1、語法課第一講英語句子種類英語句子根據(jù)功能劃分：陳述句、 疑問句（一般疑問句，特殊疑問句，選擇疑問句，反義疑問句，修辭疑問句）、祈使句、感嘆句一、簡單句1、簡單句的特點(diǎn)：簡單句通常只由一個(gè)主語(或并列主語)和一個(gè)謂語(或并列謂語)構(gòu)成。2、簡單句的種類：簡單句一般分為陳述句、疑問句、感嘆句和祈使句四種。二、陳述句：用來說明一個(gè)事實(shí)的句子叫陳述句。它有肯定式和否定式兩種形式。1、陳述句的肯定式：如： He is a middle school student.（他是個(gè)中學(xué)生） I have a hammer in my hand.（我手上有把錘子）She teaches us geography.

2、（她教我們地理）The new play was good enough and everybody enjoyed it.（新的話劇非常好大家都喜歡）2、陳述句的否定式：1) 謂語動(dòng)詞如果是to be 、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),在它們的后面加“not”。如：My brother is not a teacher.（我的弟弟不是教師） He does not have a cousin.（他沒有堂兄弟） I will not go there tomorrow.（明天我不去那兒） My mother is not cooking a meal in the kitchen.（我母親現(xiàn)在不在廚房里做

3、飯）You must not make such mistakes again.（你不該再犯類似錯(cuò)誤了） We havent discussed the question yet（我們還沒有討論那個(gè)問題呢）.2)謂語動(dòng)詞如果沒有上述詞語而是其他動(dòng)詞時(shí),須在它的前面加do not(dont).如：I dont know anything about it.(此事我一無所知) Li Ming does not feed pigs in the countryside.（李明不在農(nóng)村養(yǎng)豬）We didnt expect to meet her right here.（我們沒指望著在這里見到她）We

4、didnt have a meeting yesterday afternoon.(昨天下午我們沒有開會(huì))3)如果“have”作“有”講,也可以在它后面加not構(gòu)成否定式,其形式與have got的否定式相同。 如：I havent (got) any brothers or sisters.（我沒有兄弟姐妹） 句子中如果有all、both、very much/well等詞時(shí),用not一般構(gòu)成部分否定,如果要完全否定,則通常使用none、neither、notat all等；如：All of them went there.None of them went there.（他們?nèi)既チ四抢锼麄?/p>

5、全都沒去那里） 句子中含有l(wèi)ittle、few、too(太)、hardly、never、neither、nor、seldom等詞時(shí), 則視為否定句。如：Few people live there because life there is very hard.（幾乎沒有人生活在那里因?yàn)槟抢锏纳钐D難了） 陳述句(主語+謂語+其他)在口語中可以直接表示疑問,表示驚訝或明知故問。如：Thats your boss?（那就是你的老板？！） 陳述句一般情況下應(yīng)使用正常的語序,即：主語+謂語+其他。但是有時(shí)會(huì)倒裝,詳見“倒裝句”。所有的從句一律使用陳述句語序,即在連接詞后采用“主語+謂語+其他”的順序

6、。如：The old man told me that he would live here for ten more years before he returns home. （老人告訴我說他還要在這兒住幾年然后回家）/ Could you tell me who you saw at the party last night?（能告訴我在聚會(huì)上你都看見了誰嗎？）三、疑問句：1、一般疑問句： 用“yes”或“no”來回答的疑問句叫做一般疑問句。 1)一般疑問句構(gòu)成：句中謂語動(dòng)詞是to be、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),則將它們(提前)放到主語前面。如：Is he an engineer?（他是工程

7、師嗎？）Have you got todays newspaper? （你有今天的報(bào)紙嗎？）Shall we go to see a film this evening? （我們今晚去看電影好嗎？）Can you explain it ?（你能解釋它嗎？）s there any fish for supper?（晚飯有魚嗎？）Would you like to go out for a walk?（你想出去散步嗎？）謂語動(dòng)詞如果沒有上述詞語而是其他動(dòng)詞時(shí),則在主語前面加助動(dòng)詞do / does / did, 原來的謂語動(dòng)詞改為原形。如：Do you get up at six every mo

