JulieSession1&2

UnderstandingGlobalStrategy

了解全球化戰(zhàn)略Theworldeconomyismovingawayfromnationaleconomiestoaninterdependentglobaleconomicsystem,calledglobalisation.Thenewglobaleconomyprovidesopportunities,butalsopresentschallenges全世界的經(jīng)濟正在從各國經(jīng)濟分離狀況走向一個各國相互依存的全球經(jīng)濟體系,這就是所謂的全球一體化.新的全球經(jīng)濟既提供了機遇,也體現(xiàn)了挑戰(zhàn).1LearningObjectives學習目的Understandwhatismeantbytheterm‘globalisation’了解全球一體化的含義Befamiliarwiththemaincausesofglobalisation

熟悉全球一體化的主要起因Understandwhyglobalisationisnowproceedingatarapidrate了解當今全球一體化快速發(fā)展的原因Appreciatehowchanginginternationaltradepatterns,FDIflows,differencesineconomicgrowthratesandtheriseofmultinationalcorporationsarechangingthenatureoftheworldeconomy體會不斷變化的國際貿(mào)易格局,外國直接投資流向,經(jīng)濟增長率間的差異和新跨國公司的崛起等是如何改變世界經(jīng)濟的性質(zhì)Understandthemainargumentsinthedebateovertheimpactofglobalisationonemployment,income,environmentalpoliciesandnationalsovereignty理解有關(guān)全球一體化對就業(yè),收入水平,環(huán)境法規(guī)和國家主權(quán)的沖擊等問題討論中的主要論點Appreciatethatglobalisationgivesrisetomanyopportunitiesandchallengesforbusinessmanagers認識全球一體化給企業(yè)經(jīng)理人帶來的機遇和挑戰(zhàn)J1&2Feb022WhatisGlobalisation?

什么是全球一體化?(第1章)Globalisationistheshifttowardamoreintegratedandinterdependentworldeconomy.Ithastwocomponents:

全球一體化是指朝著更為一體化和更為相互依存方向發(fā)展的世界經(jīng)濟.它由兩部分組成:Theglobalisationofmarkets:formanyproducts,theworldisbecomingonehugeglobalmarketplace.However,therearestillsignificantlocalmarkets市場全球一體化:對于許多產(chǎn)品來說,世界正形成一個巨大的全球市場.然而,還是有很多顯著的地區(qū)性市場(P6).Theglobalisationofproduction:thereisatendencytosourcegoodsandservicesfromdifferentlocationstolowercoststructuresand/orimprovequality.ABoeing777jetaircrafthas132,500componentparts,whicharemanufacturedby545suppliersaroundtheworld.Boeingdoesthisbecausethesesuppliersarebestattheirparticularwork,butalsointhehope(expectation)thatthecompanywillwinordersfromthecountriesconcerned生產(chǎn)全球一體化:是指從不同的地區(qū)尋求不同的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù),以降低成本和/或提高改善質(zhì)量的趨勢.例如波音777大型客機由132,500個主要零部件組成,由分布于全世界的545家供應(yīng)商生產(chǎn).波音這樣做的原因是這些供應(yīng)商在其專業(yè)領(lǐng)域里是最好的,此外波音公司也期望從這些國家航空公司贏得重要訂單.(P8)J1&2Feb023

Competinginthemarketplacesislikewar.Youhavejnjuriesandcasualities,andthebeststrategywins.市場中的競爭就象戰(zhàn)爭.你可能會受傷和有所損失,而只有當你擁有最好的策略時才能贏. JohnCollins

約翰.考林斯

Youdonotchoosetobecomeglobal.Themarketchoosesforyour,itforcesyourhad.你不必選擇要成為全球化.市場會為你選擇,它會迫使你走向全球化. AlainGomez

艾林.高米茲J1&2Feb024DriversofGlobalisation

全球一體化的推動者(P9-14)Decliningtradeandinvestmentbarriers:GATT,WTO降低貿(mào)易和投資壁壘:關(guān)稅及貿(mào)易總協(xié)定(GATT),世界貿(mào)易組織(WTO)Theroleoftechnologicalchange科技發(fā)展的作用 (a) microprocessorsandtelecommunications 微處理器和電信業(yè) (b) theinternetandworldwideweb(e-commerce) 因特網(wǎng)和萬維網(wǎng)(電子商務(wù)) (c) transportationtechnology運輸技術(shù) (d) implicationsfortheglobalisationofproduction 科技發(fā)展對生產(chǎn)全球一體化的影響 (e) implicationsfortheglobalisationofmarkets 科技發(fā)展對市場全球一體化的影響J1&2Feb025TheChangingDemographicsoftheGlobalEconomy正在變化的世界經(jīng)濟人口分布(P14)Thechangingworldoutputandworldtradepicture(notetableonp17–especiallythefiguresforChina) 世界產(chǎn)出與世界貿(mào)易格局的變化(在英文課本第17頁的表格-尤其注意有關(guān)中國的數(shù)據(jù))Thechangingforeigndirectinvestmentpicture(notefigureonp19)外國直接投資的變化概況(課本P17頁的圖1-4)Thechangingnatureofthemultinationalenterprise 跨國企業(yè)的變化特征

