedbythismethod. (3)表達(dá)論文主要內(nèi)容內(nèi)容和結(jié)論，常用第一人稱主動(dòng)語態(tài)。 我們報(bào)道兩例心臟血管肉瘤。 Wedescribetwocasesofangiosarcomaoftheheart.

38.Voiceandperson(4)

我們的結(jié)論是內(nèi)鏡超聲對(duì)食管癌術(shù)前TN病理診斷頗有幫助。 WeconcludethatendoscopicUSisusefulinpreoperativeTNstagingofesophagealtumors. (4)在英文摘要中使用第一人稱主動(dòng)語態(tài)比較常見，但為了強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作承受者，突出行為對(duì)象，著重客觀事實(shí)的敘述，一般用第三人稱，句中謂語動(dòng)詞常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

對(duì)35例早期胃癌的治療結(jié)果進(jìn)行了分析。 Theresultsoftreatmentofearlygastriccarcinomawereanalyzedin35patients.39.Person(3) “我”的表達(dá)方法 1.“We” Westillconsider,duetotheabove,that… 2.被動(dòng)態(tài) Twocasesofangiosarcomaoftheheartaredescribed. 3.用theauthor代表I，theauthors代表we Theauthorpresentstheexperiencewith… Theauthorsreporttheirexperiencewith…This 4.thisstudy,thisreport,thispaper,thisarticle… Thisstudyreportsourfirstyear’sexperienceof… Thisreportdescribesapatientwith… Thisarticledescribestheuniquebehaviorof…40.Keyword(1) 關(guān)鍵詞(KeyWords)，亦稱索引詞或主題詞，是論文的提示，是論文中常出現(xiàn)的、與主題內(nèi)容有關(guān)的，提醒讀者注意的核心詞匯，使具有實(shí)質(zhì)意義的檢索語言。 關(guān)鍵詞的選用范圍： 1）論文標(biāo)題和摘要中所涉及的主題概念，即核心詞； 2）作者重點(diǎn)研究或?qū)で蠼鉀Q的主要問題，即文章論述的重點(diǎn)、研究目的或?qū)ο螅?3）實(shí)驗(yàn)或臨床研究課題及其直接的研究目的、手段和結(jié)論； 4）討論部分的主要內(nèi)容 5）基礎(chǔ)理論研究方面的論文應(yīng)列出反映主要論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)的詞匯。41.Keyword(2) 關(guān)鍵詞一般選用名詞、名詞短語或復(fù)合詞，而不選用動(dòng)詞、形容詞、縮略語等。關(guān)鍵詞可能是單詞，也可能是短語，如：transforminggrowthfactor. 關(guān)鍵詞的標(biāo)引方法： 每篇論文標(biāo)引3---10個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞，使用規(guī)范化詞語，應(yīng)盡量選用中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院信息研究所翻譯出版的《醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)索引》（IndexMedicus,IM）中的《醫(yī)學(xué)主題詞表》(MedicalSubjectHeadings,MeSH)和中國中醫(yī)研究院圖書情報(bào)研究所編制的中醫(yī)藥主題詞表中所列的詞，這兩部主題詞表共收錄正式主題詞20,000余條，副主題詞90余條及以后每年新增加的主題詞或詞典提供的規(guī)范詞。42.Keyword(3) 例如：淋巴癌，按照MeSH詞表，應(yīng)譯成Lymphoma,如將其譯成Lymphcancer/tumor/cyst，或Lymphcarcinoma/neoplasm就不規(guī)范。 關(guān)鍵詞的書寫格式： 排列關(guān)鍵詞時(shí)，各詞之間可用分號(hào)“；”隔開，最末一個(gè)詞后不加符號(hào)；在關(guān)鍵詞之間也可不用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。多數(shù)醫(yī)學(xué)期刊要求每個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞的首字母大寫，有的要求全部大寫。對(duì)“關(guān)鍵詞”的英文表述，多數(shù)醫(yī)學(xué)期刊用“KeyWords”，但有些醫(yī)學(xué)期刊用“MeSH”，“SubjectiveWords/Headings”，“KEYINDEXINGTERMS”等。因此，向雜志投稿時(shí)，應(yīng)事先了解其編寫要求。43.Abstract(1)GeneralSuggestions:Itisa“window”thatrevealsthecontentsofthemanuscript.Exceptforstructuredabstracts(morecommonnowadays),itisasingleparagraph.Limitedlength:<250wordsItshouldsummarizeeachofthemainsectionsofthepaper,includingthefollowing:thebackground(1-3sentences)thehypothesis(1sentence)modelsystemsusedgeneralmethodsashortdescriptionoftheresultsastatementregardingthesignificanceoftheworkSession744.Abstract(2)GeneralSuggestions:Itshouldbecompleteandintelligiblewithoutreferencetothetext.Generally,itshouldbewritteninthepasttense,especiallymethodsandresults.Withinthespaceallowed,allkeyfindingsshouldbeincluded.Itshouldordinarilybewrittenafterasemi-finaldraftofthemanuscripthasbeenprepared.Incontrasttoameetingabstract,theabstractforamanuscriptshouldordinarilynotincludeactualdatavalues.Session745.Abstract(3)GeneralSuggestions:Ingeneral,citationsshouldnotbeincluded.Ingeneral,abbreviationsarenotincluded,unlessthesame,longtermisusedrepeatedly.(Abbreviateatthefirstuseinthetext)Termsincludedintheabstractwillbeincludedinvariousdatabasesforliteraturesearches.ImportanceoftheAbstract:Itscontentscanestablishtheinterestoftheeditorandreviewersandwilldetermineifthereaderactuallyreadsthemanuscript.Editorswilloftenusetheabstracttodeterminewhetherthepapershouldbereviewedfortheirjournal.Afterthepaperispublished,readersmayreadonlytheabstract.

