1、2015英譯漢 At its heart, psycholinguistic work consists of two questions. One is, What knowledge of language is needed for us to use language? In a sense, we must know a language to use it, but we are not always fully aware of this knowledge. A distinction may be drawn between tacit knowledge and expli

2、cit knowledge. Tacit knowledge refers to the knowledge of how to perform various acts, whereas explicit knowledge refers to the knowledge of the processes or mechanisms used in these acts. We sometimes know how to do something without knowing how we do it. For instance, a baseball pitcher (投手) might

3、 know how to throw a baseball 90 miles an hour but might have little or no explicit knowledge of the muscle groups that are involved in this act. Similarly, we may distinguish between knowing how to speak and knowing what processes are involved in producing speech. Generally speaking, much of our li

4、nguistic knowledge is tacit rather than explicit.參考譯文：心理語言學(xué)的研究包括兩個核心問題。第一，我們使用語言需要什么語言知識？從某種意義上說，我們必須擁有某種語言的知識才能使用該語言，但卻并不總是能完全 意識到這種知識。我們可能要對隱性知識和顯性知識加以區(qū)分。隱性知識是指如何執(zhí)行各種動作所擁有的知識，而顯性知識是指在這些動作中使用的過程或者機(jī)制所 蘊(yùn)含的知識。有時，我們知道如何做某事，卻無法說出我們是怎么做的。比如，一名棒球投手可能知道如何以每小時90英里的速度把球拋出去，但對有關(guān)參與此活 動的肌群的顯性知識卻知之甚少，或一無所知。同樣地，我

5、們知道如何說話，但卻不清楚言語產(chǎn)生包含哪些過程?？偟膩碚f，我們的大多數(shù)語言知識都是隱性知識而 非顯性知識。2014英譯漢 The physical distance between speakers can indicate a number of things and can also be used to consciously sendmessagesaboutintent. Closeness, for example, indicates intimacy or threat to many speakers whilst distance maydenote formality o

6、r a lack of interest. Proximity is also both a matter of personal style and is often culture-bound so that what may seem normal to a speaker from one culture may appear unnecessarilyclose or distant to a speaker from another. And, standing close to someone may be quite appropriate in some situations

7、 such as informal party, but completely out of place in others, such as meeting with a superior. Posture can convey meaning too. Hunched shoulders and a hanging head give a powerful indication of mood. A lowered head when speaking to a superior (with or without eye contact) can convey the appropriat

8、e relationship in some cultures. 演說者與聽眾之間的實際距離通常來是用來傳送演說內(nèi)容的最佳途徑但是同時可以表明很多問題。就拿距離的遠(yuǎn)近來說，近距離可以體現(xiàn)演說者和聽眾的一種親密程度但同時對于演說者也是一種心靈上的震懾，相反，遠(yuǎn)距離會是一種較正式的提現(xiàn)但也可說是一種缺乏興趣的表現(xiàn)。大致距離不僅僅是一種個人風(fēng)格的提現(xiàn)同時也和個人的文化背景息息相關(guān)，因此在一種文化中所體現(xiàn)的演說者與聽眾之間適宜的距離在另一種文化中可能會被界定成一種過分親近亦或過分的疏遠(yuǎn)。再比如，如在非正規(guī)的宴會中，雙方之間緊貼的距離是一種適宜的表現(xiàn)但是如若是和高層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)洽談，這樣的距離就顯得適得其反了。

9、不僅僅是距離，姿勢也會透露很多細(xì)節(jié)。俯身前傾，頭部前伸是一種正面情緒的提現(xiàn)。但當(dāng)和尊者溝通還伴隨著時不時的眼神交流時，謙卑的低頭在一些文化背景中卻也是一種合適的氛圍。2013英譯漢The UN General Assembly, the central political forum, is composed of 193 members, including virtually all the worlds nation-states. Two thirds of its members are developing countries, which account for about th

10、ree-quarters of the worlds population.Reaching decisions is difficult, especially since all agreements by custom must be reached by consensus. As a result, important agreements are often held hostage by narrow special interests, and most agreements are reached only by reducing them to their lowest c

