更多資料僅在秀文網(wǎng)()專業(yè)的學(xué)習(xí)資料文檔分享交易平臺(tái)2010年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試題SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)In1924AmericasNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofindustrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlighting大1家workersproductivity.Instead,thestudiesended大2家givingtheirnametotheHawthorneeffect,theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery大3家tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjectsbehavior.Theideaarosebecauseofthe大4家behaviorofthewomenintheHawthorneplant.Accordingto大5家oftheexperiments,theirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot大6家whatwasdoneintheexperiment；大7家somethingwaschanged,productivityrose.A(n)大8家thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe大9家toalterworkersbehavior大10家itself.Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere大11家toeconometrictheanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore大12家thedescriptionsonrecord,nosystematic大13家wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto大14家interpretationofwhathapped.大15家,lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output大16家rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand大17家toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.大18家,acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMonday,workers大19家tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase,before大20家aplateauandthenslackeningoff.ThissuggeststhattheallegedHawthorneeffectishardtopindown.1.AaffectedBachievedCextractedDrestored2.AatBupCwithDoff3.AtruthBsightCactDproof4.AcontroversialBperplexingCmischievousDambiguous更多資料僅在秀文網(wǎng)()專業(yè)的學(xué)習(xí)資料文檔分享交易平臺(tái)5.ArequirementsBexplanationsCaccountsDassessments6.AconcludeBmatterCindicateDwork7.AasfarasBforfearthatCincasethatDsolongas8.AawarenessBexpectationCsentimentDillusion9.AsuitableBexcessiveCenoughDabundant10.AaboutBforConDby11.AcomparedBshownCsubjectedDconveyed12.AcontrarytoBconsistentwithCparallelwithDpeculiarto13.AevidenceBguidanceCimplicationDsource14.AdisputableBenlighteningCreliableDmisleading15.AIncontrastBForexampleCInconsequenceDAsusual16.AdulyBaccidentallyCunpredictablyDsuddenly17.AfailedBceasedCstartedDcontinued20.AbreakingBclimbingCsurpassingDhittingSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepast更多資料僅在秀文網(wǎng)()專業(yè)的學(xué)習(xí)資料文檔分享交易平臺(tái)quarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.“Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,”Newmanwrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefinejournalismasatermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.”Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEnglandsforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.IsthereanychancethatCardusscriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospectseemsremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2thatAartscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.BEnglish-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.Chigh-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.Dyoungreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.更多資料僅在秀文網(wǎng)()專業(yè)的學(xué)習(xí)資料文檔分享交易平臺(tái)22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedbyAfreethemes.Bcasualstyle.Celaboratelayout.Dradicalviewpoints.23.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?AItiswritersdutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.BItiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.CWritersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.DNotallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.24.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?AHismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.BHisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.CHisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.DHiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.25.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?ANewspapersoftheGoodOldDaysBTheLostHorizoninNewspapersCMournfulDeclineofJournalismDProminentCriticsinMemoryText2Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Areceivedoneforitsone-clickonlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.Nowthenationstoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.S.courtofAppealsforthefederalcircuit更多資料僅在秀文網(wǎng)()專業(yè)的學(xué)習(xí)資料文檔分享交易平臺(tái)saiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,isaverybigdeal,saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.Ithasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourtsjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshouldreconsideritsstatestreetBankruling.TheFederalCircuitsactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupremeCourtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldforinventionsthatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitarereactingtotheanti-patenttrendattheSupremeCourt,saysHaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseofAtheirlimitedvaluetobusinessBtheirconnectionwithassetallocationCthepossiblerestrictionontheirgrantingDthecontroversyoverauthorization27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?AItsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisionsBItinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransactionCIthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit更多資料僅在秀文網(wǎng)()專業(yè)的學(xué)習(xí)資料文檔分享交易平臺(tái)DItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.28.Thewordabout-face(Line1,Para3)mostprobablymeansAlossofgoodwillBincreaseofhostilityCchangeofattitudeDenhancementofdignity29.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatentsAareimmunetolegalchallengesBareoftenunnecessarilyissuedClowertheesteemforpatentholdersDincreasetheincidenceofrisks30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?AAloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatentsBProtectionforbusiness-methodpatentholdersCAlegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatentsDAprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatentsText3InhisbookTheTippingPoint,MalcolmGladwellarguesthatsocialepidemicsaredriveninlargepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwell-connected.Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesntexplainhowideasactuallyspread.Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthetwostepflowofcommunication:Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainlooks,brands,orneighborhoods.Inmanysuchcases,acursorysearchforcausesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearing,promoting,ordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathat更多資料僅在秀文網(wǎng)()專業(yè)的學(xué)習(xí)資料文檔分享交易平臺(tái)onlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrendsIntheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infact,theydontseemtoberequiredofall.Theresearchersargumentstemsfromasimpleobservingaboutsocialinfluence,withtheexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfreywhoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,influenceeventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydontinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonsoaffected,musttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon；andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplefromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplethecascadeofchangewontpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeoplesabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced.Ourworkshowsthattheprincipalrequirementforwhatwecallglobalcascadesthewidespreadpropagationofinfluencethroughnetworksisthepresencenotofafewinfluentialsbut,rather,ofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeople,eachofwhomadopts,say,alookorabrandafterbeingexposedtoasingleadoptingneighbor.Regardlessofhowinfluentialanindividualislocally,heorshecanexertglobalinfluenceonlyifthiscriticalmassisavailabletopropagateachainreaction.31.BycitingthebookTheTippingPoint,theauthorintendstoAanalyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemicsBdiscussinfluentialsfunctioninspreadingideasCexemplifypeoplesintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemicsDdescribetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials.32.Theauthorsuggeststhatthetwo-step-flowtheoryAservesasasolutiontomarketingproblems更多資料僅在秀文網(wǎng)()專業(yè)的學(xué)習(xí)資料文檔分享交易平臺(tái)BhashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrendsChaswonsupportfrominfluentialsDrequiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity33.WhattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthatAthepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractionsBinterpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemediaCinfluentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublicDmostcelebritiesenjoywidemediaattention34.Theunderlinedphrasethesepeopleinparagraph4referstotheoneswhoAstayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluenceBhavelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluenceCareinfluencedandtheninfluenceothersDareinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential35.whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence?ATheeagernesstobeacceptedBTheimpulsetoinfluenceothersCThereadinesstobeinfluencedDTheinclinationtorelyonothersText4Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormouslosses,anditsjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.Unfortunately,bankslobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.更多資料僅在秀文網(wǎng)()專業(yè)的學(xué)習(xí)資料文檔分享交易平臺(tái)AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,AmericasFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirincomestatement.BobHerz,theFASBschairman,criedoutagainstthosewhoquestionourmotives.Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbygrouppolitelycallstheuseofjudgmentbymanagement.Europ