Session746.Abstract(4)Session747.Abstract(5)DoNotIncludeinthissection:UnnecessaryabbreviationsDetailedresults(includingnumericalvaluesfordata)Statisticalvalues(p-values)forthefindingsOverstatementofthesignificanceExtremewordsVaguestatements,suchas,“Thesignificanceoftheresultsisdiscussed”or“Futurestudiesareneeded.”Session748.Abstract(6)CommonProblems:NotexcitingToolongortooshortToomuchbackgroundinformationNotenoughinformationabouttheresultsUnnecessarycitationsExcessivenumericaldataInconsistencywithotherpartsofthetextToomuchdiscussionorspeculationSession749.Abstract(7)Example:

Down-regulationofp53byMDM2-mediatedproteasomaldegradationmakescellsresistanttoapoptosis.TheMDM2-p53interactioniswellcharacterized,butthemechanismsthatregulatetheinteractionarenotwellunderstood.

Here,weshowthatPA28γ,aproteasomeactivatorthatinhibitsapoptosisandpromotescellcycleprogressionthroughunknownmechanisms,exertsaneffectasacofactorintheMDM2-p53interaction.

ThepolymerformofPA28γinteractswithbothMDM2andp53proteinsandfacilitatestheirphysicalinteraction.Thispromotesubiquitination-andMDM2-dependentproteasomaldegradationofp53,limitingitsaccumulationandresultingininhibitedapoptosisafterDNAdamage.EliminationofendogenousPA28γinhumancancercellsabrogatesMDM2-mediatedp53degradation,increasestheactivityofp53,andenhancesapoptosis.

ThesefindingsrevealthemechanismbywhichPA28γaffectsapoptosisandproliferation.ManipulationofthelevelofPA28γ,anapproachthatwouldregulatethecellularcontentofp53,mayimprovetheefficacyofcurrentcancertherapies.Session750.Abstract(8)Exercise:

Improvethefollowingsentenceincludedinanabstract:

ThepresentstudyprovidesevidenceforthepresenceofTCGFinsupernatantsofConAstimulatedchickenspleencellsincubatedforseveralhrs.

