TaoYuanmingSujieLiSchoolofEnglish,BISU2016-11-2HistoricalbackgroundTheculturalsceneoftheEasternJin（317-420）TheterritoryoftheEasternJinwasmuchdiminished,withtheNorthfallenundertheruleofrivalstates,andthesouthwest(modernSichuan)dominatedbytheCheng-Hankingdomuntil347;butterritorialreductionisnotnecessarilyproportionatetointellectualvigorandculturalsplendor.TheEasternJinandtheensuingfourdynastiesintheSouth–Song,Qi,Liang,andChen–representarichnessofculturalaccomplishmentonascaleunparalleledinpre-TangChina.Jiankang（建康）wastogrowintoathrivingmetropolis,theworld’smostpopulatedcityintheearlysixthcentury,withapopulationtwicethatofConstantinople,and,aboveall,adazzlingculturalandintellectualcenterthatlasteduntilanortherndynasty,theSui,unitedChinain589andorderedthecityrazedtotheground.六朝時期的建康城是世界上第一個人口超過百萬的城市，以建康為代表的南朝文化，與西方的古羅馬被稱為人類古典文明的兩大中心，在人類歷史上產(chǎn)生了極其深遠的影響。建康城規(guī)模極其龐大，以建康皇宮（建康臺城）為中心，無外郭城，東西各四十里，人口眾多。Thesouth,forthefirsttimeinChinesehistory,ceasedbeingaperipherytotheheartlandintheYellowRivervalley.Thewideuseofpaper:Bythefourthcentury,paperwasbecomingthemostimportantwritingmedium.Lightweightandeasytouse,itcontributedtotheproliferationofwriting.（140writersrecordedin《隋書》，almosttwicethatofHanwriters）Theconvergenceofdiverseinfluences:arcanediscourseonLaoziandZhuangzi(Daoism),Buddhism,practicalityRelativepeaceandsocialstability:Duringthesecenturies,thesouthremainedmostlyfreefromlarge-scalewaranddestruction,offeringanopportunityforliteraryandscholarlyundertakings.ImportantliterarydevelopmentPoetry:atransitionfromfour-characterlinestofiveProse:Evenmorethanpoetry,proseplayedaprominentroleinthesocialworld.Fu(賦），history(史）Zhiguai（志怪)，“strangetales”or“anomalyaccounts”，thatgaveaccountofsupernaturalphenomena,exoticlocales,andfantasticfloraandfauna（paradoxography）.ThisnewgenrecameintomaturityintheEasternJin,withGanBao’sInSearchoftheSupernatural(Soushenji，干寶，《搜神記》)asitsrepresentativework.landscaperepresentationinprose,poetry,andpainting山水詩，山水畫，（曹操）、陶淵明、謝靈運，王羲之twomaintopics:“wanderinglikeanimmortal”,“becomingarecluse”Thesouthernyuefusongs南朝樂府民歌木蘭詩TaoYuanmingAbriefintroduction陶淵明（352或365年—427年），字元亮，又名潛，字淵明，自號“五柳先生”，去世后友人私謚“靖節(jié)”，世稱“靖節(jié)先生”、“陶靖節(jié)”，潯陽柴桑（今江西省九江市）人。東晉末至南朝宋初期偉大的詩人、辭賦家。曾任江州祭酒、建威參軍、鎮(zhèn)軍參軍、彭澤縣令等職，最末一次出仕為彭澤縣令，八十多天便棄職而去，從此歸隱田園。他是中國第一位田園詩人，被稱為“古今隱逸詩人之宗”，著有《陶淵明集》。ThecareerofTaoYuanmingorTaoQianwasdividedbetweentheJinandSongdynasties.HewasbornatChaisanginXunyang,nowJiujianginJiangxi,becameaminorofficialat29andthenresignedtotilltheland.Unabletosupporthisfamily,hewaspersuadedtoacceptthemagistracyofPengze.When80dayslateritwassuggestedhesprucehimselfupforavisitfromhissuperiorheretorted,“Iwillnotbowdowntoacountryboyforfivepecksofrice,”andimmediatelyleftforhome,abandoninghispost.Eveninseclusionhewashoundedbymisfortune.Hishouseburneddownwhenhewas44,andhislasttwodecadeswerepassedindestitution,thoughherefusedofficialaidwithcontempt.