11、ommon denominators. But the real question is whether the major countries of the world will allow democracy to function at the highest level.The Security Council, which is responsible for peace and security, deals with issues of the greatest political importance. The Council has only 15 members so it

12、 can meet frequently and deal with crises. Once impotence due to Cold War rivalries, it has regained much of the authority accorded by the UN charter.參考譯文 聯(lián)合國代表大會，中心政治論壇，由193個成員國組成，幾乎包括世界上所有國家，其中三分之二的國家為發(fā)展中國家，占世界總?cè)丝诘乃姆种Ｍㄟ^決議非常困難，尤其是所有慣例決出的協(xié)議必須達(dá)成一致才能通過。結(jié)果就是，重要的協(xié)議總是被狹隘的特殊利益所挾持，并且大部分協(xié)議都只是用來使自己的利益最大化。但

13、真正的問題是世界上主要國.是否愿意看到民主最大限度地開展。聯(lián)合國安理會，負(fù)責(zé)和平和安全，處理最重要的政治問題。安理會只有15個成員國，所以能經(jīng)常性地應(yīng)付危機(jī)。它曾一度由于冷戰(zhàn)對立而停擺，但已經(jīng)重新獲得了聯(lián)合國憲章給予的權(quán)利。2012英譯漢In some cases, intelligent people implementing intelligent policies are responsible for producing a boomerang effect; they actually create more of whatever it is they seek to reduce

14、 in the first place.The boomerang effect has been achieved many times in recent years by men and women of goodwill. State legislatures around the nation have recently raised the drinking age back to 21 in an effort to reduce the prevalence of violent deaths among our young people. But such policies

15、seem instead to have created the conditions for even more campus violence. Some college students who previously drank in bars and lounges under the watchful supervision of bouncers (夜總會,酒吧等保安人員) (not to mention owners ear to keep their liquor licenses) now retreat to the sanctuary of their fraternit

16、y houses and apartments, where they no longer control their behavior - or their drinking.The boomerang effect has also played a role in attempts to reduce the availability of illicit drugs. During recent years, the federal government has been quite successful in reducing the supply of street drugs.

17、As fields are burned and contraband (違禁品）confiscated, the price of street drugs has skyrocketed to a point where cheap alterative have begun to compete in the marketplace. Unfortunately, the cheap alternatives are even more harmful than the illicit drugs they replace. 參考譯文：相反的是，上述政策似乎引發(fā)了更多的校園暴力。以前，一

18、些大學(xué)生會在夜總會的酒吧飲酒，那是處于酒吧保安人員嚴(yán)密的監(jiān)控之下(酒吧老板們這樣做當(dāng)然只是為了保住自己的營業(yè)執(zhí)照)?，F(xiàn)在，大學(xué)生們會躲到兄弟會會所和公寓中酗酒, 他們根本不會控制自己的行為。在打擊非法毒品方面，政府采取的措施同樣適得其反。近年來,聯(lián)邦政府卓有成效地抑制了街頭毒品。毒品種植地被燒毀，違禁品被沒收，直接導(dǎo)致街頭毒品價格暴漲，一些便宜的替代品開始進(jìn)入市場。不幸的是，便宜替代品帶來的危害遠(yuǎn)比非法毒品更大。2011英譯漢When flying over Nepal, its easy to soar in your imagination and pretend youre tiny-a

19、 butterfly - and drifting above one of those three-dimensional topographical maps architects use, the circling contour lines replaced by the terraced rice paddies that surround each high ridge.Nepal is a small country, and from the windows of our plane floating eastward at 12,000 feet, one can see c

20、learly the brilliant white mirage of the high Himalayas thirty miles of the left window. Out the right window, the view is of three or four high terraced ridges giving sudden way to the plains of India beyond.Three were few roads visible below, most transportation in Nepal being by foot along ancien

