第1題Ingeneral,themorethataparticularproductisvalued,ordemanded,bypeople,ortheharderitistofind,thehigherwillbeitsprice.

第2題Inessence,decreasingspecializationanddivisionoflaborleadtogreaterproductivityandrisingprofitabilityacrossoccupationsandbusinesscommerceingeneral.第3題Managementdecisionsfocusontheuseofproducts,whilemarketingdecisionsfocusontheuseoffunds.第4題Creditorswilllendfundtoafirmonlyiftheybelievethefirmwillperformwellenoughtopaytheinterestontheloansandtheprincipalinthefuture.第5題Asafirm'sperformanceimprovesanditsvalueincreases,thestockpricewillalsoincrease.第6題

Stakeholdersarethecreditors,owners,employees,suppliers,customers,andcompetitorswhohaveaninterestinabusiness.第7題Largefirms,suchasCisco,IBM,andGeneralMotors,havemillionsofstockholderswhoareprohibitedfromsellingtheirstocktootherinvestors.第8題Thelocaleconomicenvironmentisassessedtodeterminehowthedemandfortheproductmaychangeinresponsetofutureglobalconditions.第9題Ahigh-demandindustryistheonlyenvironmentwherecompanyprofitsarenotaffectedbycompetition.第10題Firmsuseaccountingtocloselymonitortheiroperationsandtoreporttheirfinancialconditiontotheowners.第1題Afranchiseisariskierventurethanestablishinganewbusinessduetoexpensiveup-frontcosts.第2題Asoleproprietorshipcanreduceitsfinancialriskbyconvertingtoapartnershipinordertoaccessadditionalfunds.第3題Typically,onceabusinessissetup,theformofownershipdoesnotchangeovertime.第4題Thepotentialreturnandtheriskfrominvestinginabusinessareinfluencedbyitsformofownership.第5題Whenstockholdersofacorporationselltheirstocksformorethantheypaidforthestocks,thedifferenceisreferredtoasthestockholder'sdividend.第6題Asoleproprietormayobtainloansfromcreditorstohelpfinancethefirm'soperations,buttheseloansdonotrepresentownership.第7題Whenafirm'sownershaveunlimitedliability,thismeansthereisnolimitontheamounttheycanborrowtofinancethefirm'soperations.第8題TheearningsofanS-corporationaredistributedtotheownersandtaxedattherespectivepersonalincometaxrateofeachowner.第9題Inordertoincorporateabusiness,onemustadoptadocumentknownasthearticlesofco-partnershipandfileitwithastategovernmentwherethebusinessistobelocated.第10題Inalimitedpartnership,allpartnersarepersonallyliableforallobligationsofthefirm.TestforUnit3第1題Firmsensurethattheworkplaceissafeforemployeesbycloselymonitoringtheproductionprocess.第2題Firmsarenotresponsibleforensuringthatemployeesaretreatedproperlybyotheremployees.第3題Diversityissuesarenotrestrictedtogenderandrace.第4題Institutionalinvestorsoftenattempttoinfluencehowthefirmshouldbemanaged.第5題Creditorsaregenerallymorewillingtolendfundstoafirmifithasbeenexceedinglygeneroustosocialprograms.第6題Businessescannotbeforcedintobankruptcyfromcreditordebtbecausecreditorsrealizeabusinessmightnotbeabletorepayitsloan.第7題Firmsviolatetheirresponsibilitytocreditorsbyprovidingmisleadingfinancialinformationthatexaggeratestheirfinancialcondition.第8題Increasedsalesofproductsandnamerecognitionaretwobenefitsacompanymayobtainwhenitengagesinsociallyresponsibleactivities.第9題Whenacompanyemphasizessocialresponsibility,itmaydiminishitsabilitytoprovideproductsatareasonableprice.第10題Sexualharassmentrepresentsunwelcomecommentsoractionsofasexualnature.TestforUnit4第1題Supervisory(first-line)managementisofteninvolvedwiththesubordinateswhoengageintheday-to-dayproductionprocess.第2題Middlemanagementisresponsibleforresolvingsuchissuesasworkerabsenteeismandcustomercomplaints.第3題Theplantmanagerinafactoryassessestheworkqualityofassembly-lineemployees.第4題Themissionstatementfocusesonhowtasksshouldbecompletedbymanagers.第5題Thestrategicplanidentifiesthefirm'smainbusinessfocusoverashort-termperiod.第6題"Achievingsuperiorcustomersatisfactionbyprovidingthehighestqualityproductstoourcustomers"isanexampleofatacticalplan.第7題Withcontingencyplanning,alternativeplansaredevelopedforvariouspossiblebusinessconditions.第8題Managersneeddecision-makingskillssotheycanuseexistinginformationtodeterminehowthecompany’sresourcesshouldbeallocated.第9題Theautocraticleadershipstylemaybeappropriateifemployeesareindependent,creativeandmotivated.第10題WhenanHRmanagerchoosestohireadditionalemployeesforadepartment,heorshehasusedconceptualskills.TestforUnit5第1題Theorganizationalstructureindicatesthechainofcommand,whichidentifiesthejobpositionsthatalltypesofemployeesmustreportto.第2題Awidespanofcontrolworksbestinorganizationswhereahighlydiversesetofcomplextasksisperformedbyworkerswithspecializedskills.第3題Workersinstaffpositionsareempoweredtomakedecisionsintendedtoachievespecificorganizationalgoals.第4題TheProductionManagerwouldbeastaffpositioninamanufacturingfirm.第5題Ifaboardmemberisemployedbyanonprofitcompanythatreceiveslargedonationsfromthefirm,thatboardmemberissaidtohaveaconflictofinterest.第6題Ingeneral,theboardofdirectorsmaintainsinvolvementwithday-to-dayactivitiesofthecompany.第7題Onedisadvantageofdecentralizationisthatsomemanagersmaybemakingmajordecisionseventhoughtheylackexperience.第8題Downsizingtypicallycausesthespanofcontrolformanagerstobecomenarrower.第9題Inproductdepartmentalization,tasksandresponsibilitiesareseparatedaccordingtotypeofproductproduced.第10題Whencompaniesdepartmentalizebyfunction,theyarereferringtoemployeefunctions.TestforUnit6第1題Maslow'shierarchyofneedstheoryplacesesteemneedsbeforesocialneeds.第2題TheresultsoftheHerzbergstudysuggeststhatworkersbecomemoremotivatedwhentheyfeeltheyareallowedparticipate.第3題AccordingtoHerzberg'sjobsatisfactionstudy,thelackofadequateworkingconditionsandsalarywillleadtolowlevelsofjobsatisfaction.第4題