8、rning?（你天天早晨六點(diǎn)起身嗎？）Does she study hard?（她學(xué)習(xí)努力嗎？） Did you go there yesterday?（昨天你去那兒了嗎？）2) 一般疑問句的回答：一般疑問句通常用簡略形式來回答。如：Will you join us in playing basketball?（你加入我們打籃球好嗎？）Yes, we will.（是的我們會(huì)。）/ No, we wont.（不我們不會(huì)。）Have you got todays newspaper?（你有今天的報(bào)紙嗎？）Yes, I have .（是的有。）/ No, I havent.（不沒有。）回答時(shí)所用的時(shí)

9、態(tài)應(yīng)和問句里的時(shí)態(tài)一致。注意 回答must或者may開頭的疑問句要小心,參見情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有關(guān)內(nèi)容。3) 一般疑問句的否定結(jié)構(gòu)(即否定形式的一般疑問句)表示驚奇、責(zé)怪、建議、看法等,只要將“not”置于主語之后或者將“not”放到主語之前與be, have等助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞合并在一起就可以了。如： Will he not come?（他難道不來嗎？）Isnt your sister a Party member?（你的姐姐不是黨員嗎？）Havent you any brothers?（你沒有哥哥嗎？）Dont you like the play?（你難道不喜歡這個(gè)話劇嗎？）Cant we walk

10、a little farther?（我們不能走遠(yuǎn)些嗎？）Wont you sit down?（你不想坐下嗎？）Hasnt she heard of the matter?（她沒聽說過這事兒？）這種否定結(jié)構(gòu)的疑問句的回答與漢語的習(xí)慣不同。如果回答是肯定的,就用“yes+肯定結(jié)構(gòu)”；如果回答是否定的,就用“no+否定結(jié)構(gòu)”。(情況與反意問句類似。)如： Cant he answer the question? (他不能回答這個(gè)問題嗎？)Yes,he can.(不,他能回答這個(gè)問題。) No,he cant. (是的,他不能回答這個(gè)問題。)2、特殊疑問句：要求具體回答的問句。1)特殊疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)是：疑

11、問代詞+一般疑問句+？除who以外的疑問代詞短語 疑問副詞 如：What do you want?（你要什么？） Who(m) are you looking for ?（你在找誰？） Whose magazine is this?（這是誰的雜志？）Which class are you in?（你在哪班？） When did you get up this morning?（你今早什么時(shí)候起身的？）Where have you been?（你到哪兒去了？） Why did he go to bed so early?（他為什么這么早睡覺？）How did you go there?（你是怎么

12、去的那兒？）但是,“who”引出的詢問主語或主語部分相關(guān)詞的特殊疑問句的結(jié)構(gòu)與陳述句詞序相同：如：Who is dancing over there?（誰在那邊跳舞？）有時(shí)“what”,“which”,“whose”也可以引出與陳述句詞序相同的特殊疑問句。如：What is on the wall?（什么東西在墻上？/墻上有什么？） Which is yours?（哪個(gè)是你的？） Whose book is in your bag?（誰的書在你的書包里？）注意從陳述句改為特殊問句時(shí),先將句子改為一般問句,再將(劃線)提問部分更改為疑問詞置于句首,特別要注意助動(dòng)詞的使用！如果只對(duì)主語或主語的修飾

13、詞提問,那么只需要將疑問部分改為疑問詞即可。2)常用疑問代詞和疑問副詞：疑問代詞： who, whom, whose, which, what,疑問副詞： when, where, why, how,how構(gòu)成的短語：how many (多少個(gè)) (獨(dú)立用；或跟可數(shù)名詞), how much (多少) (獨(dú)立用；或跟不可數(shù)名詞), how old (多大年紀(jì)), how far (多遠(yuǎn)), how often (多常),how long (多久,多長), how soon (多久以后),how many times (多少次),等等。3)特殊疑問句有時(shí)也用否定式。如：Why dont you

