第1題Theenvironmentisbroaderthannature,butitincludesnature.()第2題Theadministrativefunctionofinternationalenvironmentallawaimstoprovidemechanismsorforatopreventandpeacefullysettledisputeswhicharisebetweenmembersoftheinternationalcommunity,involvingtheuseofnaturalresourcesortheconductofactivitieswhichwillimpactupontheenvironment.()第3題Intheearlieryears,mostenvironmentaltreatiesprovideforfinancialresourcestobemadeavailabletocompensatefortheadditionalcostsofprotectivemeasures.()第4題Theprecautionaryprincipleaimstoprovideguidanceinthedevelopmentandapplicationofinternationalenvironmentallawwherethereisscientificuncertainty.()第5題TheStockholmDeclarationalsorecognizesthattheenvironmentofnaturalresourcesshouldbedistinguishedfromthe____environment,whichincludesinparticularthelivingandworkingenvironment.AlegalBdefineCman-madeDof第6題Thelegaldefinitionoftheenvironmentandrelatedconceptsisimportantattwolevels.Atagenerallevel,itdefinesthescopeofthe______subjectanditscompetence.AlegalBdefineCman-madeDabout第7題Moreover,theinternationalenvironmentallawaimstoprotecttheglobalenvironmentthroughthe______ofsetsofstandards.AlegislativeBbilaterallyCenforcementDbrave第8題Theproperfunctionsofinternationalenvironmentallaware______,administrativeandadjudicativefunctions.AlegislativeBbilaterallyCenforcementDforcement第9題Someenvironmentaltreaties,nowprovidefor‘compensatory’financetobemadeavailabletodevelopingcountriestoenablethemtomeetcertain‘incrementalcosts’ofimplementingtheirobligations,andmeanwhile,provideforsubsidiarybodiestoverifycomplianceand________.AfailureBacceptanceCimplementationDimply第10題Moreover,certaindevelopedcountrieswillbewellplacedtobenefitfromtheadoptionofstringentenvironmentalstandards,whileotherswillbeconcernedaboutthethreattotheireconomiccompetitivenesswhichresultsfromthe______toadoptsimilarstringentstandards.AfailureBacceptanceCimplementationDimportant第1題Internationalenvironmentallawhasevolvedoveratleastfourdistinctperiods.ThefirstperiodfromthecreationoftheUnitedNationstoStockholmconference.()第2題UntilOctober1948,governmentalactorsestablishedthefirstmajorinternationalorganizationtoaddressenvironmentalissues.ItwastheInternationalUnionfortheConservationofNature().()第3題The1972UnitedNationsConferenceontheHumanEnvironmentisalsocalledthe1972RioConference.()第4題The1982WorldCharterisnotbinding.()第5題ItsoughttoensuretheconservationofwildlifeintheAfrican,includingtheuseoftraderestrictionsontheexportofcertainskinsandfurs,reflectingadesiretocombineregulatory_______witheconomicincentives.AtechniquesBaddressCinstrumentsDof第6題Internationalenvironmentallawhasevolvedoveratleastfourdistinctperiods.ThesecondperiodbeganwiththecreationoftheUNin1945and________withtheUNConferenceontheHumanEnvironment,heldinStockholminJune1972.AculminatedBcompetenceCprovisionsDof第7題ThethirdoneisaDeclarationcontainingPrinciples,reflectingacompromisebetweenthosestates.Theybelieveditshouldstimulatepublicawareness______andconcernforenvironmentalissues.AofBadoptionCassessmentDfor第8題Withpotentiallyglobalapplication,thesetreatiesaddressthedumpingofwasteatsea,pollutionfromships,thetrade______endangeredspeciesandtheprotectionofworldculturalheritage.AinBcomprisesCsubstanceDof第9題Arangeofinternationalorganizationswith_______inenvironmentalmatterswascreated.Legalinstrumentswereadoptedatboththeregionalandgloballevel.AcompetenceBculminatedCprovisionsDabout第10題ThemostsignificantachievementsoftheStockholmConferencewerethecreationoftheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme()andthe_______ofPrinciple.AadoptionBassessmentCofDforUnitAssignment(1)第1題第2題Chapter3TheActorsofGlobalEnvironmentGovernance第1題Asthebasicsubjectofinternationalenvironmentallaw,statesaredividedbyinternational,legalandinstitutionalarrangementsintodevelopedcountriesanddevelopingcountries.