21、t trails that connect and bind the country together. There is also a network of dirt airstrips, which was fortunate for me, as I had no time for the two-and-a-half week trek to my destination. I was in a flight to the local airport.參考譯文：飛機(jī)飛越尼泊爾上空時，你很容易天馬行空起來，假想自己很渺小-像只蝴蝶-在建筑師所使用的某個三維地形圖上方漂浮著，在這里，地形圖

22、一圈圈的輪廓線變成了環(huán)繞高聳的山脊成階梯狀的稻田。尼泊爾是個小國。我們的飛機(jī)在12000英尺的高空向東飛去。從左邊的機(jī)窗望去，你能清晰地看到30英里外的高聳的喜馬拉雅山的耀眼的白色蜃景?？坑疫叺臋C(jī)窗外是三、四條成梯狀的高聳山脊，再往遠(yuǎn)處突然之間成了印度平原。飛機(jī)下面看不這幾條公路。尼泊爾的交通方式以步行為主，人們沿著連接整個國家的古老小徑行走著。尼泊爾也有一個土筑的飛機(jī)場網(wǎng)絡(luò)，這對我來說很幸運，因為我沒時間長途跋涉兩周半的時間到達(dá)我的目的地。我在飛往當(dāng)?shù)貦C(jī)場的飛機(jī)上。2010.英譯漢I thought that it was a Sunday morning in May; that it w

23、as Easter Sunday，and as yet very early in the morning. I was standing，as it seemed to me，at the door of my own cottage. Right before me lay the very scene which could really be commanded from that situation，but exalted, as was usual，and solemnized by the power of dreams. There were the same mountain

24、s，and the same lovely valley at their feet; but the mountains were raised to more than Alpine height，and there was interspaced far larger between them of savannahs and forest lawns; the hedges were rich with white roses; and no living creature was to be seen, excepting that in the green churchyard t

25、here were cattle tranquilly reposing upon the verdant graves，and particularly round about the grave of a child whom I had once tenderly loved，just as I had really seen them，a little before sunrise，in the same summer when that child died.參考譯文：我想那是五月的一個周日的早晨;那天是復(fù)活節(jié)，一個大清早上。我站在自家小屋的門口。就在我的面前展現(xiàn)出了那么一番景色，從

26、我那個位置其實能夠盡收眼底，可是夢里的感覺往往如此，由于夢幻的力量，這番景象顯得超凡出塵，一派肅穆氣象。群山形狀相同，其山腳下都有著同樣可愛的山谷;不過群山挺然參天，高于阿爾卑斯峰，諸山相距空曠，豐草如茵，林地開闊，錯落其間; 樹籬上的白玫瑰娟娟彌望;遠(yuǎn)近看不見任何生物，唯有蒼翠的教堂庭院里，牛群靜靜地臥躺在那片郁郁蔥蔥的墓地歇息，好幾頭圍繞著一個小孩的墳?zāi)?。我曾對她一腔柔情，那年夏天是在旭日東升的前一刻，那孩子死去了，我如同當(dāng)年那樣望著牛群。2009英譯漢We, the human species, are confronting a planetary emergency a threat

27、 to the survival of our civilization that is gathering ominous and destructive potential even as we gather here. But there is hopeful news as well: we have the ability to solve this crisis and avoid the worst though not all of its consequences, if we act boldly, decisively and quickly.However, despi

28、te a growing number of honorable exceptions, too many of the worlds leaders are still best described in the words Winston Churchill applied to those who ignored Adolf Hitlers threat: They go on in strange paradox, decided only to be undecided, resolved to be irresolute, adamant for drift, solid for

29、fluidity, all powerful to be impotent.So today, we dumped another 70 million tons of global-warming pollution into the thin shell of atmosphere surrounding our planet, as if it were an open sewer. And tomorrow, we will dump a slightly larger amount, with the cumulative concentrations now trapping mo