14、ask Jim instead?(?？s略為Why not?) (你為什么不轉(zhuǎn)請(qǐng)Jim呢？)4) 特殊疑問句疑問部分有時(shí)可以有兩個(gè)以上的疑問詞。如：When and where were you born? (你是何時(shí)何地出生的？)5) 疑問詞如果是介詞的賓語,則該介詞可以在句首,也可以在句尾。如：What do you want a computer for? = For what do you want a computer? (你干嘛要一臺(tái)電腦呢？)3、反意疑問句： 反意疑問句表示對(duì)陳述句所說的事實(shí)提出相反的疑問,要求對(duì)方用“yes”或“no”來進(jìn)行回答。1) 構(gòu)成：由兩部分組成：前一部分

15、是陳述句,后一部分是疑問句,它是由be ,have, 助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語構(gòu)成。如果陳述句是肯定結(jié)構(gòu),反意疑問句須用否定結(jié)構(gòu)；反之,陳述句如果是否定結(jié)構(gòu),反意疑問句須用肯定結(jié)構(gòu)。反意疑問句的兩部分,必須保持人稱和時(shí)態(tài)的一致；反意疑問句的回答有時(shí)會(huì)和漢語不同。陳述句部分 附加問句部分 注 意 點(diǎn)肯定陳述句 否定的簡短一般問句 當(dāng)陳述句部分含有“是”動(dòng)詞、(“有”動(dòng)詞)、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞時(shí),簡短問句中沿用該詞；否則就使用do/does/did.否定陳述句 肯定的簡短一般問句 如：He is old, isnt he? (他老了不是嗎？) The man went away, didnt he?

16、(那個(gè)男人走開了不是嗎？) He isnt old, is he? (他不老是嗎？) He never went there, did he? (他從沒有去過那里是嗎？)2) 反意問句的回答：無論哪種形式的反意問句,回答時(shí)要遵循：“Yes,+肯定式”或者“No,+否定式” 如：The man went away, didnt he?(那人走開了,不是嗎？)Yes, he did.(是的,他走了。)/ No, he didnt.(不,他沒有走。)The man never went there, did he?(這人從來不去那里,是嗎？)Yes, he did.(不是呀,他去的。)/ No, h

17、e didnt.(是呀,他不去。)4、選擇疑問句：提出兩種或兩種以上情況,需要對(duì)方作出選擇回答的疑問句叫選擇疑問句。1) 構(gòu)成：(1) 一般疑問句 + or + 第二選項(xiàng)？ (2) 特殊疑問句 + 第一選項(xiàng)(+ 第二選項(xiàng))+ or + 第三選項(xiàng)？2)選擇疑問句的結(jié)構(gòu)與特殊疑問句相同,即要具體回答,不可以用yes / no回答。如：Is your friend a boy or a girl? A girl. (-你的朋友是男孩還是女孩？-是女孩。) Which do you prefer, coffee or tea? Tea, please. (-你要哪一樣咖啡還是茶？-請(qǐng)來茶吧。) Whi

18、ch do you like best, singing, dancing or skating? -Dancing, of course. (-唱歌、跳舞和溜冰你最喜歡哪樣？-當(dāng)然是跳舞啦！)四、祈使句：祈使句用來表示請(qǐng)求、命令等。它的主語you往往不說出。1、祈使句的肯定式： 動(dòng)詞(原形) + 其他 如：Please give me a hand. (請(qǐng)幫忙) / Shut up! (住嘴！) 2、祈使句的否定式： Dont +動(dòng)詞原形 + 其他 如：Please dont talk in low voices. (請(qǐng)不要低聲講話。) Dont look back! (不要掉頭看。)注意

19、以“l(fā)ets”引出的祈使句的否定結(jié)構(gòu),“not”應(yīng)放在“l(fā)ets”后面。如：Lets not trouble him. (我們不要打擾他。)肯定祈使句前可以用助動(dòng)詞來強(qiáng)調(diào)語氣。如：Please do help me! (請(qǐng)千萬幫幫我。)五、感嘆句：感嘆句用來表示喜怒哀樂等強(qiáng)烈感情。句末常用“！”1、對(duì)含有形容詞的名詞短語感嘆的結(jié)構(gòu)通常是：What + (a /an) + (形容詞) +名詞+ 陳述句結(jié)構(gòu)(主謂語) ,用來強(qiáng)調(diào)句子中的名詞,如：What a good, kind girl (she is)! (她是多么善良的好女孩！) What bad weather (it is)! (天氣真

