1、Euphemism,委婉語(yǔ),DefinitionOriginalClassificationFunctionDaily,Euphemism,eu-wellphemism-speechthesubstitutionofamilder,indirectwordorphraseforablunterorharsherone.,Definition,委婉來(lái)自Greek希臘語(yǔ)，eu是good(好)的意思,phemism是speech（言語(yǔ)）的意思,整個(gè)字面wordofgoodomen意思是（吉祥）或好的說法。一般認(rèn)為，凡是表示禁忌或敏感事物的含蓄、迂回或動(dòng)聽的言詞，均在委婉語(yǔ)之列。委婉語(yǔ)是一種修辭格，更

2、是一種文化現(xiàn)象，是人們?cè)谏缃恢袨榱酥\求一種理想效果所創(chuàng)造出來(lái)的一種適當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)言形式,Original,Classification,從語(yǔ)言學(xué)角度分類,Positiveeuphemisms（肯定/正委婉語(yǔ)）,Negativeeuphemisms（否定/負(fù)委婉語(yǔ)）,機(jī)關(guān)、行業(yè)的雅稱eg.madhouse婉稱mentalhospital職業(yè)美稱eg.cobber(補(bǔ)鞋匠)稱為shoerebuilder政治委婉語(yǔ)eg.strike(罷工)稱為industrialaction,用于談?wù)撁舾械脑掝}eg.diepassway代替禁忌語(yǔ)eg.小便常用answernaturescall，washoneshands

3、等對(duì)神的敬稱eg.heck代替helldee代替God,Functions,A.ToAvoidTabooB.ToShowPolitenessC.ToConcealTruth,Die(死）passaway去世，與世長(zhǎng)辭fallasleep長(zhǎng)眠gotosleepforever長(zhǎng)眠runonesrace走完一生benomore不在了,Daily,benolongerwithusbreatheoneslastbeatrestfadegowestgotoheavenbecalledtoGodsafeinthearmsofJesus,咽氣安息與我們永別了凋零了歸西，西去上天堂了被上帝召喚去了在耶穌懷里得到

4、平安,begonetoabetter1andjointhesilentmajoritygotohislonghomegothewayofallfleshjoinonesancestorsreturntodust,到一個(gè)更好的地方去了加入沉默的大多數(shù)回到永久的家走眾生之路加入祖先的行列歸之塵土,Ourfearofspecificdiseaseshasledustocoinalexiconofeuphemismsforinsanityandretardation,epilepsy(癲癇),venerealdisease,cancer,heartdiseaseandstroke.,e.g.Hehas

5、long(terminal)illness./HehasgotthebigC-癌癥hardofhearing.耳朵背socialdisease:-AIDSlungtrouble-tuberculosis肺結(jié)核oldmansfriend-pneumonia肺炎alittleconfusedmadcripplephysicallyhandicapped,Diseases,defecate/urinate,要說不能登大雅之堂的詞語(yǔ)，“廁所”算一個(gè)。需要上廁所時(shí)，人們會(huì)說：1.gotothebank2.cashacheck3.spendapenny4.seeJohnny5.gotothebathroo

6、m6.dobusiness7.answernaturescall8.releaseoneself女士們更常說：9.consultMrs.Jones10.Ihavetopowermynose.因此廁所可稱作：powerroom,還可為bathroom,comfortstationhalfwayhouse,oldsoldiershome,MissWhite,AppearanceandAge,uglyplain;homely,notparticularlygoodlooking,ordinaryfatchubby;stout;plump,out-size,over-weightthin-delica

7、te,slender,slimoldgettingonyears;seniorcitizen;elderly,distinguishedgentleman,goldenage,venerablepeople,getonyears,passonesprime,feelonesagemad/feebleminded-notallthere,softinhead/soft-headed,ofunsoundmind/unsound-minded,pregnancy,inthefamilywayeatingfortwoinadelicateconditionamothertobeCancelallhersocialengagementinaninterestingconditionknittingbooteesBeexpecting,MilitaryAffairs,invasion:involvement/militaryaction,airoperation,groundoperation,SexisminChina,“婦人之見”，“頭發(fā)長(zhǎng)，見識(shí)短”，“男子漢不和婦人一般見識(shí)”，todegradeswomens