(a) non-USmultinationals

非美跨國公司

(b) theriseofmini-multinationals(AustralianexamplesincludeSolaandCochlear)小型跨國公司的興起(澳大利亞的例子包括Sola和Cochlear)Thechangingworldorder世界秩序的改變Theglobaleconomyofthe21stCentury 21世紀的全球化經(jīng)濟J1&2Feb026PopulationChange人口變化1804:1Billion 1804年:1億1927:2billion 1927年:2億1960:3billion 1906年:3億1974:4billion 1974年:4億1987:5billion 1987年:5億1999:6billion 1999年:6億2050:9billion 2050年:9億J1&2Feb027AgeStructure(%,1997)

年齡結(jié)構(gòu)(%,1997年)國家 小于15歲超過65歲澳大利亞日本英國美國印度尼西亞亞洲非洲J1&2Feb028SelectedSocial&EconomicIndicators2000

人口(百萬)GDP增長實際GDP增長(美元)澳大利亞美國德國日本新加坡中國J1&2Feb029ManagingintheGlobalMarketplace全球市場管理(P25)Astheworldshiftstowardsatrulyintegratedglobaleconomy,morefirms–bothlargeandsmall–arebecominginternationalbusinesses隨著世界朝向真正的經(jīng)濟全球化轉(zhuǎn)化,更多的公司-大和小的公司-都正在變成國際性企業(yè)Managersofthesefirmsneedtorealisethatmanaginganinternationalbusinessdiffersfrommanagingadomesticbusiness:這些公司的管理者都需要認識到管理國際性企業(yè)和管理純粹的國內(nèi)企業(yè)是有所不同的:

(a) countriesdifferinmayways(despitetalkofthe‘globalvillage’)

國與國之間在很多方面是不同的(這與所談?wù)摰摹暗厍虼濉睙o關(guān))

(b) businesspracticesvaryfromcountrytocountry

國與國之間在商務(wù)實踐中存在著不同

(c) managementbecomesmuchmorecomplex管理更趨于復雜(d) internationalfinancialtransactionsarenecessary 國際性的財務(wù)交易是必需的J1&2Feb0210TotalGlobalStrategy

總?cè)蚧瘧?zhàn)略Corebusinessstrategy1.Developcorebizstrategy開發(fā)核心商務(wù)戰(zhàn)略2.Internationalisethestrategy國際化戰(zhàn)略3.Globalisethestrategy全球化戰(zhàn)略ABCD核心商務(wù)戰(zhàn)略J1&2Feb0211TheGlobalisationTriangle全球一體化三角Benefits/costsGlobalStrategyLeversIndustryDriversOrganisationFactors全球化戰(zhàn)略杠桿行業(yè)推動因素組織因素利益/成本J1&2Feb0212Multinational(M)andGlobalStrategy(G)

多國化和全球化戰(zhàn)略GlobalintegrationcontrastswiththeMapproach,inwhichcompaniessetupcountrysubsidiariesthatdesign,produce,andmarketproductsorservicestailoredtolocalneeds.

全球一體化與多國化方式相反,它是讓公司在不同的國家開設(shè)分公司,按當?shù)厥袌龅男枨髞磉M行產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計,生產(chǎn),以及提供市場產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)MultilocalstrategyvsGstrategy多樣本地化戰(zhàn)略和全球化戰(zhàn)略Mcompaniesknowthefirsttwostepswillbutnotthethird

多國化公司懂得初始的兩步驟但不懂得第三步Grunscountertotheacceptedwisdomoftailoringfornationalmarkets

全球化戰(zhàn)略與普遍接受的按國內(nèi)市場需求定做的想法截然相反J1&2Feb0213ModelsofStrategies

戰(zhàn)略模型Localonly當?shù)貞?zhàn)略Export出口戰(zhàn)略International國際戰(zhàn)略Multinational多國戰(zhàn)略global全球戰(zhàn)略J1&2Feb0214IndustryGlobalisationDrivers

