名詞解釋1.語言language,Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.2.reference,2.語用學(xué)pragmatics,thestudyofmeaningincontextofwords3.語際語interlanguage,Theapproximatelanguagesystemthatasecondlanguagelearnerconstructswhichrepresentshisorhertransitionalcompetenceinthetargetlanguage.4.發(fā)音語音學(xué)articulatory,describesthewayourspeechorgansworktoproducethespeechsoundsandhowtheydiffer.5.語音學(xué)phonetics,it’sdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,it’sconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.6.句法學(xué)syntax,it'sasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureofalanguage.7.反義詞antonymy,It’sthetermusedforoppositenessofmeaningondifferentdimension.8.詞素morpheme,Thebasicunitinthestudyofmorphologyandthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.9.語義學(xué)semantics,It’ssimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginabstraction.10.上坐標(biāo)詞superordinate,11.意義sense,It’sconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.It’sthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform,it’sabstractandde-contextualized.12.語境context,Thenotionofcontextisessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage,it’sgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.13.言內(nèi)行為locutionaryact,Alocutionaryactistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.it’stheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.14.有序規(guī)則sequentialrules,Rulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.15.語言習(xí)得languageacquisition,LanguageacquisitionreferstothedevelopmentoftheChild’sacquisitionofhismothertongueorfirstlanguage,i.e,howhecomestounderstandandtospeakthelanguageofhiscommunity.16.音系學(xué)phonology,thestudyofsoundssystems—theinventoryofdistinctivesoundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternsintowhichtheyfall.17.最小對(duì)立對(duì)minimalpairs,Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.18.語言langue,Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.19.音位phoneme,Thebasicunitinphonology,it’sacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.20.多義詞polysemy,Itreferstodifferentwordsmayhavethesameorsimilarmeaning,thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.21.語言學(xué)linguistics,Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.22.語言能力competence,Competenceistheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.23.語言僵化fossilization,Aprocessthatsometimesoccursinsecondlanguagelearninginwhichincorrectlinguisticfeatures(suchastheaccentofagrammaticalpattern)becomeapermanentpartofthewayapersonspeaksorwritesinthetargetlanguage.24.所指意義reference,Itmeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld,itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.25.phrase,syntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrase簡答題Ismodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachronic?Why?Modernlinguisticsismainlysynchronic,focusingonthepresent-daylanguage.unlessthevariousstatesofalanguagearesuccessfullystudied,itwillnotbepossibletodescribelanguagefromadiachronicpointofview.現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)重要是共時(shí)性的，重點(diǎn)研究現(xiàn)代語言。除非對(duì)語言的多種狀態(tài)都進(jìn)行成功的研究，否則很難從歷時(shí)性角度對(duì)語言進(jìn)行描述。Whatarethemajorbranchesoflinguistics?Whatdoeseachofthemstudy?Phonetics----it’sdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,it’sconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.Phonology---thestudyofsoundssystems—theinventoryofdistinctivesoundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternsintowhichtheyfall.Morphology---It’sabranchofagrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Syntax-------it'sasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureofalanguage.Semantics---It’ssimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginabstraction.Pragmatics---thestudyofmeaningincontextofwords.Sociolinguistics—thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety.Psycholinguistics---thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofthemind.Appliedlinguistics---theapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning.Whatmakesmodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive,itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticandmainlyspokenlanguagedate.現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)是描述性的，其研究以確實(shí)可靠的、重要以口語形式的資料為基礎(chǔ)。