基于數(shù)字電路（數(shù)值比較器）的宏模型設(shè)計(jì)摘要在當(dāng)今世界電子技術(shù)進(jìn)步日異月，新產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代的周期逐漸縮短，大規(guī)模集成電路和電子計(jì)算機(jī)有了進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展，電子設(shè)記自動(dòng)化技術(shù)以其新穎的設(shè)記方法一改以往傳統(tǒng)的設(shè)記方法，在新型的集成電路與系統(tǒng)設(shè)記中占據(jù)的主導(dǎo)地位，不再以電路實(shí)驗(yàn)定量估計(jì)和定量估計(jì)為設(shè)記的基礎(chǔ)，一舉成為現(xiàn)如今電子系統(tǒng)設(shè)記中不可或缺的重要技術(shù)。在數(shù)字電路中，總是會(huì)出現(xiàn)對(duì)兩個(gè)一樣位數(shù)的二進(jìn)制數(shù)做大小的比較，從而來(lái)判斷這兩個(gè)數(shù)的大小或是不是相等，來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)功能的邏輯電路就稱謂數(shù)值比較器。數(shù)值比較器顧名思義就是要對(duì)兩個(gè)數(shù)進(jìn)行比較，從而來(lái)判斷大小的邏輯電路。比較結(jié)果很顯然有三種情況。本文概術(shù)了一種數(shù)字門電路建立宏模型的方法，利用該方法建立的門電路宏模型以對(duì)門電路以及由門電路構(gòu)成的數(shù)字電路進(jìn)行邏輯仿真，再通過(guò)PSPICE軟件進(jìn)行電子電路的仿真，從而達(dá)到對(duì)電路進(jìn)行分析的目的。關(guān)鍵詞數(shù)字電路；數(shù)值比較器；PSPICE；宏模型BASEDONTHEDIGITALCIRCUITDESIGNNUMERICCOMPARATORMACROMODELABSTRACTINTODAYSWORLDDIFFERENTMONTHS,THENEWPRODUCTREPLACEMENTCYCLEDATEELECTRONICTECHNOLOGYADVANCESGRADUALLYSHORTENED,LSIANDCOMPUTERWITHFURTHERDEVELOPMENT,ELECTRONICDESIGNAUTOMATIONTECHNOLOGYINMINDITSINNOVATIVEAPPROACHHASCHANGEDTHEMINDSETOFTRADITIONALDESIGNHUTCHISONMETHOD,THENEWINTEGRATEDCIRCUITSANDSYSTEMDESIGNINMINDTOOCCUPYADOMINANTPOSITION,ISNOLONGERANEXPERIMENTALQUANTITATIVEANDQUANTITATIVEESTIMATIONCIRCUITISESTIMATEDTOBESETONTHEBASISOFMIND,HASBECOMETHEELECTRONICSYSTEMDESIGNISNOWANINDISPENSABLETECHNOLOGYINMINDINDIGITALCIRCUITS,OFTENNEEDTOCOMPARETWOANUMBEROFTHESAMEBINARYNUMBER,TODETERMINETHEIRRELATIVESIZEORAREEQUAL,THELOGICCIRCUITUSEDTOACHIEVETHISFUNCTIONBECOMESNUMERICCOMPARATORNUMERICCOMPARATORISTHECOMPARISONOFTWOA,B,LOGICCIRCUITTODETERMINEITSSIZETHECOMPARISONRESULTSWITHAB,ABANDABTHREECASESTHISPAPERDESCRIBESTHEMETHODFORESTABLISHINGADIGITALGATECIRCUITMACROMODEL,LOGICSIMULATIONTOTHECIRCUITANDTHEDIGITALCIRCUITFORMEDBYTHEGATECIRCUITUSINGTHEGATECIRCUITMACROMODELSOFTHISMETHOD,ANDTHENTHROUGHTHEPSPICESOFTWARESIMULATIONOFELECTRONICCIRCUITSTHECIRCUITANALYSISKEYWORDSDIGITALCIRCUITNUMERICCOMPARATORPSPICEMACROMODEL目錄第一章引言111宏模型簡(jiǎn)單介紹112宏模型在當(dāng)今國(guó)內(nèi)外的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r113本課題的主要內(nèi)容2第二章數(shù)值比較器321數(shù)值比較器的簡(jiǎn)單介紹322數(shù)值比較器的功能及原理423集成數(shù)值比較器的功能及原理624本章總結(jié)10第三章數(shù)字電路宏模型設(shè)計(jì)1131數(shù)字電路宏模型建模1132本章總結(jié)14第四章PSPICE程序軟件的介紹及其應(yīng)用1541PSPICE程序軟件簡(jiǎn)介1542PSPICE的使用步驟1643PSPICE程序的仿真結(jié)果16參考文獻(xiàn)18附錄A19附錄B20致謝21第一章引言11宏模型簡(jiǎn)單介紹宏模型是電子系統(tǒng)或其子系統(tǒng)、子網(wǎng)絡(luò)的簡(jiǎn)化等效表示。可以是一個(gè)等效電路，也可以是一組數(shù)學(xué)的方程，一組多維的數(shù)表，或是表達(dá)更加復(fù)雜的電路的某種附號(hào)的表示形式。特點(diǎn)是在一定的精度范圍內(nèi)，模擬原電路端口特姓。但降低計(jì)算時(shí)間，節(jié)省內(nèi)存要求。主要用在模擬電路高層次的仿真和大型電路的分析設(shè)記之中。在當(dāng)今世界電子技術(shù)進(jìn)步日異月，新產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代的周期逐漸縮短，大規(guī)模集成電路和電子計(jì)算機(jī)有了進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展，電子設(shè)記自動(dòng)化技術(shù)以其新穎的設(shè)記方法一改以往傳統(tǒng)的設(shè)記方法，在新型的集成電路與系統(tǒng)設(shè)記中占據(jù)的主導(dǎo)地位，不再以電路實(shí)驗(yàn)定量估計(jì)和定量估計(jì)為設(shè)記的基礎(chǔ)，一舉成為現(xiàn)如今電子系統(tǒng)設(shè)記中不可或缺的重要技術(shù)。仿真的器件庫(kù)中的器件、集成電路等仿真模型的可用種類不夠多的情況經(jīng)常對(duì)平常使用EDA工具造成需要了很多麻煩，并且計(jì)算機(jī)模擬對(duì)模型的精確程度十分嚴(yán)格，不容小視，這些原因都對(duì)EDA的應(yīng)用產(chǎn)生了影響，因此為了使EDA應(yīng)用的流暢運(yùn)行，建立一個(gè)種類繁多、模型精確的仿真器件庫(kù)是必不可少的。在諸如此類的問(wèn)題影響下，人們研制出一種工具可以簡(jiǎn)化電子系統(tǒng)或子系統(tǒng)、子網(wǎng)絡(luò)的構(gòu)成結(jié)構(gòu)，它能夠保持自己的端口特姓在一定的范圍內(nèi)與原系統(tǒng)的端口特姓相比基本相同，因而在降低了電路構(gòu)造復(fù)雜程度的基礎(chǔ)上降低了電路成本并且大幅降低了運(yùn)算時(shí)間，同時(shí)對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)內(nèi)存的要求也降低了不少，這就是宏模型的出現(xiàn)給人們帶來(lái)的方便，同時(shí)由于它的特點(diǎn)，使得它在高層次或者大型電路中尤為受到青睞。宏模型在絕大場(chǎng)合中都是代表模擬電路宏模型，然而宏模型還有另一種分類即數(shù)字電路宏模型，通?？捎靡韵聝煞N方法構(gòu)建宏模型簡(jiǎn)化法通過(guò)分析電路或做靈敏度分析得到一些對(duì)電路影響微乎及微的元件，然后可以將其刪去，這樣電路的結(jié)構(gòu)能簡(jiǎn)化不少，這種被簡(jiǎn)化之后的電路被稱之為簡(jiǎn)化電路模型；另外一種方法構(gòu)造法則是在指對(duì)電路的外特姓進(jìn)行充分分析之后，并且了解其內(nèi)部電路功能，去構(gòu)建一個(gè)全新的電路，此前路不需要與原電路的結(jié)構(gòu)保持相同，但是它的端口特姓與原電路端口特姓相同，所以與原電路功能相同。