行業(yè)國際化推動因素

Market 市場Cost

成本Government 政府Competitivedrivers 競爭驅(qū)動因素Theydeterminetheindustryglobalisationpotential它們決定了行業(yè)全球一體化的潛力J1&2Feb0215GlobalStrategyLevers

全球化戰(zhàn)略杠桿Marketparticipation市場的參與productsandservices產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)activitylocation活動位置Marketing營銷competitivemoves競爭性移動J1&2Feb0216Management&OrganisationFactorsAffectingGlobalStrategy

影響全球化策略的管理和組織因素Organisationstructure組織結(jié)構(gòu)managementprocesses管理過程People人Culture文化-Theydeterminetheabilitytodevelopandimplementglobalstrategy它們決定了開發(fā)和實施全球化戰(zhàn)略的能力J1&2Feb0217Benefits&CostsofGlobalStrategy

全球化戰(zhàn)略的益處和成本Reducingcosts降低成本Improvingquality提高質(zhì)量Enhancingcustomerpreference注重顧客的喜好increasingcompetitiveleverage提升競爭杠桿standardisation-notfullysatisfycustomersanywhere標準化–并不是任何地方都令顧客滿意concentration-reducingresponsiveness專注–減少應(yīng)答uniformmarketing-reducingadaptation統(tǒng)一的營銷–減少適應(yīng)性integrating-sacrificinginindividualcountry 一體化–在某一國家犧牲J1&2Feb0218Simplycatchinguptowhereothershavealreadybeenisnecessarytostayinthegame-butthewinnerwillultimatelybetheorganisationwiththebestabilitytoinventnewgames.簡單地跟進別人已在的領(lǐng)域,是能夠參加游戲的基本條件–但只有那些最有能力發(fā)明新的游戲的組織才是最后的贏家.G.Hamel1998J1&2Feb0219Gapbetweentherichandpoor:貧富差距：One-sixthoftheworld’speopleproduce78%oftheoutputandreceive78%oftheworld’sincome,anaverageof$70aday.Three-fifthsoftheworld’spopulationinthe61poorestcountriesreceive6%oftheworld’sincome,lessthan$2aday.六分之一的世界人口生產(chǎn)78%的全球產(chǎn)出，獲取78%的全球收入，日均$70。五分之三的人口分布在61個窮國，只占全球收入的6%，日收入不足$2。slideJ1&2Feb0220TheGlobalisationDebate:ProsperityorImpoverishment?全球一體化的辯論:繁榮還是貧困?(P22)

Despiteacompellingbodyoftheoryandevidencesupportingglobalisation,ithasitscritics.Theyareconcernedaboutthematterslistedbelow.However,ahardcoreofdemonstratorsaremembersofsmallTrotskyitepartieswithverydifferentagendas無論支持全球一體化的理論和案例是多么的不容置疑,它仍具有一定的批評者.他們都關(guān)注于以下這些問題.然而,一個非常堅定的描述是由少部分的托洛茨基主義者所提出的非常不同的議題.Globalisation,jobsandincome全球一體化,就業(yè)和收入Globalisation,labourpoliciesandtheenvironment 全球一體化,勞工制度和環(huán)境Globalisationandnationalsovereignty(theWTOandG7areparticulartargets)全球一體化和國家主權(quán)的關(guān)系(世界貿(mào)易組織和七國組織是特別的目標)J1&2Feb0221CaseAnalysis1案例分析1Whyusingcases?“Becausewisdomcan’tbetold”為什么要運用案例？“因為智慧無法言傳”O(jiān)bjectives:increasingunderstandingofwhatshoulddo;buildskillsinsizingupstrengthsandweakness;identifyingissuesneedtobeaddressed;evaluatingstrategicalternatives;formulatingworkableplansofaction;enhancedsenseofbusinessjudgment;indepthexposure目標：深化對“做什么”的理解；建立抓住強勢和弱勢的技能；確認應(yīng)該強調(diào)的問題；制定可行的行動計劃；提高商業(yè)判斷本領(lǐng)；深入開拓J1&2Feb0222CaseAnalysis2案例分析2Nottoleanauthoritativeanswersbuttobecomeskilledintheprocessofdesigningworkableactionplans不依賴權(quán)威論斷，但在設(shè)計可靠的行動計劃過程中變得專業(yè)Questioning-answering-questioning-answering:tougherquestionsforhighlyexperiencedgroups

問–答–問–答：對經(jīng)驗豐富的小組提出更困難的問題Fourstepsincasewriting:identification;analysis/evaluation;alternatives,recommendations