30、re and more heat from the sun.參考譯文：我們?nèi)祟悾媾R全球性的危機(jī)，我們的生存和文明受到威脅。盡管我們聚在一起共商對策，而災(zāi)難卻在擴(kuò)大，形式不容樂觀。但也有令人欣喜的消息：如果行動大膽果斷，反應(yīng)迅速，我們有能力解決這場危機(jī)，避免其向最壞的方向發(fā)展。但是，時下世界上的許多國家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人可以用當(dāng)年溫斯頓丘吉爾批評歐洲諸政要忽視阿道夫希特勒的名言來形容，“它們在奇怪的悖論中前行，僅僅為一個決定而猶豫不決，有了決心卻拖泥帶水，信心猶疑不定，見解隨波逐流，掌權(quán)者虛弱無力?！倍缃裎覀兿蜻@個星球脆弱的大氣層傾倒超過七千萬噸溫室氣體，把其當(dāng)作天然排污口。明天我們還會變本加厲，堆積

31、的溫室氣體吸納了越來越多的太陽熱度。2008英譯漢But ,as has been true in many other cases, when they were at last married ,the most ideal of situations was found to have been changed to the most practical . instead of having shared their original duties, and as school boys would say, going halves, they discovered that the

32、 cares of life had been doubled. This led to some distressing moments for both our friends; they understood suddenly that instead of dwelling in heaven they were still upon earth ,and had made themselves slaves to new laws and limitations. Instead of being freer and happier than ever before, they ha

33、d assumed new responsibilities; they had established a new household, and must fulfill in some way or another the obligations of it. They looked back with affection to their engagement; they had been longing to have each other to themselves, apart from the world, but it seemed that they never felt s

34、o keenly that they were still units in modern society.參考譯文：但是正如其他許多已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的事情一樣，當(dāng)他們最終結(jié)婚后，發(fā)現(xiàn)最憧憬的生活變得再實際不過了。他們非但沒有分擔(dān)各自原先的責(zé)任-正如那些學(xué)生們所說一半一半，相反卻發(fā)現(xiàn)生活的重?fù)?dān)加倍了。這使得我們那兩個結(jié)婚的朋友時常覺得沮喪;他們突然發(fā)現(xiàn)自己并沒有過著天堂般的生活而是仍實實在在地生活在地球上，而且成為了新規(guī)則和新約束的奴隸。生活并沒有比以前更自由、更幸福，因為他們要去承擔(dān)新的責(zé)任。既然成立了一個新的家庭，那就無論如何也要盡一點家庭的義務(wù)。他們深情地回想起訂婚的那段時光，曾經(jīng)如此地渴望擁

35、有彼此而忘掉這個世界，然而現(xiàn)在最深切的感受卻是自己仍是這個世界的一份子。2007英譯漢Good bye and good luck Scientific and technological advances are enabling us to comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos, the most basic constituents of matter, and the miracle of life. At the same time, today, the actions, and inaction, of human being

36、s imperil not only life on the planet, but the very life of the planet.Globalization is making the world smaller, faster and richer. Still, 9/11, avian flu, and Iran remind us that a smaller, faster world is not necessarily a safer world.Our world is bursting with knowledge - but desperately in need

37、 of wisdom. Now, when sound bites are getting shorter, when instant messages crowd out essays, and when individual lives grow more frenzied, college graduates capable of deep reflection are what our world needs.For all these reasons I believed - and I believe even more strongly today - in the unique

38、 and irreplaceable mission of universities.參考譯文：科技進(jìn)步正在使我們能夠探索宇宙的邊陲、物質(zhì)最基本的成分及生命的奇跡。與此同時，今天，人類所做的及沒能做到的事情，不僅危害到這個星球上的生命，也危害到該星球的壽命。全球化正在使地球變得愈來愈小、愈來愈快和愈來愈富有。盡管如此，9/11、禽流感及伊朗提醒我們，更小更快的世界決不意味著其更安全。我們正處于一個知識爆炸的世界之中，不過，迫切需要智慧?，F(xiàn)在，在(新聞采訪的)原聲摘要播出變得愈來愈短，即時信息淘汰了雜記文，個人生活變得如癡如狂之際，這個世界還是需要能夠深思的大學(xué)生?？紤]到這些理由，我過去信仰，而

