1、高三語法總復(fù)習(xí),不定式與動(dòng)名詞,不定式考察的內(nèi)容,不定式的形式：時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、否定形式 不定式在句子中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?不定式主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義的情況 不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 不定式不帶to的情況 to do VS. to doing 不定式的省略形式,動(dòng)詞不定式的形式,動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)表示與謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)間關(guān)系。 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式是在to的前面加not（有時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)也用never）。,不定式的時(shí)態(tài),不定時(shí)進(jìn)行時(shí)常用于pretend, happen, seem, appear, be said to等結(jié)構(gòu)中。如： Id rather read than watch television; the progr

2、ams seem _ all the time.(1997.1) B A. to get worse B. to be getting worse C. to have got worse D. getting worse I happened _ with him when he was hit by a ball. A. talks B. to talk C. to be talking D. having talked C,不定式的時(shí)態(tài),不定式的完成時(shí)常用于 meant, hoped, desired, expected, planned, promised, wished, wante

3、d, intended，supposed，thought等詞后，表過去原本希望但未實(shí)現(xiàn)。常加上but并列句, 以表示其未達(dá)到的意思。 I (C) you off yesterday, but I didnt have time. A. hope to have seen B. hope to see C. hoped to have seen D. hoped to see 注意：hoped to have done= had hoped to do 用在 be sorry (glad), seem, appear, be supposed, be said 等詞后，表示現(xiàn)在看過去某時(shí)的動(dòng)作。

4、 I am glad (D) a visit to him last week. A. paying B. to pay C. having paid D. to have paid,不定式的時(shí)態(tài),C.f. He seems to be ill.他現(xiàn)在看上去有病。 He seemed to be ill.他當(dāng)時(shí)看上去有病。 He seems to have been ill.他現(xiàn)在看起來好像生過一場病。 I intended to come. 我打算來。（有沒有來不知道） I intended to have come./ I had intended to come. 我本打算來。（但未能來

5、）,不定式在句子中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?主語、表語、賓語、主語補(bǔ)足語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、定語、狀語 1）作主語，例如： To save time is to lengthen life. 節(jié)約時(shí)間就等于延長人的生命。 動(dòng)詞不定式作主語時(shí)，可以用形式主語it代替，而把動(dòng)詞不定式放在后面，例如： It would be best to tell him the truth. 最好把真實(shí)情況告訴他。 2）作表語，例如： His job is to teach English. 他的工作是教英語。,不定式在句子中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?3）作賓語，例如： I wish to be a college student. 我希望

6、成為一名大學(xué)生。 要記住必須接不定式作賓語的詞 4）作賓語補(bǔ)足語，例如： Please ask John to turn on the light. 請讓約翰開燈。 在被動(dòng)語態(tài)的句子中即成為主語補(bǔ)足語。例如： We are advised to wait. 有人勸我們等。,不定式在句子中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?5）作定語，例如： There is work to do. 有工作要做。 The need to reform is widely felt. 人們普遍感到需要改革。 注意：動(dòng)詞不定式中的動(dòng)詞要及物動(dòng)詞，如果是不及物動(dòng)詞，還要加相應(yīng)有關(guān)的介詞。如： The house is very comfo

7、rtable to live in. 這房子住得很舒服。,不定式作定語,The pen is good to write with. 這鋼筆很好寫。 Note： (1) I have no pen to write with. = I have no pen with which to write. (2) She wants some novels to amuse herself with. = She wants some novels with which to amuse herself.,不定式作定語,If I have any more news, you will be the

8、 first (person) to know. The next train to arrive at platform 4 will be the 6:50 to Cardiff. the first/second/third as to B. very; as to C. as; as to D. so; to Would you be so kind as to lock the door when you leave?,不定式還可作整個(gè)句子的狀語,常用以下固定短語： to be honest to tell the truth, to cut /make a long story s

9、hort to make matter worse to begin/start with to sum up/ to summarize/ to conclude to return to the subject to be sure,不定式與疑問詞連用,連接代詞（或連接副詞）+動(dòng)詞不定式 動(dòng)詞不定式前有時(shí)加上連接代詞what，which或連接副詞when，where，why，how等，構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞不定式短語，在句中作主語、賓語、表語等成份。例如： When to start has not been decided. 我們還沒有決定什么時(shí)候動(dòng)身。 I did not know what to

10、do. 我不知怎么辦。 C.f.: tell me what to do / how to do it,不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),for sb. to do sth 這種不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句子里可作各種成份。例如： Its common for leaves to fall from the trees in autumn. 樹葉在秋季從樹上落下來，這是很平常的。（主語） Its for you to decided. 這得由你決定。（表語） Can you arrange for a car to take us there? 你能安排一輛車送我們到那里去嗎？（賓語） There are a lot