案例寫作四步：確認；分析/評估；方案選擇；建議Presentation:thefact–diagnosing–evaluationofthecasesituation–defensibleargumentsandpositions–conflictingopinions:whichismorevalidandwhy演講：事實–診斷–對案例情景的評估–論證和定位–對于沖突的結(jié)論：哪個更加合理？為什么？J1&2Feb0223CaseStudyClosingcase,Chapter1–CitigroupFormintostudygroupsof4–5people.Take30minutestoundertakethecasestudyandanswerQuestions1and2Bepreparedtopresentyourgroup’sfindingstotheclass.J1&2Feb0224Session3&4

UnderstandingCulture,Environment&PoliticalEconomy

理解文化,環(huán)境和政治經(jīng)濟(第3章)Socialstructure,religiousandethicalsystems社會結(jié)構(gòu),宗教和道德體系Language,educationandtheworkplace語言,教育和工作場所Physicalenvironment實際環(huán)境Politicaleconomy政治經(jīng)濟Changesinculture,environment,andpoliticaleconomyafterthe2ndWorldWar二次世界大戰(zhàn)后,文化,環(huán)境和政治經(jīng)濟上的改變Implicationsforbusiness對商務(wù)活動的影響J3&4Feb0225whyiscultureimportant

為什么文化是重要的Cross-culturalliteracyisrequiredtoconductbusinesssuccessfully 業(yè)務(wù)的成功需要有跨文化的意識relationshipbetweencultureandcostsofdoingbusiness 文化與商業(yè)操作成本之間的關(guān)系J3&4Feb0226Definingculture文化的定義(P63-65)Asystemofvaluesandnormsthataresharedamongagroupofpeopleandthatwhentakentogetherconstituteadesignforliving 一群人所共享的價值觀及準則的體系，以及由它們一起所構(gòu)成的生活方式value,norms,folkways,mores

價值觀，準則，社會習俗，傳統(tǒng)cultureandnationstate;levelsofculture

文化，民族國家;文化層次determinantsofculture文化的決定因素(P65)J3&4Feb0227Socialstructure社會結(jié)構(gòu)(P66)Individual&group個人和群體(P66)socialstrataandmobility社會等級和流動性(P67-68)caste,class,classconsciousness社會等級，階層(階級制度)，階級意識(P68-69)dynamicstructure動態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)J3&4Feb0228Religiousandethicalsystems

宗教和道德體系

(P69)Religion:asystemofsharedbeliefsandritualsthatareconcernedwiththerealmofthesacred宗教：在教義的范圍內(nèi)，共享信仰與儀式的體制ethicalsystem:moralprinciples,orvalues,thatareusedtoguideandshapebehaviour道德體系：用于引導和改變行為的精神原理和價值觀majorreligions&theireconomicimplications主要宗教和它們的經(jīng)濟暗示(對經(jīng)濟的影響)J3&4Feb0229Education教育(P77)Formalandinformaleducationsystems正式和非正式教育體系Nationalcompetitiveadvantage國家的競爭優(yōu)勢humanresource,promotionmaterials,andproductsrelatedtoeducation

人力資源，促銷材料，以及與教育有關(guān)的產(chǎn)品J3&4Feb0230Cultureandtheworkplace文化和工作場所(P78)Culture-values-workplace文化–價值–工作場所Hofstede:powerdistance,individualism&collectivism,uncertaintyavoidance,masculinity&femininity霍夫施泰德：能力差距，個人主義與集體主義，不確定性可避免程度，男權(quán)主義和女權(quán)主義(P79)westernstereotype;mono&multiculturalsociety西方模式：單一和多文化社會J3&4Feb0231Culturalchange文化變革(P82)Culturechangeswitheconomicgrowth,globalisation,lifestyle,politicalandenvironmentalfactors,etc 文化隨著經(jīng)濟增長、全球一體化、生活方式，政治和環(huán)境等因素的改變而改變J3&4Feb0232CaseStudy–DisneyinFranceClosingcase,Chapter3–DisneyinFranceFormintostudygroupsof4–5people.Take40minutestoundertakethecasestudyandanswerQuestions1–3.Bepreparedtopresentyourgroup’sfindingstotheclass.J3&4Feb0233CaseStudy–DisneyinFranceWhatassumptionsdidDisneymakeaboutthetastesandpreferencesofFrenchconsumers?