39、今天甚至更加強(qiáng)烈地信仰大學(xué)獨特的、無可取代的使命。2006英譯漢I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. We have before us many, many months of struggle and suffering. You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word, it is victory. Victory at all costs vict

40、ory in spite of all terrors-victory, however long and hard the road may be, for without victory there is no survival.Let that be realized, no survival for the British Empire, no survival for all that British Empire has stood for , no survival for the urge, the impulse of the ages, that mankind shall

41、 more forward toward his goal. I take up my task in buoyancy and hope. I feel sure that our cause will not be suffered to fail among men. I feel entitled at this juncture, at this time, to claim the aid of all and to say, “Come then, let us go forward together with our united strength.參考譯文：我能奉獻(xiàn)的唯有熱血

42、、辛勞、淚水和汗水。我們所面臨的將是一場極為殘酷的考驗，我們面臨的將是曠日持久的斗爭和苦難。你若問我們的目標(biāo)是什么?我可以用一個詞來概括，那就是勝利。不惜一切代價去奪取勝利，不畏懼一切恐怖去奪取勝利，不論前路再長再苦也要多去勝利，因為沒有勝利糾無法生存!我們必須意識到，沒有勝利就沒有大英帝國，沒有勝利就沒有大英帝國所象征的一切，沒有勝利就沒有多少世紀(jì)以來強(qiáng)烈的要求和沖動：人類應(yīng)當(dāng)向自己的目標(biāo)邁進(jìn)。此刻，我的精神振奮，滿懷信心地承當(dāng)起自己的人物。我確信，只要我們大家聯(lián)合，我們的事業(yè)就不會挫敗。此時此刻千鈞一發(fā)之際，我覺得我有權(quán)要求各方面的支持。我要呼吁：“來吧，讓我們?nèi)翰吲?，并肩邁進(jìn)!”200

43、5英譯漢It is simple enough to say that since books have classes-fiction, biography, poetrywe should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us. Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come to books with blurred(模糊的，不明確的)and divided minds(分心

44、), asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices. If we could banish(消除) all such preconceptions(偏見、成見) when we read, that would be an admirable(絕妙的、極好的) beginning. Do not dicta

45、te(口述、發(fā)號施令)to your author; try to become him. Be his fellow worker and accomplice(同謀、合作者). If you hang back(遲疑、猶豫不決), and reserve(保留、儲備)and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read. But if you open your mind as widely as possible, the

46、n signs and hints of almost imperceptible(覺察不到的)fineness(優(yōu)良、出色), from the twist and turn of the first sentences(換行的句子), will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other. Steep(沉浸、潛心、專心)yourself in this, acquaint(使熟知)yourself with this, and soon you will find that your author is giv

47、ing you, or attempting to give you, something far more definite.參考譯文：然而很少有人愿意接受書上的告訴我們的東西。我們通常是帶著一種不明確的不專一的目的去讀書，我們要求小說是真實的，詩歌應(yīng)該是虛構(gòu)的，傳記應(yīng)該是奉承人的，歷史則應(yīng)該是能加深我們自己的偏見的。如果我們讀書的時候能夠屏棄這些成見，那將會是一個絕妙的開端。不要試圖對作者發(fā)號施令，而是要設(shè)身處地把作者的思路，把自己當(dāng)作作者的合作伙伴。假如你開始就猶豫不決，不愿接受作者觀點，甚至對作者觀點評頭論足，你就是給自己設(shè)置障礙，使自己不可能最大限度地利用書本。然而，如果你盡量敞開心

48、扉，那么文章開頭就能給你一些暗示，由此一個與眾不同的人物形象將躍然呈現(xiàn)于你面前。2004英譯漢 For me the most interesting thing about a solitary life, and mine has been that for the last twenty years, is that it becomes increasingly rewarding. When I can wake up and watch the sun rise over the ocean, as I do most days, and know that I have an e

49、ntire day ahead, uninterrupted, in which to write a few pages, take a walk with my dog, read and listen to music, I am flooded with happiness.Im lonely only when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a break, when from the time being I feel empty and need filling up. And I am lonely so