Better:

ThepresentstudyprovidesevidenceforthepresenceofT-cellgrowthfactorinsupernatantsofchickenspleencellsstimulatedwithconcanavalinAandincubatedforseveralhours. EvenbetterEnglish:

ThepresentstudyprovidesevidenceforthepresenceofT-cellgrowthfactorinsupernatantsofcellsderivedfromchickenspleens,stimulatedwithconcanavalinA,andincubatedforseveralhours.Session751.Abstract(9)Remember:Theabstractshouldcontainthefollowing:BackgroundPurposeMajorfindingsConclusionsSession752.Patternsandstructures(1) (1)論文主題的表達(dá)我們報(bào)道/本文報(bào)道(介紹)……:Wereport/describe…;Inthispaperwereport…;…is/arepresented/reported/described.本文討論了……:…is/arediscussed報(bào)告了……現(xiàn)狀:Thepresentsituationof…isreported/presented.綜述了……:…isreviewed.調(diào)查了……:…wasinvestigated.對(duì)……進(jìn)行了試驗(yàn):Experimentwasdone/performedon/carriedout….研究了……:…wasstudied/investigated./Researchwasmadein…53.Patternsandstructures(2)54.Patternsandstructures(3)55.Patternsandstructures(4)本研究的主要目的是……:Theprimarypurposeofthisstudywasto…主語+謂語+forthepurposeof…study一詞的用法(4)研究過程、方法的表達(dá)研究過程的持續(xù)時(shí)間 during/over/inthepast10years during/over/inaten-yearperiod during/intheperiodof2002to2006 during/intheperiod2002---2006 during/inthe2002–2006period fromJanuary1998to/through/untilDecember2003 betweenJanuary1998andDecember200356.Patternsandstructures(5)檢查和手術(shù)治療 …wasdone/performed/carriedoutin/on…patients… …patientsunderwent…研究方法：用……法 using/employing…；by/with/through…；…wasused/employed/appliedto…有關(guān)劑量的表達(dá) 每次劑量：inadose,eachdose 每天劑量：dailydosage,thedosageinaday 首次劑量：theinitialdose/dosage 總劑量：the/atotaldose/dosage(of)57.Patternsandstructures(6)58.Patternsandstructures(7)……與……密切相關(guān)： …wascloselyrelatedto… …wascorrelated/associated/connectedwith增加/減少：increased/decreasedby(6)結(jié)論的表達(dá)suggest建議，表明 Theauthorssuggestthat…/Itissuggestedthat… Thisreportsuggeststhat…/Thedataobtainedsuggestthat…/Theresultsstronglysuggestthat…conclude,conclusion Ourconclusionisthat…/Weconcludethat… 59.Patternsandstructures(8)60.Patternsandstructures(9)pointout指出 Itispointedoutthat…propose,recommend建議 Theauthorspropose(recommend)that…/Itisproposed(recommended)that…support支持 Theseresultsstronglysupportthat…beofgreat/somesignificancein/of/to具有……的意義分析(可能的)原因 …maybecausedby…/mayleadto/resultin/accountfor/bethecause/resultof/beresponsiblefor/contributeto/giveriseto61.Patternsandstructures(10)62.Patternsandstructures(11)進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識(shí)furtherunderstanding隨訪研究將進(jìn)一步明確…… Follow-upstudywillfurtherclarify/confirm…需要………willberequired有待證實(shí)remaintobeproved63.Patternsandstructures(12)study一詞的用法 (1)study與表示“研究方法”的前置定語連用時(shí)，一般用單數(shù)。 aretrospectivestudyafollow-upstudy aprospectivestudy arandomizedstudy aclinicalstudy acytologicalstudy (2)study與表示“研究對(duì)象”的前置定語連用時(shí)，一般用復(fù)數(shù)。 lymphocytestudieshemodynamicstudies neuromuscularstudiescytogeneticstudies64.Patternsandstructures(13) (3)(我們)對(duì)……患者進(jìn)行了……研究

A…studywasdone/made/carriedout/performed/undertaken/conductedin…patients… Aprospectivestudywasdoneofserumcalcitoninlevelsin61patientswithbronchogeniccancer.

我們對(duì)61例支氣管癌患者血清降鈣素水平作了前瞻性的研究.