12宏模型在當(dāng)今國(guó)內(nèi)外的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r自從進(jìn)入到20世紀(jì)，人們因感覺到它將有所發(fā)展所以越來(lái)越關(guān)注宏模型這一技術(shù)，從而研究出了類似于應(yīng)用運(yùn)算的放大器、比較器和模擬乘法器等的模擬集成電路宏模型。而對(duì)運(yùn)算放大器的研究更是透徹然而直到現(xiàn)在也依然在使用，還有少部分人研究了一些基本單元電路的宏模型，然而現(xiàn)如今發(fā)展更為迅速，一些有關(guān)A/D、D/A轉(zhuǎn)換器宏模型也被成功研制出，就連脈寬調(diào)制器這種因?yàn)榻Y(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜而難以研究的模擬集成電路心片也被攻破從而建立了它的宏模型，PSPICE是現(xiàn)如今最為應(yīng)用廣泛的電路仿真工具，它在90年代被美國(guó)的一所大學(xué)開發(fā)出，PSPICE為模擬集成電路提供了構(gòu)建宏模型的可能，因?yàn)閂HDLAMS能夠通過(guò)自己所特有的方法描術(shù)數(shù)?；旌舷到y(tǒng)，所以適用于SOC的系統(tǒng)等級(jí)的仿真，然而設(shè)記一個(gè)功能的種類很多的心片，必須從每個(gè)模塊的最基礎(chǔ)的地方開始建立宏模型，對(duì)于該心片的設(shè)記者來(lái)說(shuō)，想要完成一個(gè)心片的設(shè)記需要耗費(fèi)許多時(shí)間，以現(xiàn)在市場(chǎng)的需求來(lái)說(shuō)，這明顯對(duì)心片設(shè)記者的工作創(chuàng)造了不小困難，因而現(xiàn)在幾乎所有電子設(shè)記自動(dòng)化軟件中，都會(huì)為心片設(shè)記者建立一個(gè)宏模型庫(kù)，該宏模型庫(kù)中擁有大量基本功能單元，這些特點(diǎn)使得心片的設(shè)記成本大大降低，同時(shí)提升了心片研究的效率，研究過(guò)程也沒有以前那么復(fù)雜。13本課題的主要內(nèi)容本課題是在充分了解數(shù)值比較器相關(guān)理論知識(shí)和知道如何建立宏模型的基礎(chǔ)內(nèi)容上，在基于數(shù)字電路的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)數(shù)值比較器成功建立宏模型。采用一種建立的數(shù)字門電路宏摸型的方法，利用該方法建立的門電路的宏模型以對(duì)門電路，以及由門電路構(gòu)成的數(shù)字電路的進(jìn)行邏輯的仿真。再通過(guò)PSPICE的軟件進(jìn)行電子電路的仿真對(duì)電路進(jìn)行分析。第二章數(shù)值比較器21數(shù)值比較器的簡(jiǎn)單介紹數(shù)值比較器是數(shù)字的系統(tǒng)中經(jīng)常用到的基本的單元之一。早期的設(shè)記師們對(duì)于數(shù)值比較器這項(xiàng)數(shù)字的系統(tǒng)中最基本的單元的追求目標(biāo)僅僅是增加其比較的范圍，在此基礎(chǔ)上提升比較的速度和穩(wěn)定度等，而這些目標(biāo)就是當(dāng)時(shí)人們數(shù)值比較器的水平權(quán)衡，而現(xiàn)如今，增加比較范圍速度之類早已不是優(yōu)化數(shù)值比較器的目標(biāo)，人們希望在數(shù)字系統(tǒng)尤其是計(jì)算機(jī)中能夠更好的應(yīng)用數(shù)值比較器，使其擁有更好的運(yùn)算功能，最基本的運(yùn)算功能就是比較兩個(gè)數(shù)字誰(shuí)大誰(shuí)小。數(shù)值比較器就是一種能夠比較兩個(gè)數(shù)字的大小的邏輯電路，比較結(jié)果通常有AB,ABA1、B0，則1，故可以用Y（AB）作為AB的輸出信號(hào)。（2）AB、IAB、IA和IAB是它們的比較結(jié)果，為了能夠更加方便的組成更多位數(shù)的數(shù)值比較器而設(shè)置了低位數(shù)比較結(jié)果輸入端來(lái)方便與其他數(shù)值比較器連接。左圖為集成數(shù)值比較器74LS85的邏輯功能示意圖。圖中、和、是兩個(gè)相比較的32A103B2104位二進(jìn)制數(shù)的輸入端；、和是級(jí)連輸入AIABIABI端；、和作為比較的輸出端。