1、Chapter 9 Context and Translation Criteria,The term context was first put forward by the great anthropologist Malinowski in his article The Problem of Meaning in Primitive Language. Context refers to the relevant elements of the surrounding linguistic and nonlinguistic structure in relation to an ut

2、tered expression under consideration.,Chapter 9 Context and Translation Criteria,Linguistic context-also called co-text, refers to the structural cohesion and the logical coherence of the text. The teacher checked off each pupil as he got on the bus. 學(xué)生上公共汽車(chē)時(shí)老師一一清點(diǎn)人數(shù)。 Her pupils were dilated. 她的瞳孔放大

3、了。,Chapter 9 Context and Translation Criteria,I was thrilled by my correct reading of the dance, yet my feelings could hardly compare to those of the Danish and West German scientists when, in August 1988, they first put an imitation bee on a comb in a darkened hive, directed it by computer, and rea

4、lized they were “talking” to real bees.,Chapter 9 Context and Translation Criteria,雖然我為自己正確解釋蜜蜂的舞蹈而激動(dòng)萬(wàn)分，但是，我的心情卻難以同那些丹麥和西德的科學(xué)家的心情相比。當(dāng)1988年8月這些科學(xué)家第一次將一只人工仿制的蜜蜂放到遮黑的蜂箱的蜂巢上，利用計(jì)算機(jī)控制它做動(dòng)作，這時(shí)科學(xué)家們意識(shí)到，它們竟然同真蜜蜂“交談”上了。 我為自己能正確地解釋蜜蜂的舞蹈而激動(dòng)萬(wàn)分，但是，我的心情卻難以同當(dāng)年那些丹麥和西德的科學(xué)家們相比。1998年8月，那些科學(xué)家們第一次將一只人工仿制的蜜蜂放在遮黑的蜂箱的蜂巢上，并利用計(jì)

5、算機(jī)控制它做動(dòng)作，科學(xué)家們意識(shí)到，他們竟然同真蜜蜂“交談”上了。,Chapter 9 Context and Translation Criteria,Context of situation- the whole set of external-world features considered to be relevant in the analysis of an utterance at the levels of linguistic analysis, such as phonetics, grammar, and semantics. (Firth) Do you know th

6、e meaning of war? “Do you know the meaning of the word war?” when said by a language teacher to a class of students. “War produces death, injury, and suffering,” when said by an injured soldier to a politician who favors war.,Chapter 9 Context and Translation Criteria,Our hosts hovered over us. Did

7、we like the caviar? How was the Khachapuri (a kind of bread)? Why werent we eating more roast chicken? We were finally saved from certain crise de foi by Aleksandro, just before the shashlik arrived.,Chapter 9 Context and Translation Criteria,主人在我們周?chē)邉?dòng)著。我們喜歡魚(yú)子醬嗎？面包怎樣？我們?yōu)槭裁床欢喑孕┛倦u？在烤肉串端上來(lái)之前，我們終于被亞歷山德羅

8、從信念危機(jī)中解救出來(lái)。 赫爾來(lái)茲一家人一直在我們身邊照應(yīng)著。喜歡不喜歡魚(yú)子醬呀？咖查普利（一種面包）好不好吃呀？為什么不多吃點(diǎn)烤雞呀？問(wèn)得我們不知如何回答才好。直到快上最后一道菜烤肉串時(shí)，亞歷山德羅才給我們解了圍。,Chapter 9 Context and Translation Criteria,Context of culture- the historical knowledge, the beliefs, attitudes, values shared by members of a discourse community, and that contribute to the m

9、eaning of their verbal exchange. In American political elections the candidates that win are the ones who are green power backing them. 在美國(guó)政治競(jìng)選中獲勝的人通常都時(shí)些有財(cái)團(tuán)支持的人物。,Chapter 9 Context and Translation Criteria,Exactly as in the reality of spoken or written languages, a word without linguistic context is a mere figment and stands for nothing by itself, so in the reality of a spoken living tongue, the utterance has no meaning except in the context of situation. (Malinowski) In any adequate descr