1、2.metaphor,A. Definition: the substitution of one thing for another, or the identification of two things from different ranges of thought. “an implied comparison,” “a simile without like or as” eg. The world is a stage and all men and women merely players.,3. personification,A. definition: a figure

2、that endows objects, animals, ideas, or abstractions with human form, character, or sensibility. B. e.g. Youth is hot and bold; Age is weak and cold. This time, fate was smiling to him. Dusk came stealthily.,4. metonymy,A. definition: the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another wit

3、h which it is closely associated. E.g. Give every man your ears, but few your voice. The kettle is boiling. My pocket cant afford such a pair of shoes. The pen is mightier than the sword.,B. notes: metonymy can be derived from various sources-from names of persons, from animals, parts of body, profe

4、ssions, locations or place names. e.g. Uncle Sam will have this sorted out tommorrow. He likes to read Shakespeare You are not a Bill Clinton. the bear: Soviet Union the dragon: China heart: feelings and emotions head, brain: wisdom, intelligence, reason She was a girl who excited the emotions, but

5、I was not one to let my heart rule my head. gray hair: old age the press: newspapers, reporters He met the press yesterday evening at the Grand Hotel. Shares rose sharply on Wall Street yesterday. the White House,5. Synecdoche,definition: the naming of a part to mean the whole, as in “hands” for “me

6、n who do manual labor”, or the whole for a part, or the abstract thing for the concrete thing. e.g. He has many mouths to feed in his family. He paid the workers $5 per head. Great minds think alike. The surgeon cut me up and took out the appendix and then stitched me up. The score is 2 to 1 in favo

7、r of China. There is a mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of Frenchman. All the wit and learning were assembled here. She looks elegant in silk.,6. antithesis,the deliberate setting of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. e.g. Give me liberty or giv

8、e me death. Speech is silver; silence is golden. When poverty comes in at the door, love leaps out at the window. The life of the wolf is the death of the lamb.,Practise: The policy, as the east wind brings warmth, makes things thriving. He has a heart of stone. Speech is silver; silence is golden.

9、He has many mouths to feed in his family. You are not a Bill Gates. This time, fate was smiling to him,7. parallelism,Definition: the paralleling of words, phrases, sentences or paragraphs with the same grammatical structure for the purpose of clarifying the idea of the speaker or stressing the mean

10、ing. e.g. I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. (Winston Churchill) “ and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth” (Abraham Lincoln),8.Repetition,Definition: to repeat words, sentences, ect. to emphasize a statement or to

11、express a strong emotion. E.g. Blood must atone for blood. government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth. -A. Lincoln: Gettysburg Address Well work for freedom, well fight for freedom, well die for freedom. O youth! The strength of it! The faith of it, the i

12、magination of it! -J. Conrad: Youth,9. transferred epithet,A. definition: an adjective or descriptive phrase that serves to characterize somebody or something. A transferred epithet is one that is shifted from the noun it logically modifies to a word associated with that noun. e.g. sleepless night c

13、oward lips Above us hung a sullen sky. He shrugged a scornful shoulder.,a. empathy (移情),He had some cheerful wine at the party. mysterious wink,b. Synesthesia,The description of one kind of sense impression by using words that normally describe another Image of taste Tactile image Gustatory image Vi

14、sual image Auditory image,Eg. Soft music Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested. The noisy color of your skirt made me dazed. His sour remark made all of us uncomfortable.,10. hyperbole,definition: a conscious exaggeration for the sake of emphasis,

15、 not intended to be understood literally. (over-say or under-say) e.g. thanks a million He was miles out in his calculation. His anger nearly burst his belly. Mark Twain made America laugh. The waves ran mountain high.,14. pun,Definition: a play on words, which involves an amusing use of expressions

16、 with a double meaning or the same sound but different meanings. E.g. On Sunday, they pray for you and on Monday, they prey on you. We must all hang together, or we shall all hang separately. We eat what we can, what we cant we can. Bush is a bush.,15. Oxymoron,Definition: a figure which combines in

17、congruous and apparently contradictory words and meanings for a special effect. E.g. bitter-sweet memories disillusioned hope proud humility honest thief audible stillness,16. parody,Definition: a deliberately exaggerated imitation of the characteristic style of a writer, or of a literary work, desi

18、gned to amuse or ridicule, usually aimed at making fun of the original writer by turning his work to ridicule.,E.g. -Its said Jane has fallen in love with Jack. - Yes, but she says she had hesitated for a long time before she finally walked into love. Wall Street owns the country. It is no longer a gove