()Statesaredividedbyinternational,legalandinstitutionalarrangementsintodevelopedcountries,developingcountriesandeconomiesintransition.(√)第2題Asweallknow,therearemanyactorsinthedevelopmentofinternationalenvironmentallaw,mainlyincludestates,internationalorganizations,andnon-stateactors.()第3題InAsia,therearealotofregionalorganizationscreatedtoaddressenvironmentalproblems,oneoftheseorganizationstohavealreadymadeasignificantcontributionistheAssociationofSouthEastAsianNations().()第4題Atfirst,theUNCharterdoesnotexpresslyprovidetheUNwithcompetenceoverenvironmentalmatters.()第5題Internationalorganizationsperformfivemainfunctions,thelastfunctionistoprovideanindependent_____,ormechanism,forthesettlementofdisputes,usuallydisputesbetweenstates.AforumBactCrequireDfunction第6題Aswehavesaid,itwasonlyinthelate1960s,theGeneralAssemblybeganto_____theprotectionoftheenvironmentandtheconservationofnaturalresources.AaddressBconveneCprovideDperform第7題Althoughitsresolutionsarenotformallybinding,theGeneralAssemblyhasmademanydecisions,whichhavecreatednewbodies,convenedsomeconferences,____manyprinciplesandsubstantiverules.AendorsedBprovidedCenforceDaddress第8題TheOAUhassupportedthe____ofatreatyontheconservationofnatureandnaturalresources,andatreatyonthetradeinandmanagementofhazardouswaste.AadoptionBemploymentCrecommendationDprovided第9題InOctober1998,theWorldTradeOrganizationformallyrecognizedthestatusandroleofnon-governmentalinternationalorganizationsinthe_____aboutthe"shrimp-turtles"case,afinaldecisiononenvironmentalandtradedisputes.AlitigationBprosecutionCadoptionDemployment第10題Ininternationalenvironmentalrelations,astatehassovereignty_______naturalresourcesandtheenvironment.AoverBofCinDbetweenChapter4TheSourcesoftheInternationalEnvironmentalLaw第1題Althoughinternationalcustomarethemostimportantsourcesofinternationallawintoday'sworld,internationaltreatiesistheoldestone.()第2題Thetreatysystemismultilevel.Thereareglobalconventions,regionalmultilateralconventionsandbilateraltreatiesandagreements.()第3題Manyenvironmentaltreatiesareframeworkagreementsprovidingspecificcommitmentswithimplicationsforaparticularactivityorpractice,ratherthangeneralstructuresandguidelines.()第4題Atreatyistobeinterpretedingoodfaithinaccordancewiththeordinarymeaningtobegiventothetermsofthetreatyintheircontextandinthelightofitsobjectandpurpose.()第5題Frequently,aframeworkagreementor___willhaveoneormoreannexesorappendices.AprotocolBpreambleCforumDform第6題A___approachtointerpretationwilllimitthescopeandeffectofarule,whereasabroadapproachmayidentifyanobligationwherenonewasthoughttoexist.ArestrictiveBexpansiveCregionalDforum第7題Manyenvironmentaltreatiesareframeworkagreementsprovidinggeneralstructuresandguidelines,ratherthanspecific___withimplicationsforaparticularactivityorpractice.AcommitmentsBrightsCcommentsDpreamble第8題This"substantialconsistency"iswithinthe___ofthecourtinadjudicatingcases.Therequirementof"substantialcoherence"isanuncertainfactorintheprocessofinternationalcustomformation.AdiscretionBjudgementCestimateDexpansive第9題Today,wewilltalkaboutthefollowingsourcesofInternationalEnvironmentLaw,suchas,the___ofinternationalorganizations,generalprinciplesofinternationallaw.AactsBpreamblesCforumsDright第10題AlthoughtheInternationalCourtofJurisprudencealmostdidnotinvokethewritingsofinternational___,thejudgewhomadethedecisionwasitselfaprominentpublicjurist.AjuristsBjudgesCjurorDactUnitAssignment(2)第1題第2題第3題第4題Chapter5ThePrinciplesoftheInternationalEnvironmentalLaw第1題Theprecautionaryprincipleaimstoprovideguidanceinthedevelopmentandapplicationofinternationalenvironmentallawwherethereisscientificuncertainty.