20、糟糕！)2、僅對(duì)形容詞或副詞進(jìn)行感嘆的結(jié)構(gòu)通常是：How + 形容詞/副詞 + 陳述句結(jié)構(gòu)(主謂語) ,用來強(qiáng)調(diào)句子中的形容詞、副詞或動(dòng)詞。如：How carefully the old man walks! (這老人走路真小心！) How delicious the food is! (這食品真好吃！) / How beautiful! (真美呀！)3、有時(shí),陳述句、祈使句、疑問句、一個(gè)詞或詞組,也帶有一定的感情色彩,也可以成為感嘆句,此時(shí)未必使用感嘆句型。如：He is sitting on a tigers back! (他坐在老虎的背上！) A nice shot! (漂亮一擊！) /

21、 Good goal! (好球！)句型轉(zhuǎn)換的方法一、 肯定句改否定句的方法一步法 1、 在be動(dòng)詞后加not。如：is not ， are not ， am not， was not， were not； 2、 在can，should， will等后加not。如：cannot， should not， will not； 3、 上述都沒有的，在動(dòng)詞前加助動(dòng)詞否定形式dont/doesnt/didnt。 4、 some 改成any。如有I、you將其該成you、I。二、 肯定句改一般疑問句的方法三步法 1、 把be動(dòng)詞放在句首，剩下的照抄，（some 改成any，my改成your等）句點(diǎn)改成問號(hào)

22、。 2、 把can，shall， will等放到句首，剩下的照抄，（some 改成any，my改成your等）句點(diǎn)改成問號(hào)。 3、 上述都沒有的，在句首請(qǐng)助動(dòng)詞Do/Does/Did幫忙，剩下的照抄，（some 改成any，my改成your等）句點(diǎn)改成問號(hào)。 三、 肯定句改特殊疑問句的方法四步法 1、在一般疑問句的基礎(chǔ)上，句首添加一個(gè)疑問詞即可，可根據(jù)劃線部分確定是什么疑問詞。 2、接著找be動(dòng)詞或can，shall， will等放在疑問詞后面，若沒有則請(qǐng)助動(dòng)詞do/does/did幫忙，寫在疑問詞后面，how many除外，必須先寫物品，再寫be動(dòng)詞等。 3、劃線部分去掉后剩下的內(nèi)容照抄，（

23、some 改成any，my改成your等） 4、句點(diǎn)改成問號(hào)。如： what （什么）how(怎樣) who（誰） which（哪一個(gè)）why（為什么）where（哪里） how many（多少） how much （多少錢）what colour（什么顏色） how old（多大）等等 英語句型轉(zhuǎn)換專項(xiàng)練習(xí)一一、根據(jù)所給提示,完成句型轉(zhuǎn)換。每空一詞，含縮略詞。1. The Beijing 2008 Olympic Games will be held in three years . （對(duì)畫線部分提問）_ _ _ will the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games be

24、held?2. “Can you help me carry heavy box upstairs?” Mr. White asks. （改為復(fù)合句） Mr. White asks _ _ _ help _ carry the heavy box upstairs.3. This dress cost her 90 yuan. (改為一般疑問句)_ this dress _ her 90 yuan?4 The TV play is really wonderful. (改為感嘆句)_ _ the TV play is!5. The boy in blue is my brother. (就劃線

25、部分提問) _ _ is your brother?6. Water the young tree often, or it will die. (改為同義句)_ you dont water the young tree often, it will be_.7. Tom won t visit the farm. He11 stay at home. (改為同義句)Tom will stay at home _ _ visiting the farm.8. She is cleaning the bedroom. (改為否定句) She _ _ the bedroom.9. She wen

26、t to see her uncle last week. (改為一般疑問句) _ _ go to see her uncle last week?10. Linda often does shopping on Sundays. (對(duì)劃線部分提問) What _ Linda often _ on Sundays?11. Lets have a discussion about it. (改為反意疑問句) Lets have a discussion about it, _ _?12. Johns family kept many sheep around the house. (改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)

