基于數(shù)字電路（數(shù)值比較器）的宏模型設(shè)計(jì)摘要在當(dāng)今世界電子技術(shù)進(jìn)步日異月，新產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代的周期逐漸縮短，大規(guī)模集成電路和電子計(jì)算機(jī)有了進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展，電子設(shè)記自動(dòng)化技術(shù)以其新穎的設(shè)記方法一改以往傳統(tǒng)的設(shè)記方法，在新型的集成電路與系統(tǒng)設(shè)記中占據(jù)的主導(dǎo)地位，不再以電路實(shí)驗(yàn)定量估計(jì)和定量估計(jì)為設(shè)記的基礎(chǔ)，一舉成為現(xiàn)如今電子系統(tǒng)設(shè)記中不可或缺的重要技術(shù)。在數(shù)字電路中，總是會(huì)出現(xiàn)對兩個(gè)一樣位數(shù)的二進(jìn)制數(shù)做大小的比較，從而來判斷這兩個(gè)數(shù)的大小或是不是相等，來實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)功能的邏輯電路就稱謂數(shù)值比較器。數(shù)值比較器顧名思義就是要對兩個(gè)數(shù)進(jìn)行比較，從而來判斷大小的邏輯電路。比較結(jié)果很顯然有三種情況。本文概術(shù)了一種數(shù)字門電路建立宏模型的方法，利用該方法建立的門電路宏模型以對門電路以及由門電路構(gòu)成的數(shù)字電路進(jìn)行邏輯仿真，再通過PSPICE軟件進(jìn)行電子電路的仿真，從而達(dá)到對電路進(jìn)行分析的目的。關(guān)鍵詞數(shù)字電路；數(shù)值比較器；PSPICE；宏模型BASEDONTHEDIGITALCIRCUITDESIGNNUMERICCOMPARATORMACROMODELABSTRACTINTODAYSWORLDDIFFERENTMONTHS,THENEWPRODUCTREPLACEMENTCYCLEDATEELECTRONICTECHNOLOGYADVANCESGRADUALLYSHORTENED,LSIANDCOMPUTERWITHFURTHERDEVELOPMENT,ELECTRONICDESIGNAUTOMATIONTECHNOLOGYINMINDITSINNOVATIVEAPPROACHHASCHANGEDTHEMINDSETOFTRADITIONALDESIGNHUTCHISONMETHOD,THENEWINTEGRATEDCIRCUITSANDSYSTEMDESIGNINMINDTOOCCUPYADOMINANTPOSITION,ISNOLONGERANEXPERIMENTALQUANTITATIVEANDQUANTITATIVEESTIMATIONCIRCUITISESTIMATEDTOBESETONTHEBASISOFMIND,HASBECOMETHEELECTRONICSYSTEMDESIGNISNOWANINDISPENSABLETECHNOLOGYINMINDINDIGITALCIRCUITS,OFTENNEEDTOCOMPARETWOANUMBEROFTHESAMEBINARYNUMBER,TODETERMINETHEIRRELATIVESIZEORAREEQUAL,THELOGICCIRCUITUSEDTOACHIEVETHISFUNCTIONBECOMESNUMERICCOMPARATORNUMERICCOMPARATORISTHECOMPARISONOFTWOA,B,LOGICCIRCUITTODETERMINEITSSIZETHECOMPARISONRESULTSWITHAB,ABANDABTHREECASESTHISPAPERDESCRIBESTHEMETHODFORESTABLISHINGADIGITALGATECIRCUITMACROMODEL,LOGICSIMULATIONTOTHECIRCUITANDTHEDIGITALCIRCUITFORMEDBYTHEGATECIRCUITUSINGTHEGATECIRCUITMACROMODELSOFTHISMETHOD,ANDTHENTHROUGHTHEPSPICESOFTWARESIMULATIONOFELECTRONICCIRCUITSTHECIRCUITANALYSISKEYWORDSDIGITALCIRCUITNUMERICCOMPARATORPSPICEMACROMODEL目錄第一章引言111宏模型簡單介紹112宏模型在當(dāng)今國內(nèi)外的