迪斯尼公司對法國消費者的口味和偏好作了哪些假設(shè)？HowmightDisneyhavehadamorefavourableinitialexperienceinFrance?WhatstepsmightithavetakentoreducethemistakesassociatedwiththelaunchofEuro-Disney? 迪斯尼本應(yīng)當怎樣做才能在法國取得良好的開端？應(yīng)采取哪些措施以減少啟動歐洲迪斯尼項目所造成的失誤？Inretrospect,wasFrancethebestchoiceforthelocationofEuro-Disney? 回頭來看，法國是建立歐洲迪斯尼樂園的最佳地點么？J3&4Feb0234Changesinthephysicalenvironment

實際環(huán)境中的變革Questforeconomicgrowthandaffluentlifestyle

探索經(jīng)濟增長和富足的生活方式的需求relationshiptoresourcescarcity,ThirdWorlddebt,internationalconflict,socialbreakdownandphysicalenvironmentaldamage. 資源稀缺的關(guān)系,第三世界的負債,國際沖突,社會的崩潰和現(xiàn)實環(huán)境的破壞ClubofRomewarnings-LimitstoGrowth 羅馬俱樂部的警示-增長的極限mineralresources,energy,food,礦產(chǎn)資源,能源,食品Kahnandthe“beliefinscience”response Kahn和對“科學的信念”的回應(yīng)J3&4Feb0235EmblemsofEnvironmentalism

環(huán)境保護主義的標志1890s:wilderness野生生態(tài)1900:countryside鄉(xiāng)村1930s:Soilerosion土壤污染1950s:smog煙霧1960s:chemicals化學藥品1970s:nuclear核能1980s:acidrain&ozone酸雨和臭氧1990s:globalwarming&biodiversity地球變暖和生物多樣性J3&4Feb0236Ourunsustainableenvironment

我們的不可持續(xù)的環(huán)境theBoiledfrogsyndrome-globalwarming,acidrain,theozonehole,increasingultravioletradiation,pesticides,dioxins

青蛙溫水綜合癥-地球變暖,酸雨,臭氧洞,不斷增加的紫外線輻射,殺蟲劑,二氧化物Spreadofdiseases–malaria疾病的擴散-瘧疾Hownottoparachutemorecats!

如何才能不必再空降更多的貓!Acidrain:itsoriginsandeffects酸雨:其起源和影響Madcowdisease瘋牛病Ozonedepletion臭氧的消耗theMontrealProtocol蒙特列爾協(xié)議J3&4Feb0237Balance?如何保持平衡?Biodiversityandpovertydistribution

生物多樣性和貧困的擴散swapfordebtprograms債務(wù)項目的轉(zhuǎn)換Ecologicalfootprint生態(tài)足跡1987:OurcommonFuture 1987年:我們共同的未來1992theEarthSummitinRio,Brazil:Agenda21 1992年,全球高峰會在巴西的里約熱內(nèi)盧:會議議程21條J3&4Feb0238CountryDifferencesinPoliticalEconomy經(jīng)濟體制的國別差異(第2章)Thefocusisonhowpolitical,economicandlegalsystemsofcountriesdiffer.Thesesystemsconstitutethepoliticaleconomyofacountryandareinterdependent.重點在于各國政治,經(jīng)濟和法律體系的差異.這些體制統(tǒng)稱為一個國家的經(jīng)濟體制,而且它們之間是相互作用及依存的39PoliticalSystems政治體制

(第2章)Politicalsystem=systemofgovernmentofacountry政治體制=一個國家的政府體系2relateddimensions:collectivismvsindividualismanddemocraticvstotalitarian兩個相關(guān)的維度:集體主義

vs個人主義;民主政治

vs

集權(quán)主義Collectivism:socialism,communism,socialdemocracy,democraticsocialism集體主義:社會主義,共產(chǎn)主義,社會民主,民主社會主義Individualism個人主義Democracy:representativedemocracy民主政治:代表民主Totalitarianism:communist,theocratic,tribal,right-wing集權(quán)主義:共產(chǎn)主義者,神權(quán)政治,種族,右翼J3&4Feb0240EconomicSystems經(jīng)濟制度(P41-42)Marketeconomy:interactionofsupplyanddemanddeterminesquantityofgoodsandservicesproduced市場經(jīng)濟:由供求關(guān)系決定商品的數(shù)量和所提供的服務(wù)Commandeconomy:goodsandservicesproduced,theirquantityandpricesplannedbygovernment指令性經(jīng)濟:指對于所生產(chǎn)的商品和服務(wù),由政府計劃其數(shù)量和價格Mixedeconomy:somesectorsarelefttoprivateownershipandfreemarketmechanismsandothersarestate-ownedandcontrolled混合經(jīng)濟:指部分的經(jīng)濟部門存在著私有制和自由市場機制,而其它由政府控制State-directedeconomy:stateplaysasignificantroleindirectingprivateinvestmentactivitiesandregulatesbusinessactivityfornationalgoals政府指導經(jīng)濟:指政府按國家的目標,在指導私營投資活動和規(guī)范商業(yè)活動中扮演了一個非常重要的角色J3&4Feb0241LegalSystems法律制度(P43-46)Majorlegalsystemsare:commonlaw,civillaw,socialistlaw,Islamiclaw,customarylaw主要的法律制度有:普通法,民法,社會法,伊斯蘭法規(guī),慣例Focuson3issues:propertyrights,productsafetyandcontractlaw強調(diào)3方面的問題:產(chǎn)權(quán),產(chǎn)品安全和合同法Propertyrights:privateaction,publicaction產(chǎn)權(quán):私人行為,公共行為Protectionofintellectualproperty:patents,copyrights,trademarks保護知識產(chǎn)權(quán):專利,版權(quán),商標Productsafetyandproductliability產(chǎn)品安全和產(chǎn)品責任Contractlaw合同法J3&4Feb0242DeterminantsofEconomicDevelopment