《飲酒·其五》

結(jié)廬在人境，而無車馬喧。問君何能爾？心遠地自偏。采菊東籬下，悠然見南山。山氣日夕佳，飛鳥相與還。此中有真意，欲辨已忘言。PoemsonDrinkingWine

楊憲益戴乃迭譯

Ihavebuiltmycottageamongstthethrongofmen,Andyetthereisnonoiseofhorseandofcarriage.Youaskme,howcanitbe?AndIreply:Whenmyheartisabsentthelaceitselfisabsent;ForIpickchrysanthemumsundertheeasternhedge,AndfarawaytothesouthIcanseethemountains,Andthemountainsmistsarelovelyatmorningandevening,Whilebirdskeepflyingacrossandbackagain.Inallthesethingsthereliesaprofoundmeaning.Iwasgoingtoexplain…butnowIforgetwhatitwas.DrinkingWine(V)

許淵沖譯

Inpeople’shauntIbuildmycot;Ofwheel’sandhoof’snoiseIhearnot.Howcanitleaveonmenotrace?Secludedheartmakessecludedplace.Ipickfencesideastersatwill;CarefreeappearstheSouthernHillThemountainair’sfreshdayandnight;Togetherbirdsgohomeinflight.Whatrevelationatthisview?WordsfailmeifItrytotellyou.桃花源記桃花源記晉太元中，武陵人捕魚為業(yè)。緣溪行，忘路之遠近。忽逢桃花林，夾岸數(shù)百步，中無雜樹，芳草鮮美，落英繽紛，漁人甚異之。復前行，欲窮其林。林盡水源，便得一山，山有小口，仿佛若有光。便舍船，從口入。初極狹，才通人。復行數(shù)十步，豁然開朗。土地平曠，屋舍儼然，有良田美池桑竹之屬。阡陌交通，雞犬相聞。其中往來種作，男女衣著，悉如外人。黃發(fā)垂髫，并怡然自樂。見漁人，乃大驚，問所從來。具答之。便要還家，設(shè)酒殺雞作食。村中聞有此人，咸來問訊。自云先世避秦時亂，率妻子邑人來此絕境，不復出焉，遂與外人間隔。問今是何世，乃不知有漢，無論魏晉。此人一一為具言所聞，皆嘆惋。余人各復延至其家，皆出酒食。停數(shù)日，辭去。此中人語云：“不足為外人道也?！奔瘸?，得其船，便扶向路，處處志之。及郡下，詣太守，說如此。太守即遣人隨其往，尋向所志，遂迷，不復得路。南陽劉子驥，高尚士也，聞之，欣然規(guī)往。未果，尋病終，后遂無問津者。ATaleoftheFountainofthePeachBlossomSpring