Empowermentismorespecificthanjobenlargementbecauseitfocusesonincreasedauthority,whereasjobenlargementmaynotnecessarilyresultinmoreauthority.第5題Internationalfirmscanusethesametechniquestomotivateemployeesineverycountrythattheyarein.第6題Theexpectancytheoryofmotivationsuggeststhatcompensationshouldbeequitableandinproportiontoeachemployee'scontribution.第7題

Reinforcementtheorysuggeststhatbehaviorcanbecontrolledbyhygienefactors.第8題

ATheoryXmanagerassumesemployeesarewillingtoworkanddesiremoreresponsibility.第9題

Ifmanagersrecognizeemployees'needs,theywillbebetterabletoofferrewardsthatmotivateemployees.第10題Whendeterminingmethodsforjobsatisfaction,it’sbestforcompaniestofocusononemethodinsteadofacombinationatonce.TestforUnit7第1題Thejobspecificationstatesthetasksandresponsibilitiesofthejob.第2題Thefirststepintherecruitingandselectionofemployeesistoassesseachapplicationtoscreenoutunqualifiedapplicants.第3題Bythetimethestepsforscreeningapplicantsarecompleted,theapplicationlistshouldbereducedtoasmallnumberofqualifiedcandidates.第4題Afirmthathascreatedamorediverseworkplacegainsbenefitssuchasmoreinnovativeemployees.第5題Stockoptionsareestablishedtobenefitemployees.Firmsdon’thavemuchtogainfromthem,andcanevenlosemoneybysellingthembelowcost.第6題Commissionsaremostcommonlyusedtocompensateworkersperformingjobswhereemployeeperformanceisdifficulttomeasure.第7題Employeesinvolvedinsalescommonlyreceivealargeproportionoftheircompensationintheformofannualbonuses.第8題Mostlow-levelmanagersreceivealargefractionoftheirtotalcompensationintheformofperquisites.第9題Whencreatingaperformanceevaluationform,supervisorsshouldnotinformemployeesofthecriteriabywhichtheywillberatedsinceitwilldistractthemfromtheirwork.第10題