traditionalgrammarisprescriptive.itisbasedon’high’writtenlanguage.老式語法是規(guī)定性的，研究‘高級(jí)’書面語。Whatissenseandwhatisreference?Howaretheyrelated?Sensereferstotheinherentmeaningofalinguisticform,whichisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform,it’sabstractandde-contextualized.Referenceiswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld,itisamatterofrelationshipbetweentheformandreality.Whatdoespragmaticsstudy?Howdoesitdifferfromtraditionalsemantics?Pragmaticsstudieshowmeaningisconveyedintheprocessofcommunication.Thebasicdifferencebetweenthemisthatpragmaticsconsidersmeaningincontext,traditionalsemanticsstudiesmeaninginisolationfromthecontextofuse.AccordingtoAustin,whatarethethreeactsapersonispossiblyperformingwhilemakinganutterance?Giveanexample.Locutionaryact:Illocutionaryact:Perlocutionaryact:Whatarethethreemacro-functionsoflanguageproposedbyM.A.K.Halliday?Inwhatwayiscomponentialanalysissimilartotheanalysisofphonemesintodistinctivefeatures?成分分析和把音位分析為區(qū)別性特性有何相似之處？Inthelightofcomponentialanalysis,themeaningofawordconsistsofanumberofdistinctivemeaningfeatures,theanalysisbreaksdownthemeaningofthewordintothesefeatures;itisthesedifferentfeaturesthatdistinguishwordmeaningsimilarly,aphonemeisconsideredasacollectionofdistinctivesoundfeatures,aphonemecanbebrokendownintothesedistinctivesoundfeaturesanditsthesesoundfeaturesthatdistinguishdifferentsounds.WhatarethemajortypesofsynonymsinEnglish?(1)Dialectalsynonyms—synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialects(2)Stylisticsynonyms---Synonymsdifferinginstyle(3)Synonymsthatdifferentintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning(4)SemanticallydifferentsynonymsWhatarethefivedesignfeaturesoflanguagespecifiedbyC.Hocketttoshowthathumanlanguageisessentiallydifferentfromanyanimalcommunicationsystem?Arbitrariness任意性/Productivity多產(chǎn)性/Duality雙重性/Displacement移位性Culturaltransmission文化傳遞Whatarethe4majorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning?命名論Thenamingtheory/意念論Theconceptualistview/語境論Conceptualism/行為主義論BehaviorismWhyisthenotionofcontextessentialinthepragmaticstudyoflinguisticcommunication?It’sgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.11.WhatarethefourmaximsoftheCooperativePrinciple(CP)?Listtheirnamesandexplainthembriefly.數(shù)量themaximofQuantity-----你說的話應(yīng)包括所需內(nèi)容且不可超過內(nèi)容規(guī)定Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired;Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired質(zhì)量themaximofQuality-----不要說你認(rèn)為是假的話或你缺乏足夠證據(jù)的話Donotsaywhatyoubelievetofalse.Donotsayforwhichyoulackadequateevidence關(guān)系themaximofrelation-----使你的話與話題有關(guān)berelevant方式themaximofmanner-----防止模糊、歧義，應(yīng)簡要有序Towhatextentissecondlanguagelearningsimilartofirstlanguagelearning?Canyoulistsomeprooffromyourownlearningexperience?Thestudiesonthefirstlanguageacquisitionhaveinfluencedenormouslythoseonthesecondlanguageacquisitionatboththeoreticalandpracticallevels.But,thesecondlanguageisdifferentfromfirstlanguageandthesecondlanguagelearnersgenerallyfailtoattainnative-likecompetence.WhatistheCriticalPeriodHypothesis(CPH)concerninglanguageacquisition?Thecriticalperiodhypothesisreferstoaperiodinone’slifeextendingfromabouttwotopuberty.Explainthedefinitionoflinguisticsthat“Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage”.Linguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butitstudieslanguageingeneral.itobservedfactstofullyprovetheirvalidity.16.Whataresuprasegmentalfeatures?AndwhatarethemajorsuprasegmentalfeaturesinofEnglish?⑴thephonologicalfeaturesthatoccurabovethesoundsegmentallevelarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.超切分特性是在語音切提成分層面之上的音系特性。⑵themajorsuprasegmentalfeaturesofEnglishincludeswordstress,sentencestressandintonation.重要包括單詞重音、語句重音和語氣。⑶Thesuprasegmentalfeaturesdistinguishmeaning.超切分特性辨別意義。17.Whatisgrammaticality?Whatmightmakeagrammaticallymeaningfulsentencesemanticallymeaningless?什么是語法性？一種語法上故意義的句子也許由于什么而不是故意義的?Grammaticality---thegrammaticalwell-formednessofasentence.Asentencemaybewell-formedgrammatically,i.e.itconformstothegrammaticalrulesofthelanguage,butitisnotnecessarilysemanticallywell-formed,i.e.itmaynotmakesenseatall18.Howaresentencemeaningandutterancemeaningrelatedandhowdotheydiffer?Sentencemeaning與Utterancemeaning的區(qū)別Sentencemeaning---abstract,decontextualized.Uttera