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r113本課題的主要內(nèi)容2第二章數(shù)值比較器321數(shù)值比較器的簡單介紹322數(shù)值比較器的功能及原理423集成數(shù)值比較器的功能及原理624本章總結(jié)10第三章數(shù)字電路宏模型設(shè)計(jì)1131數(shù)字電路宏模型建模1132本章總結(jié)14第四章PSPICE程序軟件的介紹及其應(yīng)用1541PSPICE程序軟件簡介1542PSPICE的使用步驟1643PSPICE程序的仿真結(jié)果16參考文獻(xiàn)18附錄A19附錄B20致謝21第一章引言11宏模型簡單介紹宏模型是電子系統(tǒng)或其子系統(tǒng)、子網(wǎng)絡(luò)的簡化等效表示?？梢允且粋€(gè)等效電路，也可以是一組數(shù)學(xué)的方程，一組多維的數(shù)表，或是表達(dá)更加復(fù)雜的電路的某種附號的表示形式。特點(diǎn)是在一定的精度范圍內(nèi)，模擬原電路端口特姓。但降低計(jì)算時(shí)間，節(jié)省內(nèi)存要求。主要用在模擬電路高層次的仿真和大型電路的分析設(shè)記之中。在當(dāng)今世界電子技術(shù)進(jìn)步日異月，新產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代的周期逐漸縮短，大規(guī)模集成電路和電子計(jì)算機(jī)有了進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展，電子設(shè)記自動(dòng)化技術(shù)以其新穎的設(shè)記方法一改以往傳統(tǒng)的設(shè)記方法，在新型的集成電路與系統(tǒng)設(shè)記中占據(jù)的主導(dǎo)地位，不再以電路實(shí)驗(yàn)定量估計(jì)和定量估計(jì)為設(shè)記的基礎(chǔ)，一舉成為現(xiàn)如今電子系統(tǒng)設(shè)記中不可或缺的重要技術(shù)。仿真的器件庫中的器件、集成電路等仿真模型的可用種類不夠多的情況經(jīng)常對平常使用EDA工具造成需要了很多麻煩，并且計(jì)算機(jī)模擬對模型的精確程度十分嚴(yán)格，不容小視，這些原因都對EDA的應(yīng)用產(chǎn)生了影響，因此為了使EDA應(yīng)用的流暢運(yùn)行，建立一個(gè)種類繁多、模型精確的仿真器件庫是必不可少的。在諸如此類的問題影響下，人們研制出一種工具可以簡化電子系統(tǒng)或子系統(tǒng)、子網(wǎng)絡(luò)的構(gòu)成結(jié)構(gòu)，它能夠保持自己的端口特姓在一定的范圍內(nèi)與原系統(tǒng)的端口特姓相比基本相同，因而在降低了電路構(gòu)造復(fù)雜程度的基礎(chǔ)上降低了電路成本并且大幅降低了運(yùn)算時(shí)間，同時(shí)對計(jì)算機(jī)內(nèi)存的要求也降低了不少，這就是宏模型的出現(xiàn)給人們帶來的方便，同時(shí)由于它的特點(diǎn)，使得它在高層次或者大型電路中尤為受到青睞。宏模型在絕大場合中都是代表模擬電路宏模型，然而宏模型還有另一種分類即數(shù)字電路宏模型，通?？捎靡韵聝煞N方法構(gòu)建宏模型簡化法通過分析電路或做靈敏度分析得到一些對電路影響微乎及微的元件，然后可以將其刪去，這樣電路的結(jié)構(gòu)能簡化不少，這種被簡化之后的電路被稱之為簡化電路模型；另外一種方法構(gòu)造法則是在指對電路的外特姓進(jìn)行充分分析之后，并且了解其內(nèi)部電路功能，去構(gòu)建一個(gè)全新的電路，此前路不需要與原電路的結(jié)構(gòu)保持相同，但是它的端口特姓與原電路端口特姓相同，所以與原電路功能相同。12宏模型在當(dāng)今國內(nèi)外的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r自從進(jìn)入到20世紀(jì)，人們因感覺到它將有所發(fā)展所以越來越關(guān)注宏模型這一技術(shù)，從而研究出了類似于應(yīng)用運(yùn)算的放大器、比較器和模擬乘法器等的模擬集成電路宏模型。而對運(yùn)算放大器的研究更是透徹然而直到現(xiàn)在也依然在使用，還有少部分人研究了一些基本單元電路的宏模型，然而現(xiàn)如今發(fā)展更為迅速，一些有關(guān)A/D、D/A轉(zhuǎn)換器宏模型也被成功研制出，就連脈寬調(diào)制器這種因?yàn)榻Y(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜而難以研究的模擬集成電路心片也被攻破從而建立了它的宏模型，PSPICE是現(xiàn)如今最為應(yīng)用廣泛的電路仿真工具，它在90年代被美國的一所大學(xué)開發(fā)出，PSPICE為模擬集成電路提供了構(gòu)建宏模型的可能，因?yàn)閂HDLAMS能夠通過自己所特有的方法描術(shù)數(shù)?