50、metimes when I come back home after a lecture trip, when I have seen a lot of people and talked a lot, and am full to the brim(邊緣) with experience that needs to be sorted out(挑選、選擇).Then for a little while the house feels huge and empty, and I wonder where my self(本性、本我)is hiding. It has to be recap

51、tured slowly by watering the plants and perhaps, by looking again at each one(指代 plant植物)as though it were a person. It takes a while, as I watch the surf(水浪)blowing up in fountains(噴泉), but the moment( 指the lonely moment) comes when the worlds falls away, and the self emerges again from the deep un

52、conscious(潛意識), bringing back all I have recently experienced to be explored and slowly understood.參考譯文：只有我在非常疲勞的時候，在我不斷工作了很長時間以后，在我倍感空虛，需要充實時候，我才會感到寂寞。而有時候在我結(jié)束巡回演講回家的時候，在講了很多話后，而且有太多經(jīng)歷需要整理時，我也會感到寂寞。于是，有那么一會兒，我感到房子又大又空，我都不知道我的自我又到哪里去了。這時，我必須給植物澆水，并挨個瞅瞅，仿佛他們是有生命的精靈一般，這樣我才能慢慢找到我的那個自我。很長一段時間，我看著水浪從噴泉中噴

53、涌而出。但只有當(dāng)世界在我身邊逐漸消失，當(dāng)我再次從我內(nèi)心深處的無意識中冒出來時，帶給我最近的種種經(jīng)歷，讓我探究，讓我慢慢領(lǐng)會時，我才會感到寂寞。當(dāng)我因為持續(xù)工作太久而感覺疲勞空虛，需要充實一下的時候，我會覺得孤獨。有時，我出差做講座，見很多人，說很多話，回來后腦子里很多東西需要理一理，這時我也會覺得孤獨。2003英譯漢In his classic novel, “The Pioneers”, James Fennimore Cooper has his hero, a land developer, take his cousin on a tour of the city he is buil

54、ding. He describes the broad streets, rows of houses, and a teeming metropolis. But his cousin looks around bewildered. All she sees is a forest. “Where are the beauties and improvements which you were to show me?” she asks. Hes astonished she cant see them. “ Where! Why everywhere,” he replies. For

55、 thought they are not yet built on earth, he has built them in his mind, and they are as concrete to him as if they were already constructed and finished.Cooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait, future-mindedness: the ability to see the present from the vantage point of the future; the f

56、reedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come. As Albert Einstein once said, “Life for the American is always becoming, never being.”參考譯文：在其經(jīng)典小說開拓者中，詹姆士菲尼摩爾庫珀讓主人公，一個土地開發(fā)商，帶他的表妹參觀正在由他承建的一座城市。他描述了寬闊的街道，林立的房屋，熱鬧的都市。他的表妹環(huán)顧四周，大惑不解。她所看見的只是一片樹林?！澳阆胱屛铱吹哪切┟谰昂透脑炝说牡胤皆谀?/p>

57、兒啊?”她問道。他見表妹看不到那些東西，感到很驚訝?！澳膬?到處都是啊!”他答道。雖然那些東西還未建成在大地上，但他已在心中將它們建好了。對他來說，它們都是實實在在的，宛如已建成竣工一樣。庫珀這里闡明的是一種典型的美國人特性：著眼于未來，即能夠從未來的角度看待現(xiàn)在；可以自由地不為過去所羈絆，而在情感上更多地依附于未來的事物。正如阿爾伯特愛因斯坦曾經(jīng)說過的那樣：“對美國人來說，生活總是在發(fā)展變化中，從來不會靜止不變?！?002英譯漢 The word “winner” and “l(fā)oser” have many meanings. When they refer to a person as a

58、 winner, we do not mean one who makes some else lose. To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by being credible, trustworthy, responsive, and genie, both as an individual and as a member of a society.Winners do not decide their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be; rather

59、, they are themselves and so much do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence(偽裝) and manipulating(操縱) others. They are aware that there is a difference between being loving and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask.參考譯文：勝者不會窮其畢生精力，