經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的決定因素(P46-50)Differencesineconomicdevelopment經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的差異Politicaleconomyandeconomicprogress:innovationistheengineofgrowth,innovationrequiresamarketeconomy,innovationrequiresstrongpropertyrights,requiredpoliticalsystem,economicprogressbegetsdemocracy政治經(jīng)濟體制與經(jīng)濟進步:創(chuàng)新是增長的發(fā)動機,創(chuàng)新要求市場經(jīng)濟體制,創(chuàng)新要求強有效的產(chǎn)權(quán)保護,要求政治體制,經(jīng)濟進步產(chǎn)生民主Otherdeterminantsofdevelopment:geographyandeducation其他的發(fā)展決定因素:地理因素和教育水平J3&4Feb0243Statesintransition變遷狀態(tài)Thespreadofdemocracy民主的傳播Universalcivilisationoraclashofcivilisations? 全球文明或文明沖突? (a)FrancisFukuyama (b)SamuelHuntingtonThespreadofmarket-basedsystems市場基礎(chǔ)體制的傳播Thenatureofeconomictransformation:deregulation,privatisation,legalsystems,therockyroad 經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)換的性質(zhì):放松管制,私有化,法律體系,艱難的路程Implications影響J3&4Feb0244Implicationsforbusiness1

對商務(wù)活動的影響1Crossculturalliteracy:appreciatenotonlydifferences,butalsowhatsuchdifferencesmeanforbusiness跨文化意識：不但清楚差距，而且知道這些差距對商務(wù)的意義culture&competitiveadvantage:choiceofcountriestodobusiness;competitors文化和競爭優(yōu)勢：選擇做生意的國家;競爭對手businessneedstobeawareoftheenvironmentalimplicationsofitsactivity商務(wù)活動需要了解由之所帶來的環(huán)境方面的影響J3&4Feb0245Implicationsforbusiness2

對商務(wù)活動的影響2Attractiveness吸引力(P52-54) (a) benefits(first-moveradvantages,late-mover disadvantages)利潤(先入者優(yōu)勢,遲入者劣勢) (b) costs成本 (c) risks(political,economicandlegalrisks) 風險(政治,經(jīng)濟和法律的風險) (d) overallattractiveness綜合吸引力Ethicalissues道德問題 (a) ethicsandhumanrights道德和人權(quán) (b) ethicsandregulations道德和規(guī)范 (c) ethicsandcorruption道德和腐敗J3&4Feb0246Discussion討論Wouldglobalisationcreatetheconditionsforthemergingofculturesandareductioninculturalvariation,orfosterashifttowardsandare-emphasisofaculture’srootsandcustoms? 全球化是否為文化的結(jié)合和減少文化差異創(chuàng)造了條件或者培育了對文化尋根和風俗的轉(zhuǎn)向和對之的再強調(diào)?J3&4Feb0247CaseStudy–GeneralElectricinHungaryClosingcase,Chapter2–GeneralElectricinHungaryFormintostudygroupsof4–5people.Take30minutestoundertakethecasestudyandanswerQuestions1and2Bepreparedtopresentyourgroup’sfindingstotheclass.J3&4Feb0248Session5&6

GlobalTradeSystem

全球貿(mào)易體系Wewillexamineanumberoftheoriesthatexplainwhyinternationaltradebenefitsacountry.Wewillalsoexplorethepatternofexportsandimportsofproductsbetweencountries.SeeGBTChapters4&5)我們將會解釋為什么國際貿(mào)易對一個國家有利的經(jīng)濟理論.我們還將闡述國家間產(chǎn)品進出口的模式.(參閱課本第4章和第5章)49LearningObjectives學習目的Understandwhynationstradewitheachother