；旌舷到y(tǒng)，所以適用于SOC的系統(tǒng)等級的仿真，然而設(shè)記一個(gè)功能的種類很多的心片，必須從每個(gè)模塊的最基礎(chǔ)的地方開始建立宏模型，對于該心片的設(shè)記者來說，想要完成一個(gè)心片的設(shè)記需要耗費(fèi)許多時(shí)間，以現(xiàn)在市場的需求來說，這明顯對心片設(shè)記者的工作創(chuàng)造了不小困難，因而現(xiàn)在幾乎所有電子設(shè)記自動(dòng)化軟件中，都會(huì)為心片設(shè)記者建立一個(gè)宏模型庫，該宏模型庫中擁有大量基本功能單元，這些特點(diǎn)使得心片的設(shè)記成本大大降低，同時(shí)提升了心片研究的效率，研究過程也沒有以前那么復(fù)雜。13本課題的主要內(nèi)容本課題是在充分了解數(shù)值比較器相關(guān)理論知識和知道如何建立宏模型的基礎(chǔ)內(nèi)容上，在基于數(shù)字電路的基礎(chǔ)上，對數(shù)值比較器成功建立宏模型。采用一種建立的數(shù)字門電路宏摸型的方法，利用該方法建立的門電路的宏模型以對門電路，以及由門電路構(gòu)成的數(shù)字電路的進(jìn)行邏輯的仿真。再通過PSPICE的軟件進(jìn)行電子電路的仿真對電路進(jìn)行分析。第二章數(shù)值比較器21數(shù)值比較器的簡單介紹數(shù)值比較器是數(shù)字的系統(tǒng)中經(jīng)常用到的基本的單元之一。早期的設(shè)記師們對于數(shù)值比較器這項(xiàng)數(shù)字的系統(tǒng)中最基本的單元的追求目標(biāo)僅僅是增加其比較的范圍，在此基礎(chǔ)上提升比較的速度和穩(wěn)定度等，而這些目標(biāo)就是當(dāng)時(shí)人們數(shù)值比較器的水平權(quán)衡，而現(xiàn)如今，增加比較范圍速度之類早已不是優(yōu)化數(shù)值比較器的目標(biāo)，人們希望在數(shù)字系統(tǒng)尤其是計(jì)算機(jī)中能夠更好的應(yīng)用數(shù)值比較器，使其擁有更好的運(yùn)算功能，最基本的運(yùn)算功能就是比較兩個(gè)數(shù)字誰大誰小。數(shù)值比較器就是一種能夠比較兩個(gè)數(shù)字的大小的邏輯電路，比較結(jié)果通常有AB,ABA1、B0，則1，故可以用Y（AB）作為AB的輸出信號。（2）AB、IAB、IA和IAB是它們的比較結(jié)果，為了能夠更加方便的組成更多位數(shù)的數(shù)值比較器而設(shè)置了低位數(shù)比較結(jié)果輸入端來方便與其他數(shù)值比較器連接。左圖為集成數(shù)值比較器74LS85的邏輯功能示意圖。圖中、和、是兩個(gè)相比較的32A103B2104位二進(jìn)制數(shù)的輸入端；、和是級連輸入AIABIABI端；、和作為比較的輸出端。ABYBF（27）B、IABIBIBIBV9,0VABV10,0VABV10,0VA1999999THENCNT0CCCCCCCBTHENABY11Y20Y30ELSIFABTHENABY10Y21Y30ELSIFABTHENABY10Y20Y31ENDIFENDPROCESSENDRTL致謝在這繁忙的四年大學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)期間，我得到了老師們在學(xué)業(yè)上和為人處事上的許多指導(dǎo)，還有在生活上的許多關(guān)懷。在我的學(xué)習(xí)過程中和課題的開展的過程中，得到了課題導(dǎo)師趙剛老師的些許指導(dǎo)和督促，還有眾多同學(xué)的無私幫助，使我能夠順利的完成了課題，在此我衷心地向他們表達(dá)深切的謝意另外還要感謝這篇論文所涉及到的各位學(xué)者。如果沒有各位學(xué)者的研究成果的幫助和對我的啟發(fā)，我將很難完成本篇論文的寫作工作。感謝我的同學(xué)和各位朋友，在我完成論文的過程中給予了我很多的素材。最后還要衷心的感謝我的家人，感謝他們對我的培養(yǎng)，正是有了他們許多的理解、支持和幫助，才使我順利地進(jìn)入大學(xué)并完成了大學(xué)的學(xué)業(yè)。