1、高考語法復(fù)習(xí)系列二,名 詞,名詞,專有名詞(Proper Nouns),普通名詞 (Common Nouns),個(gè)體名詞(Individual Nouns),集體名詞(Collective Nouns),物質(zhì)名詞(Material Nouns),抽象名詞(Abstract Nouns),不可數(shù)名詞(Uncountable Nouns),可數(shù)名詞(Countable Nouns),1. 可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù),給出下列名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式 policeman child mouse tooth foot potato hero leaf shelf roof life baby monkey branch t

2、hief mosquito,policemen,children,mice,teeth,feet,potatoes,heroes,leaves,shelves,roofs,lives,babies,monkeys,branches,thieves,mosquitoes,watch lady fox fly brush tomato inch half kilo piano calf passer-by go-between grown-up girl friend sister-in-law man servant looker-on,watches,ladies,foxes,flies,br

3、ushes,tomatoes,inches,halves,kilos,pianos,calves,passers-by,go-betweens,grown-ups,girl friends,sisters-in-law,men servants,lookers-on,I.可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)變法,情況,加法,例詞,一般情況,以s,x,ch,sh,結(jié)尾的詞,以輔音y結(jié)尾的詞,以輔音+o 結(jié)尾的詞,以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞,加-s,加-es,去y加-ies,多數(shù)加-es,把f/fe改成ves,Brothers;schools,Buses; watches; dishes,Ladies; countries,H

4、eroes; tomatoes,Halves; leaves,不規(guī)則名詞單復(fù)數(shù)變化:,（1）單復(fù)數(shù)同形:sheep, deer, fish, means, species, works(工廠), aircraft, spacecraft, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss （2）改變字母：man -men, woman -women, policeman -policemen, saleswoman -saleswomen, foot -feet, tooth -teeth, goose -geese, Mouse -Mice , phenomenon -phenomena 另

5、： penny （pence或 pennies） （3）增加字母: child -children, ox -oxen,（4）以o結(jié)尾的詞： 加s: photo, radio, piano, zoo, studio, bamboo, tobacco 加es: tomato, potato, hero 另：zero （zeros或 zeroes） （5）以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞: 直接加s：roof, proof, belief, chief, gulf, 變f為v再加es：life, wife, knife, half, leaf, wolf, thief 另外：handkerchief （hand

6、kerchiefs或handkerchieves） beef（beeves菜牛 、beefs怨言；牢騷）,(6) 合成名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式： 將合成名詞中的主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)： looker(s)-on, passer(s)-by, mother(s)-in-law 將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)： grown-up(s), go-between(s) (中間人）， good-for-nothing(s) (無用之人） 含boy, girl, lady等的合成的名詞： 它們始終為單數(shù)，其后的名詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 如： boy students, girl friends, lady drivers 含man或 w

7、oman的合成名詞： 它們隨其后名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的變化而變化。如： a man doctor, two men doctors,A名詞只能用復(fù)數(shù)形式的短語： do exercises （做操） take notes (做筆記） take turns （輪流） make repairs （搞修理） change trains （改換火車） make friends with （交朋友） shake hands with (握手） as follows （如下） in rags （衣衫襤褸） in dozens （成打的）,B有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式含義特別,常見woods works waters clot

8、hes customs manners sands spirits feelings goods papers surroundings games forces times looks arms conditions Instructions,（森林),（工廠）,(水域),(衣服),(海關(guān)),(禮貌),(沙灘),(精神,烈酒),(感情),(貨物),(報(bào)紙,文件),(環(huán)境),(運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)),(軍隊(duì)),(時(shí)代),(外表),(武器),(形式,情況),(說明),II.不可數(shù)名詞的”數(shù)”,1. 抽象名詞表示具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、感情情緒的人或事。如： 抽象名詞（不可數(shù)） 具體化（個(gè)體名詞，可數(shù)名詞） in

9、surprise驚訝地 a surprise一件令人驚訝的事 win success獲得成功 a success一個(gè)(件)成功的人(事) win honor贏得榮譽(yù) an honor一個(gè)(件)引以為榮的(事) Failure(失敗)is the mother of success 失敗是成功之母。 a failure失敗者 by experience靠經(jīng)驗(yàn) an experience一次經(jīng)歷 youth青春 a youth一個(gè)青年人 have pity on sb.憐憫某人 a pity可惜的事情 with pleasure樂意 a pleasure樂事,2. 抽象名詞與a(an)連用，淡化了