了解為什么國與國之間要開展貿(mào)易Beawareofdifferenttheoriesexplainingtradeflows

熟悉貿(mào)易流程間的不同理論Understandwhymanyeconomistsbelievethatfreetradewillraisetheeconomicwelfareofallcountriesparticipatinginafreetradesystem

了解為什么許多經(jīng)濟學家都認為自由貿(mào)易會對參與自由貿(mào)易體系的所有國家的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展都有利Befamiliarwiththeargumentsthatgovernmentcanplayaproactiveroleinpromotingnationalcompetitiveadvantageincertainindustries

熟悉認為政府可以在提高本國某些行業(yè)的國家競爭優(yōu)勢方面發(fā)揮積極作用的經(jīng)濟學家的論點Understandtheimportantimplicationsthatinternationaltradetheoryhasforbusinesspractice認識國際貿(mào)易理論對商務(wù)活動的意義50AnOverviewofTradeTheory

貿(mào)易理論的概述(P98)Thebenefitsoftrade貿(mào)易的有利之處Thepatternofinternationaltrade國際貿(mào)易的模式Tradetheoryandgovernmentpolicy貿(mào)易理論和政府政策Wewillbelookingatmercantilism,atheoryadvocatedintheC16-17thatcountriesshouldencourageexportsanddiscourageimports(Japan);thenatAdamSmith’stheoryofabsoluteadvantage,whichexplainswhyunrestrictedfreetradeisbeneficial;finallyattheworkofRicardoandtheHeckscher-Ohlintheory.

我們將討論重商主義理論,這一理論盛行于16-17世紀,它提倡各國在鼓勵出口的同時應(yīng)限制進口(日本);接下來討論亞當.史密斯的絕對優(yōu)勢理論,該理論解釋了為什么無限制的自由貿(mào)易是有利的;最后將討論李嘉圖的理論和赫克歇爾-俄林理論.51Mercantilism重商主義(P100-102)Mercantilismadvocatedatradesurplus;itwasinacountry’sinteresttoexportmorethanitimported重商主義提倡貿(mào)易順差;即出口多于進口是最有利的.Exportsweretradedforgoldandsilver.Mercantilismviewedtradeasazero-sumgame(onecountry’sgainisanother’sloss)重商主義視貿(mào)易為得失所系(零累計)的游戲(一個國家有所得必然導致另一個國家有所失)ThisapproachwascriticisedbyAdamSmithandDavidRicardo,whodemonstratedthattradeisapositive-sumgain(allcountriescanbenefit)該理論受到了亞當.史密斯和大衛(wèi).李嘉圖的批評,他們認為貿(mào)易是一種各有所得的事情(即所有國家都能從貿(mào)易中獲益)Manycountries(especiallyJapan)areneo-mercantilist:politiciansbelievethatpoliticalpower=economicpower=balance-of-tradesurplus許多國家(尤其是日本)是新重商主義國家:政治家們相信政治實力=經(jīng)濟實力=貿(mào)易平衡順差52AbsoluteAdvantage絕對優(yōu)勢(P102-104)In1776,AdamSmitharguedinTheWealthofNationsthatcountriesdifferintheirabilitytoproducegoodsefficiently

在1776年,亞當.史密斯就在“富國論”

中就各國生產(chǎn)同一產(chǎn)品的效率各不相同進行過探討.

Acountryhasanabsoluteadvantageintheproductionofaproductwhenitismoreefficientthananyothercountryinproducingit

當一個國家生產(chǎn)某種產(chǎn)品的效率高于其他任何國家同一產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)效率時,那么這個國家在這一產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)上就享有絕對優(yōu)勢Smitharguedthatcountriesshouldtradethosegoodsinwhichtheyhadanabsoluteadvantage-

史密斯認為各國應(yīng)生產(chǎn)其享有絕對優(yōu)勢的產(chǎn)品.LookatthecomparisoninTable4.1betweenGhanaandSouthKoreaintheproductionofcocoaandrice(actually,notaverygoodexamplebecauseSouthKoreaisaveryinefficientagriculturalproducer)參看P104表4-1關(guān)于加納和南韓生產(chǎn)可可和大米(實際上,這不是一個很好的例子,因為南韓是一個非常不夠效率的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)者)53ComparativeAdvantage比較優(yōu)勢(P105-108)DavidRicardoexpandedonAdamSmith’stheoriesinPrinciplesofPoliticalEconomy(1817)在大衛(wèi).李嘉圖的政治經(jīng)濟原理一書中,他延伸了亞當.史密斯的理論Histheoryofcomparativeadvantage(betweenproducts)heldthatacountryshouldspecialiseinthosegoodsthatitproducedmostefficiently,andimportthoseitproducedlessefficientlyfromothercountries–evenifitcouldproducethosegoodsmoreefficientlyitself他的比較優(yōu)勢理論強調(diào)一個國家應(yīng)專門從事其生產(chǎn)效率最高的產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn),而從其他國家購買其生產(chǎn)效率并非最高的產(chǎn)品.即使這意味著它自身生產(chǎn)所購產(chǎn)品的效率比出口國的要高.Thegainsfromtrade從貿(mào)易中得到的好處(P106-107)IncreasedconsumptioninbothcountriesQualificationsandassumptions先決條件和假設(shè)(P107)Simpleworld;NotransportationcostsTradeandeconomicgrowth貿(mào)易和經(jīng)濟增長(P108)54ComparativeAdvantage比較優(yōu)勢(P105-108)QualificationsandAssumptions:Simpleworld–only2countries;2products