在此句型中,patient之前一般都用介詞in,但也有用on的. Endocardiographicstudieswereperformedon190consecutivepatientswithmitralvalvularprolapse.

我們連續(xù)對(duì)190例二尖瓣脫垂患者作了超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查.65.Patternsandstructures(14) (4)……患者收到……研究;(我們)對(duì)…患者進(jìn)行了……研究

…patientsunderwent(經(jīng)受)a…study…/studies… …patientsentered(參加)a…study…/studies… Elevenpatientswithhypertrophicobstructivecardiomyopathyunderwentextensiveneuromuscularstudiestodetermineifaskeletalmyopathyisassociatedwithuncomplicatedprimarycardiomyopathy.

作者對(duì)11例肥厚性梗阻型心肌病患者進(jìn)行了廣泛的神經(jīng)肌肉研究,以期確定無并發(fā)癥的原發(fā)性心肌病是否與骨骼肌肉有關(guān).

66.Patternsandstructures(15)

(5)在一次……的研究中；在對(duì)……的研究中

ina…study…/inastudyof… Inanuncontrolledstudy,38patientswithchronicasthmaweretreatedforupto4.5yearswithdepotinjectionsoftriamcinoloneacetonide.

我們對(duì)使用縮丙酮去炎松長效注射劑治療劑治療已達(dá)4.5年的38例慢性哮喘患者進(jìn)行非對(duì)照研究。 Theinfluenceofcontrastmaterialonrenalvenousreninactivitywasevaluatedinaprospectivestudyof20hypertensivepatients.

我們對(duì)20例高血壓患者作了前瞻性研究，以評(píng)定造影劑對(duì)腎靜脈腎素活性的影響。67.Patternsandstructures(16) (6)(我們)對(duì)……患者進(jìn)行了……研究

…was(were)studiedin…patients… Thecharacteristicsofbonepaininmetastaticcanceroftheprostatewerestudiedin23patients.

我們對(duì)23例前列腺轉(zhuǎn)移癌骨痛的特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了研究。

68.Patternsandstructures(17)

(7)我們對(duì)……患者進(jìn)行研究，以期……

Westudied…patientsto…/…patientswerestudiedto… …patientswerestudiedfor… Thirty-threemarrowtransplantpatientswithpneumocystiscariniipneumoniawerestudiedtodeterminetheusefulnessofantibodyandantigendetectioninthediagnosisofpneumocystisinfection.

我們對(duì)33例卡氏肺囊蟲肺炎骨髓移植患者進(jìn)行研究，以期確定抗體及抗原測定對(duì)該病診斷的價(jià)值。 Thirty-sevenconsecutiverenaltransplantrecipientswerestudiedprospectivelyforjointdisease.

我們對(duì)連續(xù)37例腎移植患者作了前瞻性研究，看是否有關(guān)節(jié)病變。69.Patternsandstructures(18)檢查或手術(shù)名稱+was(were)done(performed)+in(on)…patients 病人+underwent+檢查或手術(shù)名稱 Pre-exploratorycholedochoscopywasperformedin48patientswithadiagnosticaccuracyof94percent.

我們對(duì)48例患者剖腹檢查前作了膽總管鏡檢查，診斷準(zhǔn)確率達(dá)94%。 Fourhundredandtwenty-fiveendoscopieswereperformedin402patientswithpersistentepigastriccomplaintsfollowinggastricsurgery.

我們對(duì)402例胃部術(shù)后上腹部持續(xù)不適的患者作了425次內(nèi)窺鏡檢查。70.Patternsandstructures(19) Suchpatientsshouldundergocoronaryangiographyfordetectionofthedisease. 這類患者應(yīng)作冠狀血管造影，以對(duì)該病進(jìn)行診斷。表達(dá)“測定”的句型 最常用的動(dòng)詞是measure,有時(shí)也用determine。能與這類動(dòng)詞搭配的名詞可分三類： 1.各種化學(xué)與生化成分，如antibody,zinc,potassium,lipid等。 2.表示“含量”的詞，如concentration,level,rate,output等。 3.表示各種機(jī)能的詞，如function,activity,change,response,bi