10、抽象概念，轉(zhuǎn)化為似乎可以體驗(yàn)到的動(dòng)作、行為或類別。如： A knowledge of English is a must in international trade. Would you like to have a walk (swim, bath, talk) with me? It is a waste of time reading such a novel. She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.,3. 物質(zhì)名詞有前置定語修飾時(shí)，前面要使用不定冠詞。 have breakfast have a wonderfu

11、l breakfast The road is covered with snow. They have a heavy snow every year. Time and tide wait for no man. We had a wonderful time last night.,4.有些物質(zhì)名詞以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，表示數(shù)量之多，范圍之廣。如： The boy burst into tears at the bad news. The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops. The stone bridge broke down in h

12、eavy rains.,常見的不可數(shù)名詞,progress advice fun information furniture work baggage luggage news jewelry weather paper (紙張) equipment trouble knowledge homework,有復(fù)數(shù)形式的不可數(shù)名詞 有些抽象名詞往往以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，起到一種豐富語言感情色彩或強(qiáng)調(diào)某種特殊狀態(tài)的作用。如： Use your brains, please. They have smoothed away the difficulties. Have you made preparatio

13、ns for tomorrows meeting? Many thanks for your kindness. No pains, no gains. After many failures, they finally succeeded.,III. 名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的特殊情況:,(1) 集體名詞只用作復(fù)數(shù)： police , cattle , people , poultry, the youth (2) 集體名詞用作不可數(shù)名詞: clothing, jewellery, furniture, luggage (baggage), machinery, wealth (3) 集體名詞視具體情況而

14、定單復(fù)數(shù)： family, class, population, staff, crew, couple, public, group, team, party, club, company, government, committee, audience, enemy (4) 只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞: clothes, trousers, jeans, twins, glasses, compasses, scissors, goods ,thanks, wishes, wages, tears, troops, forces, resources,(5) 以s結(jié)尾但不表示復(fù)數(shù): mathema

15、tics, physics, politics, statistics, news, woods(森林), works(工廠) (6) 有沒有s結(jié)尾意義不同： glass glasses, cloth clothes, work works, water waters, wood woods, goodgoods, time times(時(shí)代), paper papers(論文), green greens(青菜), custom customs(海關(guān)), spirit spirits(酒精,情緒), light lights(燈), experience experiences(經(jīng)歷), a

16、rm arms(武器), iron irons(鐐銬,熨斗), compass(指南針) compasses(圓規(guī)), (7) 姓氏后加s并帶冠詞，表一家人或夫婦倆: the Greens ；the Chengs,(8) 名詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式意義相同的短語： make faces / a face（做鬼臉） Have talks / a talk with sb.(與某人交談） Play jokes / a joke on （拿開玩笑） Make contributions / a contribution to （為做貢獻(xiàn)） (9)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)意義不同的短語： Have a word with sb

17、. （與某人說句話） Have words with sb. （與某人吵架） Make cloth (織布） Make clothes （制衣）,名詞的所有格,一:s型用法（有生命的所有格）,有生命的所有格 李平的自行車 湯姆的作品 Tom and Marys father Toms and Marys fathers 2.表某人家，店鋪名稱，常省去所有格后的名詞 At Greens , at my uncles At the tailors,Li pings bike,Toms works,共有,各有,表示時(shí)間，距離，集體，城市，國家，團(tuán)體，機(jī)構(gòu)等 todays newspaper ten minutes walk the stations waiting room,4.somebody,someone,who+else所有格加在else 后 如果這字典不是你的，會(huì)是誰的？ If this dictionary isnt yours,who elses can it be?,二：of 型,.Of 型（無生命名詞所有格） 我們學(xué)校的學(xué)生 房間的窗戶,The students of our school,the window of the room,2.雙重屬格： 既有s的屬格，又有of的屬格。通常s屬格表示所有關(guān)系，of屬格表示部分與整體的關(guān)系。如:a friend of my