Eventhoughnotallemployeesreactthesamewaytocriticism,supervisorsshouldtreatworkerswiththesamedeficienciesinaconsistentmanner.TestforUnit8第1題Milk,newspapers,soda,andchewinggumareexamplesofshoppingproducts.第2題Aproductlinetendstoexpandovertimeasafirmrecognizesotherneedsofconsumers.第3題Aproductmixthatcontainsseveralrelatedproductscanallowformoreefficientuseofsalespeople.第4題WhenWaltDisneyCompany,whichstartedbyproducingchildren'sfilms,beganofferingfilmsforadults,itwasdiversifyingitsproductmix.第5題Examplesofindustrialmarketproductsarecameras,clothes,andhouseholditems.第6題Penetrationpricingisaimedatcreatingtheimageofahigh-quality,distinctiveproduct.第7題Forproductsorservicesthataresubjecttoeconomiesofscale,thepriceshouldbesufficientlylowtoachieveahighsalesvolume.第8題Consumersareoftenloyaltotheirdentistorhairstylist,whichcausesthedemandtobecomeprice-elastic第9題TheproductmixmarketedbyBestfoodsInternationalinaspecificcountryisdependentonthecharacteristicsofthepeopleinthatcountry.第10題Theincreaseinthenumberofwomenwhoworkoutsidethehomeisanexampleofaneconomicfactorthataffectsthesizeofthetargetmarket.TestforUnit9第1題Adisadvantageofadirectchannelofdistributionisthattheproducermayhavetoincurexpensestopromotetheproduct.第2題Onethingthatdistinguishesagentsastheymatchbuyersandsellersofproducts,isthatagentsbecomeownersoftheproducts.第3題Seven-Elevenstoresareanexampleofafull-serviceretailstore.第4題Whenthewholesalerpurchasestheproductsfromthemanufacturerandsellsthemtoretailersoncredit,theretailernormallybearsthecreditrisk.第5題Whenmanufacturersselltocustomerswithoutusingmarketingintermediaries,theyareusingaone-levelchannelofdistribution.第6題Smallbusinessthatproduceproductswillgenerallyuseatwo-levelchannelofdistributionbecausethebusinessisnotwellknownandtheymustrelyonagents.第7題Intensivedistributionisusedforproductssuchaschewinggumandcigarettes.第8題Adisadvantagetoselectivedistributionisthatmanyoutletswillnotacceptsproductsifconsumersarenotlikelytopurchasetheproductattheoutlet.第9題Whenfirmsselltheirproductsdirectlytocustomerswithoutusingretailstores,theycanimprovetheirefficiency.第10題Pricingstrategiescaninfluencedistribution,butdistributioncannotinfluencepricingstrategies.TestforUnit10第1題Promotioncanbeusedtoincreasethevalueandmarketshareofafirm.第2題

Afirmshoulduseamixofpromotionmethods,notjustone.第3題Industryadvertisingandreminderadvertisingaretwocommonmethodsusedtoenhancetheimageofsomethingandtoinfluencealargenumberofconsumers.第4題Onceasalespersonhasidentifiedthetargetmarket,thenextstepistomakethesalespresentation.第5題Thereisnochargeforprovidinganewsrelease,butafirmincursacostforhiringemployeestopromoteit.第6題Whenfirmspromotetheirproductstowholesalersorretailers,theyareengaginginapullstrategy.第7題Displaysaresetupbyretailers,whosometimespayafeetofirmstodisplaypopularproducts.TestforUnit11第1題Allshareholderstakethetimetoanalyzethefirmsinwhichtheyinvest.第2題Publicaccountantsprovideaccountingservicestothefirmatwhichtheyareemployed.第3題Firmsrarelyusefinancialinformationdevelopedbyaccountantstosupporttheirdecisions.第4題Theaccountingequationisstatedas:Owner'sequity=Assets+Liabilities.第5題Accountspayablereflectsalesthathavebeenmadebythefirmforwhichpaymenthasnotyetbeenreceivedbythatfirm.第6題Ahighdegreeofliquiditycanenhancethefirm'ssafety,andanexcessivedegreeofliquiditycanincreasethefirm'sreturnoninvestedcapital.第7題Measuresofliquidityindicatetheperformanceofafirm'soperationsduringagiventimeperiod.第8題Ifafirm'sliquidityratioishigherthanindustryaverage,itmayindicatethe