IntheyearofTaiyuanoftheJinDynasty,therelivedamaninWulingjunwhoearnedhislivingbyfishing.Oneday,herowedhisboatalongastream,unawareofhowfarhehadgonewhenallofasudden,hefoundhimselfinthemidstofawoodfullofpeachblossoms.Thewoodextendedseveralhundredfootstepsalongbothbanksofthestream.Therewerenotreesofotherkinds.Thelushgrasswasfreshandbeautifulandpeachpetalsfellinriotousprofusion.Thefishermanwassocuriousthatherowedon,inhopesofdiscoveringwherethetreesended.Attheendofthewoodwasthefountainheadofthestream.Thefishermanbeheldahill,withasmallopeningfromwhichissuedaglimmeroflight.Hesteppedashoretoexplorethecrevice.Hisfirststepstookhimintoapassagethataccommodatedonlythewidthofoneperson.Afterheprogressedaboutscoresofpaces,itsuddenlywidenedintoanopenfield.Thelandwasflatandspacious.Therewerehousesarrangedingoodorderwithfertilefields,beautifulponds,bamboogroves,mulberrytreesandpathscrisscrossingthefieldsinalldirections.Thecrowingofcocksandthebarkingofdogswerewithineveryone'searshot.Inthefieldsthevillagerswerebusywithfarmwork.Menandwomenweredressedlikepeopleoutside.Theyall,oldandyoung,appearedhappy.Theyweresurprisedatseeingthefisherman,who,beingaskedwherehecamefrom,answeredtheireveryquestion.Thentheyinvitedhimtovisittheirhomes,killedchickens,andservedwinetoentertainhim.Asthewordsofhisarrivalspread,theentirevillageturnedouttogreethim.Theytoldhimthattheirancestorshadcometothisisolatedhaven,bringingtheirfamiliesandthevillagepeople,toescapefromtheturmoilduringtheQinDynastyandthatfromthenonwards,theyhadbeencutofffromtheoutsideworld.Theywerecurioustoknowwhatdynastyitwasnow.TheydidnotknowtheHanDynasty,nottomentiontheWeiandtheJindynasties.Thefishermantoldthemallthethingstheywantedtoknow.Theysighed.Thevillagersofferedhimonefeastafteranother.Theyentertainedhimwithwineanddeliciousfood.Afterseveraldays,thefishermantookhisleave.Thevillagepeopleentreatedhimnottoletothersknowoftheirexistence.Onceout,thefishermanfoundhisboatandrowedhomeward,leavingmarksalltheway.Whenhecamebacktothejun,hereportedhisadventuretotheprefect,whoimmediatelysentpeopletolookfortheplace,withthefishermanasaguide.However,themarkshehadleftcouldnolongerbefound.Theygotlostandcouldnotfindtheway.LiuZijiofNanyangjun,alearnedscholarofhighrepute,wasexcitedwhenheheardthefisherman'sstory.Hedevisedaplantofindthevillage,butitwasnotcarriedout.Liudiedsoonafterwards,andafterhisdeath,nooneelsemadeanyattempttofindit.桃花源的重要影響1.早期烏托邦?；诂F(xiàn)實運用想象勾勒出的一副理想社會的圖景?！爸庇谖蹪崾澜缰辛肀僖惶斓亍?。在桃花源中，只有父子無君臣，人人勞動無剝削，大家平等無壓迫，和平幸福無戰(zhàn)亂，這些都是對當時社會的不滿和否定，“世外桃源”成為人們心目中理想社會的代稱，對后世影響深遠。Anearlyformoftheutopia.2.以漁夫和桃花源中的人進行對比，肯定了桃花源中人的淳樸熱情，婉諷了世俗的背約寡信和邀名號利。3.文章還在虛構(gòu)的情節(jié)中雜以真人姓名，以增強其真實感，似早期的報告文學。4.敘述簡潔明暢，語言清新省凈，文風真率自然，毫無雕飾，體現(xiàn)了陶淵明文章疏朗清淡的風格。SignificanceofTaoYuanmingThepersonalizedvoiceofapoetTaoYuanmingiscertainlynotthefirstChinesepoettowritepoemsonreclusion,buthisuniquenessliesinthefactthathetransformstheconventionalvocabularyandstockimagesofpoetryonreclusionintoahighlypersonalizedpoetry,andcombinestraditionalthemesandformswithacomplexindividualvoice.Morethananyonebeforehim,hispoetryalludestotheparticularcircumstancesofthepoetinthehistoricalhereandnowratherthantoagenericgentleman-recluse.Suchgesturesofindividuationcanbeseenaspartofalargerdiscursivetendencyfromthethirdcenturyon.TaoYuanming,however,integratesthenarrativeelementintohispoetryitself,makingiteffectivelyapoetryofautobiography,evenifthisautobiographyisahighlyconstructedself-imageratherthanan“objective”documentary.Simplicityinlanguageandstyle:Incontrastwiththeformalsocialversewrittenbyhiscontemporaries,TaoYuanmingusedasimple,unpretentiouslanguagetorecordtheeventsofdailylifeaswellashisthoughtsandfeelings.Thesimplicityofhisstyleshouldnot,however,obscurethepoet’sself-consciousnessandsophistication,whicharerarelyfoundinhiscontempo