27、) Many sheep _ _ by Johns family around the house.13. He became strong day by day as he took exercise(改為同義句)The _ exercise he took, the _ he became.14. We should finish our homework alone(改為同義句)We should finish our homework _ _.15. I paid 320 yuan for the red dress(改為同義句)The red dress _ _ 320 yuan16

28、. The old photo made it possible for me to find my birthplace(改為同義句)I could find my birthplace _ _ the old photo17. The meeting will be held in Chongqing instead of Wuhan or Dalian(改為同義句)The meeting will be held in _ Wuhan _ Dalian, but in Chongqing instead.18. This is a book . Its cover is blue .（合

29、并成復(fù)合句） This is a book is blue . 19. She doesnt know how she could pack them all .（改成同義句） She doesnt know pack them all . 20. The water was so dirty that we couldnt drink it .（改成簡單句） The water was dirty for us drink . 21. His friends will give him some presents .（改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)） Some presents will him by his

30、 friends . 22. Had he walked along the river for ten days ? He wanted to know .（改為含有賓語從句的復(fù)合句） He wanted to know he along the river for ten days ?23. I think . It wont get warmer tomorrow .（合并成復(fù)合句） I think it get warmer tomorrow . 24. Of all the stars the sun is the nearest to the earth .（改為同義句） The

31、sun is to the earth the other stars . 25. Jack did well in maths.（就劃線部分提問） _ _ Jack _ in maths? 26. Do these students often sing the English song?（變成被支語態(tài)） _ the English song often _ by these students? 27. At the age of four , she began to learn dancing.（改寫成復(fù)合句） She began to learn dancing _ _ _ _. 28

32、. She was so weak that she didnt catch up with others.(改寫句子，句意不變) She was _ _ _ to catch up with others. 29. Shall we go out for a walk after supper?( 改寫句子，句意不變) _ _ _ a walk after supper? 30. Neither of us has much time to write back to him. We both have too much work to do .( 改寫句子，句意不變) Both of us

33、 _ _ _ _ _ his letter. 31 They had lunch at school yesterday (改寫否定句 ) They _ _lunch at school yesterday 32 Tom visits the Science Museum every year (就劃線部分提問) _ _Tom _every year? 33 Are you going to watch the football match next Sunday? Father asked me (改為復(fù)合句) Father asked me _ _ _going to watch the

34、football match the next Sunday 34 They van hardly decide what they will do next (改寫句子, 句意不變) _ _ for them to decide what _ _nest 35 The light in the room was so weak that the doctor wasnt able to operate (改寫句子, 句意不變) The doctor _do the _ _ such bad light inside the room 36. They will finish building

35、 the house in two weeks. （就畫線部分提問） _ _ _ they finish building the house? 37. It is great fun to have a picnic on the hillside. （改為感嘆句） What _ it _ to have a picnic on the hillside! 38. Hurry up, or youll miss the early train. （改為以if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句） If you _ _ _, youll miss the early train. 39. Mother said

36、 to me, “Dont go alone at night. ”（改為簡單句） Mother told me _ _ go alone at night. 40. The maths problem is too difficult for him to work out. （改為復(fù)合句） The maths problem is _ difficult _ he cant work it out. 41. Both the father and the son have seen the film. （改為否定句） _ the father _ the son _ seen the fi

37、lm. 42. They have painted their new house. （改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)） Their new house _ _ _ by them. 43. My watch doesnt work well. （改為同義句） There is _ _ _ my watch. 44. Jack is too young to dress himself. （改為同義句） Jack is not _ _ to dress himself. 45. We were surprised that the little girl could draw so well. （改為同義句）

38、_ _ _, the little girl could draw so well. 46. Jane doesnt go to work by bus any longer. （改為同義句） Jane _ _ _ to work by bus. 47. The player fell behind others though he did what he could. （改為同義句） The player _ to _ _ with others though he tried his best. 48. They took the wounded soldier to hospital a

39、s soon as they could. （改為同義句） The wounded soldier _ _ to hospital as soon as _. 49. It took Mary two weeks to prepare for the exam. （改為同義句） Mary _ two weeks _ _ for the exam. 50. It seems that they have known each other （改為同義句） They seem to _ _ each other. 51Paul wanted to take pictures of his trip.