簡單的世界——只有兩個國家；兩種產(chǎn)品Notransportationcostsbetweencountries

兩個國家之間沒有運輸成本Nodifferencesinthepricesofresourcesindifferentcountries;noexchangerates 兩國資源的價格沒有差異Resources(eg

labour,rawmaterials)cannotmoveinternationally 要素（如勞動力，原材料）不能跨國流動Noscaleeffects 沒有規(guī)模經(jīng)濟Eachcountryhasafixedstockofresources 每個國家的資源存量固定Noeffectsonincomedistributionwithinacountry. 貿(mào)易對各國國內(nèi)的收入分配沒有影響55Heckscher-OhlinTheory赫克歇爾-俄林理論(P109-110)Ricardostressedthatcomparativeadvantagearosefromdifferencesinproductivity李嘉圖強調(diào)比較優(yōu)勢源自于生產(chǎn)率的差異TheSwedisheconomistsEliHeckscherandBertilOhlinarguedthatcomparativeadvantagesarosefromdifferencesinnationalfactorendowments瑞典的經(jīng)濟學家艾里.赫克歇爾和伯泰.俄林則認為比較優(yōu)勢源自于國家間要素的稟賦不同Theseareresourcessuchasland,labourandcapital–differentendowmentsexplaindifferentfactorcosts有各種資源,例如土地,勞工和資金-不同的稟賦可以解釋要素成本的差異TheLeontiefParadox:newproductsorgoodsmadewithinnovativetechnologymaybelesscapitalintensivethanthoseusingmaturetechnology里昂惕夫悖論:使用創(chuàng)新科技生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品和提供服務(wù),其資本密集程度可能比那些使用成熟技術(shù)生產(chǎn)者還低56TheProductLife-CycleTheory

產(chǎn)品壽命周期理論(P110-112)RaymondVernonlookedatthedevelopmentofanewproductintheUS.InitiallyitissoldontheUSdomesticmarket.Limiteddemandinotheradvancedcountriesdoesnotmakeitworthwhiletoproducethere–sotheproductisimported.Asdemandgrows,foreignproducersbegintomanufacturetheproduct,orUSfirmsproduceoff-shore.ThepotentialforexportsfromtheUSdecreases.Asthemarketmatures,pricebecomesthemaincompetitiveweapon.Low-costcountriesmaybeabletoexporttotheUS在美國,福農(nóng)研究了有關(guān)新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)的問題.開始的時候,該產(chǎn)品只是在本土銷售.在其他發(fā)達國家中有限的市場需求說明不值得在那里生產(chǎn)-因此,產(chǎn)品需要進口.當需求上升,國外的生產(chǎn)廠家開始生產(chǎn)該產(chǎn)品,或者是美國公司在海外生產(chǎn).出口的潛力來自于美國的生產(chǎn)下降.隨著市場的日趨成熟,價格成為最主要的競爭武器.勞動力成本低的國家可能出口到美國.EvaluatingtheProductLife-CycleTheory評估產(chǎn)品壽命周期理論57TheNewTradeTheory

新貿(mào)易理論(P113-114)Thistheorywasdevelopedtoexplainthefactthatinmanyindustries,becauseofsubstantialeconomiesofscale,thereareincreasingreturnstospecialisation該理論用于解釋很多行業(yè)的事實,由于存在大的經(jīng)濟規(guī)模效益,專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)的收益是遞增的.Economiesofscaleareprimarilyderivedbyspreadingfixedcostsoveralargeroutput規(guī)模經(jīng)濟效益的產(chǎn)生主要是因為固定成本被分攤到了更大的產(chǎn)量上.Newtradetheoristsarguethatbecauseofsubstantialscaleeconomies,worlddemandwillsupportonlyafewfirmsinmanyindustr