11、 of difficulties for us to overcome. 有許多困難等待我們?nèi)タ朔?。（定語） He put the paper on the desk for you to read. 他把報(bào)紙放在桌子上讓你看。（狀語）,不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),of sb. to do sth. Its kind of you to help me. 你真好，幫助我。 相當(dāng)于You are kind to help me. 這里不能用for來代替of。 提示 Its后的形容詞若能說明邏輯主語的性質(zhì)或特征時(shí)，形容詞后用of，否則應(yīng)用for。,不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義,1. 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語，修飾它

12、前面的名詞，并和這個(gè)名詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。和句子主語是主謂關(guān)系。這時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義； We have a lot of exercises to do. 我們有不少練習(xí)要做。（We do exercises） We still have a lot of problems to solve. 我們還有許多問題要解決。(We solve problems),不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義,常見結(jié)構(gòu)： have/want sth. to do（have=有） I have another letter to type. C.f. -Do you have anything more

13、to be typed, sir? -No. You can have a rest or do something else. give/show/buy/lend,etc. sb. sth. to do Can you get me something to eat？(I eat sth.) Ill show you the right path to take. (you take the path) (I read the book) Will you lend me an English book to read?,It (This / That)+be+a / an+adj.+n.

14、+to do 在這個(gè)句型中,不定式與其前面的名詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。此時(shí),動(dòng)詞不定式可改為不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。例如: This is a difficult question to answer. question與answer為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。to answer可改為for me to answer。又如: It is an easy sentence to translate.,不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義,不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義,2. 動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語，修飾表語形容詞，又和句子的主語構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。這時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例如： This article is difficult t

15、o understand. 這篇文章難理解。 常見結(jié)構(gòu)有： 主語+be+adj.+to do。例如: The question is very difficult to answer. The picture is unpleasant to look at.,不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義,The man is hard to work with. 主語+be+too+adj.+to do。例如: The books seemed too heavy to carry. The ice is too thin to skate on. 主語+be+adj.+enough+to do。例如: T

16、he box is light enough to carry. The book is cheap enough to buy.,不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義,3. 某些動(dòng)詞,如to let(出租),to blame, to seek 等常用主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)意義。例如: The mother didnt know who to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out. You are not to blame for what happened. The reason is no far to seek.這理由不難

17、找到。 A better way is yet to seek. The house is to let. 房子要出租。,不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義,There is no time to lose/to be lost. 在這個(gè)句型中,用來修飾主語的不定式,可用主動(dòng)式,也可用被動(dòng)式,只是側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同。用主動(dòng)式作定語,重點(diǎn)在人,用被動(dòng)式作定語,重點(diǎn)在物。例如: 用to lose可看成for us to lose;用to be lost,誰lose time不明確。,不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義,下面例句中動(dòng)詞不定式用主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)意義不同。例如: There is nothing to do no

18、w. (=We have nothing to do now.) 現(xiàn)在沒事干。 There is nothing to be done. (=We can do nothing now.) 現(xiàn)在沒辦法了。 There is nothing to see. (nothing worth seeing) 沒有東西值得看。 There is nothing to be seen. (nothing there at all) 看不見什么東西。,不定式不帶to的情況,1在動(dòng)詞make（使），hear（聽到），listen to（聽），feel（感到），see（看見），watch（觀看），look at

19、（看），notice（注意），observe（觀察），have（使），let（讓）等后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to。例如： I feel my heart beat fast. 我感到心跳得很快。 Nobody saw him come in. 沒有人看見他進(jìn)來。 Look at the horse run. 看那匹馬跑！ 2當(dāng)這些動(dòng)詞在被動(dòng)句中作謂語時(shí)，后面的動(dòng)詞不定式就不能省去to。例如： They were heard to sing a song. 聽到他們唱了一首歌。 He was made to work from morning till night. 他被迫從早干到晚。

20、,不定式不帶to的情況,3在動(dòng)詞help（幫助）后面，不定式符號“to”帶不帶都可以。 4在某些固定詞組had better（最好），would rather（寧可），rather than（寧愿），cannot but（只有），cant help but（禁不住要）。例如： Youd better have a good rest. 你最好好好休息。 I would rather go than stay here. 我寧可走而不呆在這里。 5 在以why開頭的省略句中。例如： Why not join us? 為什么不加入到我們中來呢？ Why keep this secret? 為什么要

21、保密？,不定式不帶to的情況,6 do nothing but/except do (1) Dela had nothing to do but drop herself onto the sofa and cry. There was nothing that he could do but go back. (2) but之前沒有do時(shí), 其后應(yīng)接用to do。 The little boy desired nothing but to go home.,to do VS. to doing,例：I have no objection _ your story again. A. to h