40、（改寫為否定句） Paul to take pictures of his trip.52Jim goes roller skating on Sundays.（改寫為一般疑問句） Jim roller skating on Sunday?53Its raining very heavily. （改寫感嘆句） it is raining!54Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.（對(duì)劃線部分提問） Lucy ask him to do?55The children ate up all the apples.（改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)）All the apples u

41、p by the children.56She did very well in her English exam（改為一般疑問句）_ she _ very well in her English exam?57He has some bread for breakfast every morning（改為否定句）He _ _ _ bread for breakfast every morning58I have been to Beijing twice（就畫線部分提問）_ _ _ have you been to Beijing?59Lindas just come back from A

42、merica（改為反意疑問句）Lindas just come back from America, _ _?60When I get there, Ill go to see him at once（改為同義句）Ill go to see him _ _ _ I get there61The box was so heavy that she couldnt carry it（改為簡單句）The box was _ heavy _ her _ carry62Is the earth round? The little boy asked（改為賓語從句）The little boy asked

43、 _ the earth _ round63He likes the book So does she（改為簡單句，使句意不變）_ he _ she _ the book64Lets hurry, or well be last（改為復(fù)合句）_ we _ hurry, well _ late65. There are some oranges in the basket. (改寫為否定句)There _ _ oranges in the basket.66. He visited his friend yesterday.(改寫為一般疑問句) _ he _ his friend yesterd

44、ay?67. The girl can ride a bike.(改寫為反意問句) The girl can ride a bike, _ _?68. Its cloudy today.(對(duì)劃線部分提問) _ the weather _ today?69. My aunt works in a factory.(對(duì)劃線部分提問) _ _ your aunt work?70.She was so weak that she couldnt take care of her baby.（改為同義句）She was_ _weak_ _take care of her baby.71.He didnt

45、 make any mistake in the exam. She didnt, either. （改為同義句）_ _he_ _ _she made any mistake in the exam.72.The motorbike cost him 7000 yuan last year. （改為同義句） He_ _7000 yuan_ _the motorbike last year.73.People use computers widely in the world. （改為同義句）Computers_ _ widely_ _ in the world.74.Jane says sci

46、ence isnt so interesting as music to her. （改為同義句）Jane says science is_ _interesting_ _ _music to her.75. Lily has some red and blue pencils. (改為一般疑問句) Lily any red and blue pencils9.76. There s no time to go shopping. (改為反意疑問句) Theres no time to go shopping, ?77.Both of the twins like mooncakes with

47、 eggs in them. (改為否定句) of the twins mooncakes will eggs in them.78.New York is 14,800 kilometres away from Beijing. (就劃線部分提問) is New York from Beijing?79.Do they want fried chicken? He asked the boys. (連成一句含賓語從句的復(fù)合句)He asked the boys they fried chicken.80.He spent two days in mending this radio. (改為

48、同義句) It him two days mend this radio.81.Bill did better than Lin Tao. (改為同義句)Lin Tao so as Bill.82. Jack did well in maths.（就劃線部分提問）_ _ Jack _ in maths?83. Do these students often sing the English song?（變成被支語態(tài)）_ the English song often _ by these students?84. At the age of four , she began to learn d

49、ancing.（改寫成復(fù)合句）She began to learn dancing _ _ _ _.85. She was so weak that she didnt catch up with others.(改寫句子，句意不變)She was _ _ _ to catch up with others.86. Shall we go out for a walk after supper?( 改寫句子，句意不變)_ _ _ a walk after supper?87. When I was a child, I made up my mind to be an artist. ( 改寫句子，句意不變) _ a child, I _ to be an artist.88. In China, we often see people dropping litter on streets, in parks, in zoos, in fact almost everywhere. So many cities look dirty. ( 改寫句子，句意不變) In China, many cities look dirty because people _ _ _ dropping litter almost everywhere.89.Th