()第2題Therearenocountriesobjecttothefurtherdevelopmentofthepolluter-paysprinciple,inparticularwithrespecttointernationalrelations.()第3題Environmentalqualitystandardsprescribethelevelsofpollution,nuisanceorenvironmentalinterferencewhicharepermittedandwhichmustnotbeexceededinagivenenvironmentorparticularenvironmentalmedia.()第4題Thepurposeofprocessstandardsistostipulatehowmanypollutantsfromonepollutionsourcecandischarge,ortheconcentrationofpollutantsintheemissions.()第5題Sinceitallowsactiontobetakentoprotecttheenvironmentatanearlierstage,itisnolongerprimarilyaquestionofrepairingdamageafterithas___.AoccurredBendorsedCenhancedDrelated第6題Inthefieldofinternationalenvironmentalprotection,theprincipleofinternationalcooperation___totheextensiveandclosecooperationbetweenthecountriesthroughthecommonmeasures.ArefersBrelatedCintendDoccurr第7題Thisprinciplehasbeenrepeatedly___inmanyinternationalenvironmentallawdocument.AaffirmedBestablishedCfoundedDenhanced第8題Thepolluter-paysprincipleintreatylawcanbetracedbacktosomeofthefirstinstrumentswhichestablishminimumrulesforcivil___forharmcausedbyhazardousactivities.AliabilityBcommitmentCdedicationDdedication第9題Theenvironmentalstandardsfallintofourcategories:environmentalqualitystandards;productstandards;emissionstandards;and_____standards.AprocessBqualitativeCtechniqueDfounded第10題Otherenvironmentalqualitystandardsrecognizethatcertainlevelsofenvironmentalinterferencearethe_______consequenceofhumanactivity.AinevitableBacceptableCunrealisticDrelatedChapter6EnvironmentalManagementSystems第1題Governmentsoftenseektojustifythegrantofsubsidieswhichmightotherwisebeunlawfulonthegroundsthattheybringenvironmentalbenefits.()第2題Environmentalimpactassessmentsarenowrequiredbygeneralinternationallaw,andparticularlyinrespectofenvironmentallyharmfulactivitieswhichmayhavetransboundaryconsequences.()第3題Andrecently,moreandmoreinternationalagreementsorpracticehavedevelopedothertechniquesforensuringactorsoftheinternationalcommunityareprovidedwithenvironmentalinformationofcertainactivities.()第4題Theobligationtoreportortonotifycertaininformationonaregularorperiodicbasis,outsideanemergencysituationoraparticularevent,isanirregularfeatureofinternationalenvironmentalagreements.()第5題Outsidethegovernment'smandatoryregulations,operationrules______byprofessionalorganizationsalsocanbeproductstandards.AformulatedBdisagreedCsucceededDnoticed第6題Supportfortheuseofeconomicinstrumentsisalsoreflectedin_____lawandtreaties.AsoftBhardCroughDclever第7題In1992BiodiversityConventioncallsonpartiesto‘a(chǎn)dopteconomicallyandsocially________measuresthatactasincentivesfortheconservationandsustainableuseofcomponentsofbiologicaldiversity’.AsoundBdoubtableCunreliableDunuseful第8題Otherarrangementsaimtoprovidefinancialresourcestodevelopingcountriestoinvestincertaincleantechnologies_______totheinternationalagreements.ApursuantBobjectCmeansDtake第9題‘Informationexchange’canbecharacterizedasageneral____ofonestatetoprovidegeneralinformationonmattersonabasistoanotherstate,especiallyinrelationtoscientificandtechnicalinformation.AobligationBnatureCprincipleDrule第10題The1982UNCLOSrequirestheexchangeofscientificinformationandotherdatarelevanttothe____offishstocks,onmarinescientificresearch,andonmarinepollution.AconservationBconventionCpollutionDprotectionChapter7Atmosphere第1題Intheeventofsuchanaccident,statepartiesmustnotify,directlyorthroughtheIAEA,thosestateswhichareormaybephysicallyaffectedwithdetailsoftheaccident,thenature,thetimeofitsoccurrenceanditsexactlocation.()第2題Theprimarypurposeofenvironmentalaccountingistoensurethatenvironmentalcostsareaccuratelyreflectedinthecommonaccountsandbalancesheetsofcompanies,orthenationalaccountsofstates.()第3題The1992ClimateChangeConventionwasthefirstinternationalenvironmentalagreementtobenegotiatedbyvirtuallythewholeoftheinternationalcommunity.()第4題Inordertopromotecountriestoachievegreenhousegasemissionreductiontargets,the1997KyotoProtocolallowsthreewaysofreductionsincludingcleandevelopmentmechanism,groupapproachandnetemission.()第5題Thesereportingrequirements,whichincreasinglyrequiredetailedandregularinformation,areusedtoprovideinformationonthe____oftreatycommitments.AimplementationBconstructionCobligationDinstruction第6題ThefunctionoftheUNCommissiononSustainableDevelopmentis___to‘receiveandanalyzerelevantinputfromcompetentnon-governmentalorganizations,includingthescientificandprivatesector,inthecontextoftheoverallimplementationofAgenda21’.AmandatedBintendedCplanedDaccomplished第7題Environmentalauditing,or‘Eco-auditing’,describesatechniqueforallowingacompanyorastateto___theimpactofitsactivitiesontheenvironment.AassessBreflectCverifyDaffect第8題The___ofthearbitraltribunalintheTrailSmeltercaseisfrequentlycitedtosupporttheviewthatgeneralprinciplesofinternationallawimposeobligationsonstatestopreventtransboundaryairpollution.AawardBlicensingCdisputeDratify第9題The1992ClimateChangeConventionprovidesforthepossibilityofestablishinga___consultativeprocessfortheresolutionofimplementationquestions.AmultilateralBcompulsoryClicensingDavailable第10題Adisputesettlementarticleprovidesforpossiblecompulsoryrecourseto___ortheInternationalCourtofJusticewiththeconsentoftherelevantpartiestoadispute.AarbitrationBlicensingCmultilateralDcompulsoryUnitAssignment(3)第1題第2題第3題第4題第5題Chapter8TheInternationalLawProtectionofMari第1題Undertheprotectionofmarineenvironmenttreaties,stateshavethedutytotakeallthemeasurestoprevent,reduceandcontrolpollutionofthemarineenvironmentfromanysource.()第2題Intheareaoffreshwaterprotection,internationalenvironmentallaw,hasestablishedasetofprinciplesandrulesontheinternationalwaterresourcesprotectionsystem.()第3題TheAntarctictreatyitselfhasprovisionsonenvironmentalprotectioninastrictsense,andArticle9mention“Antarcticbiologicalresourcesprotectionandmaintenance”.()第4題UnliketheArcticarea,theAntarcticArcticareaispartofthesovereignlandormarineterritoryofstates,suchas:Canada,Finland,Iceland.()第5題UnderUNCLOS,stateshavethedutytoprotectrareorfragileecosystems,aswellasthe___ofdepleted,threatenedorendangeredspeciesandotherformsofmarinelife.AhabitatBlandCareaDplateau第6題UNCLOSdeclaresthatstateshavethe___righttoexploittheirnaturalresourcestopursuetheirenvironmentalpoliciesandinaccordancewiththeirdutytoprotectandpreservethemarineenvironment.AsovereignBnationalCstateDrelative第7題Humanunreasonableusealsocauseswaterresourcesto__.AshrinkBincreaseCraiseDdamage第8題Over-exploitationofgroundwaterandwaterbedsinsomeareasoftheUnitedStates,cannot__theriver'swatersupply,oftencausingtherivertodryup.AreplenishBsupplyCdecreaseDprotect第9題Now,morethanhalfoftheworld'smajorrivershavebeenseriously__.AdepletedBpoisonedCdestroyedDwasted第10題Therearemanyglobalframeworkconventions,togetherwitharangeofbilateralandregionalagreementswhichspecifically__theuseoffreshwaterresources.AaddressBundertakeCpursueDtargetChapter9BiologicalDiversity第1題Biodiversitymainlyincludesthreelevels:geneticdiversity,speciesdiversity,ecosystemdiversity.