謝謝你們?yōu)槟闾峁﹥?yōu)秀的畢業(yè)論文參考資料，請您刪除以下內(nèi)容，O_O謝謝ALARGEGROUPOFTEAMERCHANTSONCAMELSANDHORSESFROMNORTHWESTCHINASSHAANXIPROVINCEPASSTHROUGHASTOPONTHEANCIENTSILKROAD,GANSUSZHANGYECITYDURINGTHEIRJOURNEYTOKAZAKHSTAN,MAY5,2015THECARAVAN,CONSISTINGOFMORETHAN100CAMELS,THREEHORSEDRAWNCARRIAGESANDFOURSUPPORTVEHICLES,STARTEDTHETRIPFROMJINGYANGCOUNTYINSHAANXIONSEPT19,2014ITWILLPASSTHROUGHGANSUPROVINCEANDXINJIANGUYGURAUTONOMOUSREGION,ANDFINALLYARRIVEINALMATY,FORMERLYKNOWNASALMAATA,THELARGESTCITYINKAZAKHSTAN,ANDDUNGANINZHAMBYLPROVINCETHETRIPWILLCOVERABOUT15,000KILOMETERSANDTAKETHECARAVANMORETHANONEYEARTOCOMPLETETHECARAVANISEXPECTEDTORETURNTOJINGYANGINMARCH2016THENTHEYWILLCOMEBACK,CARRYINGSPECIALTYPRODUCTSFROMKAZAKHSTANASMALLARTTROUPEFOUNDEDSIXDECADESAGOHASGROWNINTOAHOUSEHOLDNAMEINTHEINNERMONGOLIAAUTONOMOUSREGIONINTHE1950S,ULANMUQIRARTTROUPEWASCREATEDBYNINEYOUNGMUSICIANS,WHOTOUREDREMOTEVILLAGESONHORSESANDPERFORMEDTRADITIONALMONGOLIANMUSICANDDANCESFORNOMADICFAMILIESTHE54YEAROLDWASBORNINTONGLIAO,INEASTERNINNERMONGOLIAANDJOINEDTHETROUPEIN1975HESAYSTHEREARE74BRANCHTROUPESACROSSINNERMONGOLIAANDACTORSGIVEAROUND100SHOWSEVERYYEARTOLOCALNOMADICPEOPLE“ICANSTILLRECALLTHEDAYSWHENITOUREDWITHTHETROUPEINTHEEARLY80SWESATONTHEBACKOFPICKUPTRUCKSFORHOURSTHESKYWASBLUE,ANDWECOULDNTHELPBUTSINGTHEFOLKSONGS,“NASUNSAYSTHEVASTNESSOFINNERMONGOLIAANDTHELACKOFENTERTAINMENTOPTIONSFORPEOPLELIVINGTHERE,MADETHEIRLIVESLONELY“THENOMADICPEOPLEWEREVERYEXCITEDABOUTOURVISITS,“NASUNRECALLS“WEDIDNTHAVEAFORMALSTAGETHEAUDIENCEJUSTSATONTHEGRASSUSUALLY,THEPERFORMANCESBECAMEABIGPARTYWITHLOCALPEOPLEJOININGIN“FORHIM,THEREWARDINGPARTABOUTTOURINGISNTJUSTABOUTSHARINGARTWITHNOMADICFAMILIESBUTALSOABOUTGAININGINSPIRATIONFORTHEMUSICANDDANCEULANMUQIRLITERALLYTRANSLATESAS“REDBURGEON“,ANDTODAYSPERFORMERSOFTHETROUPESTILLTOURTHEREGIONSVILLAGESANDENTERTAINNOMADICFAMILIES,BUTTHEIRFAMEHASSPREADAROUNDTHEWORLDONMAY16AND17,NEARLY100SINGERSANDDANCERSFROMTHETROUPEPERFORMEDATBEIJINGSPOLYTHEATERTHEIRSHOW,TITLEDULANMUQIRONTHEGRASSLAND,DEPICTEDTHEHISTORYANDDEVELOPMENTOFTHEARTTROUPE“BEINGFROMTHEREGIONALLOWEDMETOEMBRACETHECULTUREOFINNERMONGOLIAANDBEINGAMEMBEROFTHETROUPESHOWEDMEWHEREIBELONGED,“NASUN,THEARTTROUPESPRESIDENT,WHOISALSOARENOWNEDTENOR,TELLSCHINADAILYDURINGATOURIN1985,HEWENTTOAVILLAGEANDMETANELDERLYLOCALMAN,WHOTOLDHIMASTORYABOUTHISFRIENDSHIPWITHASOLIDERFROMSHENYANG,CAPITALOFNORTHEASTCHINASLIAONINGPROVINCE,DECADESAGOTHESOLIDERGAVETHEOLDMANAHANDMADESADDLEWHENTHEYBIDFAREWELLTHESTORYINSPIREDNASUNTOWRITECARVEDSADDLE,ASONGTHATLATERBECAMEONEOFHISMOSTPOPULARNUMBERSNOW,EVERYYEAR,NASUNRECRUITSYOUNGSINGERSANDDANCERSFORTHETROUPETHETROUPEHASALSODESIGNEDANEWREPERTOIRE,WHICHISMOSTLYBASEDONTHEDAILYLIVESOFMONGOLIANPEOPLE,ESPECIALLYTHELIVESOFNOMADICFAMILIES,ANDHASCOMBINEDCONTEMPORARYMUSICALELEMENTSWITHFOLKSONGSOFTHEREGIONHAIMU,A25YEAROLDKHOOMEIALOCALVARIANTOFOVERTONESINGINGSINGER,JOINEDTHETROUPETHREEYEARSAGOALONGWITHASIXMEMBERBAND,HEPERFORMSFASTSONGSANDSOFTONESTHATHEWRITESALLWHILEPLAYINGTHEHORSEHEADFIDDLE“ALTHOUGHILEARNEDTHEPIANOSINCECHILDHOODANDGREWUPLISTENINGTOVARIOUSKINDSOFMUSIC,TOME,THEFOLKMUSICOFINNERMONGOLIAISTHEROOT,“HESAYS“PERFORMINGINREMOTEVILLAGESISPLEASANTIFEELATHOMEONTHEBOUNDLESSGRASSLANDS,ANDTHEWARMPEOPLETHEREMAKEMEFEELFULFILLED“THEFIRSTROUNDOFSPRINGAUCTIONSEASONINBEIJINGENDEDLASTWEEK,BUTITFAILEDTOCREATEMUCHSPRINGINTHEARTMARKETALTHOUGHTWOPIECESOFCHINESEPAINTINGFETCHEDMORETHAN100MILLIONYUAN,THEDECLINEINTRADINGVOLUMEANDSALERATESHOWEDADOWNTURNTHISYEARINTHE“GRANDVIEWCHINESEPAINTINGHIGHLIGHT”SESSIONATCHINAGUARDIAN2015SPRINGAUCTIONS,PANTIANSHOUSREPRESENTATIVEWORKEAGLE,ROCKANDFLORAHITARECORDAUCTIONPRICEOF279MILLIONYUAN,WHILELIKERANSMASTERWORKJINGGANGMOUNTAINFETCHED1265MILLIONYUAN,ANUNEXPECTEDHIGHINRECENTYEARSHOWEVER,THETRADINGVOLUMEFELLSTO187BILLIONYUANFROM222BILLIONYUANINTHESAMEPERIODTHEYEARBEFORETHEHUANGCHEN2015SPRINGAUCTIONS,WHICHRECORDED425MILLIONYUANINTOTALSALES,EXPERIENCEDTHESAMETHESECTIONNUMBERWENTDOWNTO5FROM12COMPAREDTOLASTYEARACCORDINGTOEXPERTSHAOJIANWU,THEARTMARKETDIDNOTATTRACTMUCHEXCITEMENTTHISYEARDUETOTHEBOOMINGSTOCKMARKETANDTHEPERSISTENTPROBLEMSOFFORGERYANDFAKEDEALSTHETWOPIECESOFCHINESEPAINTINGNOTCHEDUPHIGHPRICETHISSPRINGDUETOTHEIROWNVALUENOTDUETOAREVIVALINTHEMARKET“THESUCCESSFULTRA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