22、ear B. to hearing C. to having heard D. to have heard 從出題人的心理來看，如果有to do sth. 和 to doing sth.的對比項(xiàng)，一般答案是to doing sth.。 (1) prefer doing A to doing B (2) look forward to doing sth. (3) be used to doing sth. (習(xí)慣于做某事) (4) stick to doing sth. (5) object to doing sth. / have objection to doing sth. (6) be

23、 opposed to doing sth.,to do VS. to doing,(7) admit/confess to doing sth. (8) devote to doing sth. (9) lead to doing sth. (10) look forward to doing sth. (11) on the way to doing sth. (12) pay attention to doing sth. (13) Adapt/adjust to doing sth. (14) Be addicted to doing sth. (15) Get down to doi

24、ng sth.,不定式的省略結(jié)構(gòu)：,- Have you ever been to the seaside? - No, we cant afford to. - Does your brother plan to study abroad? - Yes, he intends to. - The boy wanted to ride his bike on the street, but his father told him not to. - Are you a film star? - I used to be.,動(dòng)名詞的用法,動(dòng)名詞： 具有動(dòng)作性特征的名詞 1)是名詞 seeing

25、is believing 可以作主語表語定語賓語 2)具有動(dòng)詞性特征可以帶賓語 starving troops is necessary. 一)動(dòng)名詞的形式: 一般形式：I dont like you smoking. 完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice. 被動(dòng)形式：This question is far from being settled. 否定形式：直接在其前加否定詞 not doing,動(dòng)名詞考查要點(diǎn),二) 動(dòng)名詞?？嫉狞c(diǎn) 1)動(dòng)名詞做主語謂語動(dòng)詞為單數(shù) 2)在動(dòng)名詞和不定式中作賓語的區(qū)別。而做為介詞的賓語時(shí)一定是動(dòng)名詞。 3)動(dòng)名詞

26、的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) . I would appreciate_ back this afternoon Ayou to call Byou call Cyou calling Dyoure calling（Key：C。 your calling 也對）,動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)可以做主語、賓語和表語，在對動(dòng)名詞的考查中總是將其邏輯主語包括進(jìn)來，形成動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)： _ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.(1999.1) A. The girl was educated B. The girl e

27、ducated C. The girls being educated D. The girl to be educated 答案是C,動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu), Ann never dreams of _ for her to be sent abroad very soon. A. there being a chance B. there to be a chance C. there be a chance D. being a chance 介詞后用動(dòng)名詞，表示存在時(shí)必須用there be句型，所以答案為A，這也是動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，there為動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語。,動(dòng)名詞作賓語,有些詞后只能接動(dòng)

28、名詞 admit; advise；allow； appreciate; avoid; celebrate; complete； consider; delay; deny; dislike; enjoy; escape; fancy; feel like; finish; cant help; imagine; keep; mind; miss; postpone; practice; prevent; resist; risk; stand； suggest; understand.,動(dòng)名詞作賓語,注意：advise, permit, allow, forbid, recommend, co

29、nsider. 這些詞后如要直接跟動(dòng)作要跟動(dòng)名詞，若要加人稱就要變成不定式。 e.g. We dont allow smoking here. We dont allow you to smoke here.,接動(dòng)名詞的常見短語 give up, put off, cant help, look forward to, be/get used to, prevent sb. from, object to, feel like, depend on, succeed in, spend in- , prefer to -, devote- to-, persist in, insist on,

30、 carry on, keep on, etc. on the way to,動(dòng)名詞作賓語,在動(dòng)詞remember, forget, go on, stop, mean, try, regret, want, need, require后既可用V-ing形式，也可用不定式形式，但意思不一樣。 I remember doing sth. = I did it and now I remember this. I remembered to do sth. = I remembered that I had to do it, and so I did it. e.g. Im absolutely

31、 sure I locked the door. I clearly remember locking it. I remembered to lock the door when I left but I forgot to shut the windows. Please remember to post the letter. (forget用法相同）,動(dòng)名詞作賓語,I regret doing sth. = I did it and now Im sorry about it. I regret to say/ to tell you/ to inform you = Im sorry

32、 that I have to say (etc.) e.g. I now regret saying what I said. (I shouldnt have said it.) We regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you the job. mean doing sth. = to be a sign of (意味著) mean to do sth. = to have in mind as or for a purpose; intend(打算,想) If it means delaying more than a week, I wont wait. I dont mean to hurt you.,動(dòng)名詞作賓語,Try to do sth = attempt to do, make an effort to