()第2題Biodiversitydoesn’tcontributetothemaintenanceofthebiosphereinaconditionwhichsupportshumanandotherlife.()第3題Forsomedevelopedcountries,the1992BiodiversityConvention’sprovisionsarecompletelysuitable.()第4題Thegeneralinstrumentsoftheprotectionofthediversitycanbedividedintotwoparts,Theglobalapplicationsandtheregionalandsub-regionalapplications.()第5題Theprotectionofthebiodiversitycanbetracedbackto1890withthecreationofthe__whichistheworld’sfirstprotectedarea.AYosemiteNationalParkinCaliforniaBGreatBarrierReefMarineParkinAustraliaCAdirondackregionalparkinNewYorkstateDRamsarConventiononWetlands第6題Traditionaleffortsatcustodialmanagementhavegenerally______successfulandtheaveragerateofspeciesextinctionhascontinuedto.Anotbeen;increaseBbeen;decreaseCnotbeen;increaseDnotbeen;decrease第7題The1973CITESconsistsofpreamble,provisionsandthree______.AappendicesBamendmentsCdocumentsDparts第8題CartagenaProtocolonBiosafetyadoptedon29January2000.Itisthefirstbindinginternational____agreementinthetwenty-firstcentury.AbiosafetyBbiodiversityCecologicalsafetyDmarinesafety第9題Thethreatsofbiodiversityreductionaredifferentfromregiontoregion,inAsia,itis______.AinadequatemanagementBindustrialdevelopmentCpoachingDeffectivemanagement第10題Thefirstglobalagreementtoaddresstheconservationofaparticularhabitatis______.AThe1971RamsarConventionBFAOTropicalForestryActionPlanCThe1994InternationalTropicalTimberAgreementDThe1993BiodiversityConventionUnitAssignment(4)第1題第2題第3題第4題第5題第6題第7題第8題Chapter10HazardousSubstances,ActivitiesandWaste第1題The1990ConventionConcerningSafetyintheUseofChemicalsatWorkrequiresstatestoestablishsystemsandcriteriafortheclass?cationofchemicalsaccordingtothetypeofhazards,inaccordancewithnationalorinternationalsystems.()第2題Theimpactofagricultureontheenvironmentisnotwelldocumented.()第3題TheEClawhasnotestablishedasystemofnotificationandinformationforimportsfromandexporttothirdcountriesofcertainchemicals.()第4題The1996Directivehasamoreextensiveapplication,forthelowerthresholdsitappliesanditprovidesmoredetailedobligationsinrelationtothepreventionofaccidentsandtheprovisionofinformationaftertheyhaveoccurred.()第5題Theinternationalregulationofradioactivesubstances____withtheestablishmentin1955bytheUNGeneralAssemblyoftheScientificCommitteeontheEffectsofAtomicRadiation(UNSCER),followedbythecreationoftheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency.AcommencedBaccordedCappliedDprovided第6題The1996Directiveisaimedat___majoraccidentswhichinvolvedangeroussubstancesandthelimitationoftheirconsequencesformanandtheenvironment.ApreventingBprovidingCinvolvingDincluding第7題Non-renewablesourcesremainessentially_____attheinternationallevelandbeyondthescopeofaconcertedorcoherentinternationalregulatoryregime.AunregulatedBundamagedCcontrolledDstandarded第8題TheConvention______toindustrialaccidentsfromactivitiesinvolvinghazardoussubstances,includingcategoriesofsubstancesandpreparationsandnamedsubstanceswhicharesetoutinAnnexI.AappliesBplansCaimsDintends第9題The______offossilfuels,withitsby-productofwastegases,hasbeenthesubjectofanumberoftreatiesandactsofinternationalinstitutions.AincinerationBproductionCobjectionDsubjection第10題TheEClawrequiresmemberstatestoencouragethe______ofwastes,includinghazardousandtoxicwastes,bymeansofrecycling,reuseorreclamationorotherprocessestoextractsecondaryrawmaterialsandtousewasteasasourceofenergy.ArecoveryBreduceCincreaseDconservationUnitAssignment(5)第1題第2題第3題第4題Chapter11Greentrade,FinancialResourcesandTechnology第1題Agreementstoprotectwildlifeisoneoftheenvironmentalobjectivesaddressedbytraderegulations.()第2題Theuseoftradesanctionstoimplementinternationalenvironmentalobligationsmaynotraisesconflictsbetweenobligationsunderenvironmentalagreementsandthoseunderfreetradeagreements.()第3題TheWTOreplacestheformerGATTCouncilas‘thecommoninstitutionalframework’fortheconductoftraderelationsamongitsMembersinmattersrelatedtotheagreementsandassociatedlegalinstrumentsincludedintheAnnexestotheWTOAgreement.()第4題ThemainobjectivesofTechnicalbarrierstotradeisensurethattechnicalregulationsandstandards,areeasilyadoptedorappliedsoastocreateunnecessaryobstaclestotrade.()第5題Agreementsfortheprotectionofwildlifeusuallymakeuseof____onexportorimportbetweenparties.ArestrictionsBpenaltiesCbarriersDregulations第6題Forenvironmentalregulationswhichmaybetechnicalbarrierstotrade,theTBTAgreementadoptstheprinciplesofnational____andnon-discrimination.AtreatmentBtreasureCconversationDestablishment第7題TheNorthAmericaFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA)____afreetradeareabetweenthepartiesinaccordancewithArticleXXIVoftheGATT,andisintendedtoestablishprinciplesandrules.AestablishesBdisposesCdividesDrestrictions第8題Infact,theprovisionofinternationalfinancialresources___tointernationalenvironmentalprotectiongoals.AdedicatedBdecidedClinkedDgranted第9題The1992BiodiversityConventionestablishesarangeofprovisionswhichwillgosomewayto___,butstillnotactuallyrequiring,thetransferoftechnology.AencouragingBarisingCimposingDfunding第10題The1973EuropeanPatentConventionprovidesthatEuropeanpatentswillnotbe___forinventionsthepublicationorexploitationofwhichwouldbecontrarytopublicormorality.AgrantedBencouragedCdedicatedDappliedChapter12LiabilityforEnvironmentalDamage第1題Liabilityrulesserveavarietyofpurposesonlyattheinternationallevel.()第2題TheCouncilofEuropehasn’trecentlyadoptedaconventionwhichtakesthisapproach,andruleswhichwouldbeofrelativelygeneralisedapplicationtohazardousactivitiesarebeingconsideredbytheECandtheECE.()第3題Agrowingnumberoftreatiesestablishrulesoncivilliabilityforenvironmentalorrelateddamage,althoughseveralarenotyetinforce,andsomewillprobablyneverenterintoforce.()第4題Allenvironmentaldamagesresultinstateliability.Thereareinternationalstandardswhichestablishathresholdforstateliabilityofenvironmentaldamages.()第5題Thepurposeofliabilityrulesmayimpose____forwrongfulconductortorestoreagivenenvironmentalassettoitspre-damagecondition.AsanctionsBthresholdCbreachDresponsibility第6題Thestateliabilityforenvironmentaldamageispremisedupona____ofaninternationallegalobligationestablishedbytreaty,orbyaruleofcustomaryinternationallaw,orpossiblyundergeneralprinciplesofinternationallaw.AbreachBsanctionCsubjectDrefrain第7題Forpresentpurposes,themostpertinentinternationalobligationisthatrequiringastatetopreventparticularenvironmentalharm,orto____fromcarryingoutorpermittingactivitieswhichcouldleadtoenvironmentaldamage.ArefrainBbreachCencourageD