ABYBF（27）B、IABIBIBIBV9,0VABV10,0VABV10,0VA1999999THENCNT0CCCCCCCBTHENABY11Y20Y30ELSIFABTHENABY10Y21Y30ELSIFABTHENABY10Y20Y31ENDIFENDPROCESSENDRTL致謝在這繁忙的四年大學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)期間，我得到了老師們?cè)趯W(xué)業(yè)上和為人處事上的許多指導(dǎo)，還有在生活上的許多關(guān)懷。在我的學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中和課題的開展的過(guò)程中，得到了課題導(dǎo)師趙剛老師的些許指導(dǎo)和督促，還有眾多同學(xué)的無(wú)私幫助，使我能夠順利的完成了課題，在此我衷心地向他們表達(dá)深切的謝意另外還要感謝這篇論文所涉及到的各位學(xué)者。如果沒有各位學(xué)者的研究成果的幫助和對(duì)我的啟發(fā)，我將很難完成本篇論文的寫作工作。感謝我的同學(xué)和各位朋友，在我完成論文的過(guò)程中給予了我很多的素材。最后還要衷心的感謝我的家人，感謝他們對(duì)我的培養(yǎng)，正是有了他們?cè)S多的理解、支持和幫助，才使我順利地進(jìn)入大學(xué)并完成了大學(xué)的學(xué)業(yè)。謝謝你們?yōu)槟闾峁﹥?yōu)秀的畢業(yè)論文參考資料，請(qǐng)您刪除以下內(nèi)容，O_O謝謝ALARGEGROUPOFTEAMERCHANTSONCAMELSANDHORSESFROMNORTHWESTCHINASSHAANXIPROVINCEPASSTHROUGHASTOPONTHEANCIENTSILKROAD,GANSUSZHANGYECITYDURINGTHEIRJOURNEYTOKAZAKHSTAN,MAY5,2015THECARAVAN,CONSISTINGOFMORETHAN100CAMELS,THREEHORSEDRAWNCARRIAGESANDFOURSUPPORTVEHICLES,STARTEDTHETRIPFROMJINGYANGCOUNTYINSHAANXIONSEPT19,2014ITWILLPASSTHROUGHGANSUPROVINCEANDXINJIANGUYGURAUTONOMOUSREGION,ANDFINALLYARRIVEINALMATY,FORMERLYKNOWNASALMAATA,THELARGESTCITYINKAZAKHSTAN,ANDDUNGANINZHAMBYLPROVINCETHETRIPWILLCOVERABOUT15,000KILOMETERSANDTAKETHECARAVANMORETHANONEYEARTOCOMPLETETHECARAVANISEXPECTEDTORETURNTOJINGYANGINMARCH2016THENTHEYWILLCOMEBACK,CARRYINGSPECIALTYPRODUCTSFROMKAZAKHSTANASMALLARTTROUPEFOUNDEDSIXDECADESAGOHASGROWNINTOAHOUSEHOLDNAMEINTHEINNERMONGOLIAAUTONOMOUSREGIONINTHE1950S,ULANMUQIRARTTROUPEWASCREATEDBYNINEYOUNGMUSICIANS,WHOTOUREDREMOTEVILLAGESONHORSESANDPERFORMEDTRADITIONALMONGOLIANMUSICANDDANCESFORNOMADICFAMILIESTHE54YEAROLDWASBORNINTONGLIAO,INEASTERNINNERMONGOLIAANDJOINEDTHETROUPEIN1975HESAYSTHEREARE74BRANCHTROUPESACROSSINNERMONGOLIAANDACTORSGIVEAROUND100SHOWSEVERYYEARTOLOCALNOMADICPEOPLE“ICANSTILLRECALLTHEDAYSWHENITOUREDWITHTHETROUPEINTHEEARLY80SWESATONTHEBACKOFPICKUPTRUCKSFORHOURSTHESKYWASBLUE,ANDWECOULDNTHELPBUTSINGTHEFOLKSONGS,“NASUNSAYSTHEVASTNESSOFINNERMONGOLIAANDTHELACKOFENTERTAINMENTOPTIONSFORPEOPLELIVINGTHERE,MADETHEIRLIVESLONELY“THENOMADICPEOPLEWEREVERYEXCITEDABOUTOURVISITS,“NASUNRECALLS“WEDIDNTHAVEAFORMALSTAGETHEAUDIENCEJUSTSATONTHEGRASSUSUALLY,THEPERFORMANCESBECAMEABIGPARTYWITHLOCALPEOPLEJOININGIN“FORHIM,THEREWARDINGPARTABOUTTOURINGISNTJUSTABOUTSHARINGARTWITHNOMADICFAMILIESBUTALSOABOUTGAININGINSPIRATIONFORTHEMUSICANDDANCEULANMUQIRLITERALLYTRANSLATESAS“REDBURGEON“,ANDTODAYSPERFORMERSOFTHETROUPESTILLTOURTHEREGIONSVILLAGESANDENTERTAINNOMADICFAMILIES,BUTTHEIRFAMEHASSPREADAROUNDTHEWORLDONMAY16AND17,NEARLY100SINGERSANDDANCERSFROMTHETROUPEPERFORMEDATBEIJINGSPOLYTHEATERTHEIRSHOW,TITLEDULANMUQIRONTHEGRASSLAND,DEPICTEDTHEHISTORYANDDEVELOPMENTOFTHEARTTROUPE“BEINGFROMTHEREGIONALLOWEDMETOEMBRACETHECULTUREOFINNERMONGOLIAANDBEINGAMEMBEROFTHETROUPESHOWEDMEWHEREIBELONGED,“NASUN,THEARTTROUPESPRESIDENT,WHOISALSOARENOWNEDTENOR,TELLSCHINADAILYDURINGATOURIN1985,HEWENTTOAVILLAGEANDMETANELDERLYLOCALMAN,WHOTOLDHIMASTORYABOUTHISFRIENDSHIPWITHASOLIDERFROMSHENYANG,CAPITALOFNORTHEASTCHINASLIAONINGPROVINCE,DECADESAGOTHESOLIDERGAVETHEOLDMANAHANDMADESADDLEWHENTHEYBIDFAREWELLTHESTORYINSPIREDNASUNTOWRITECARVEDSADDLE,ASONGTHATLATERBECAMEONEOFHISMOSTPOPULARNUMBERSNOW,EVERYYEAR,NASUNRECRUITSYOUNGSINGERSANDDANCERSFORTHETROUPETHETROUPEHASALSODESIGNEDANEWREPERTOIRE,WHICHISMOSTLYBASEDONTHEDAILYLIVESOFMONGOLIANPEOPLE,ESPECIALLYTHELIVESOFNOMADICFAMILIES,ANDHASCOMBINEDCONTEMPORARYMUSICALELEMENTSWITHFOLKSONGSOFTHEREGIONHAIMU,A25YEAROLDKHOOMEIALOCALVARIANTOFOVERTONESINGINGSINGER,JOINEDTHETROUPETHREEYEARSAGOALONGWITHASIXMEMBERBAND,HEPERFORMSFASTSONGSANDSOFTONESTHATHEWRITESALLWHILEPLAYINGTHEHORSEHEADFIDDLE“ALTHOUGHILEARNEDTHEPIANOSINCECHILDHOODANDGREWUPLISTENINGTOVARIOUSKINDSOFMUSIC,TOME,THEFOLKMUSICOFINNERMONGOLIAISTHEROOT,“HESAYS“PERFORMINGINREMOTEVILLAGESISPLEASANTIFEELATHOMEONTHEBOUNDLESSGRASSLANDS,ANDTHEWARMPEOPLETHEREMAKEMEFEELFULFILLED“THEFIRSTROUNDOFSPRINGAUCTIONSEASONINBEIJINGENDEDLASTWEEK,BUTITFAILEDTOCREATEMUCHSPRINGINTHEARTMARKETALTHOUGHTWOPIECESOFCHINESEPAINTINGFETCHEDMORETHAN100MILLIONYUAN,THEDECLINEINTRADINGVOLUMEANDSALERATESHOWEDADOWNTURNTHISYEARINTHE“GRANDVIEWCHINESEPAINTINGHIGHLIGHT”SESSIONATCHINAGUARDIAN2015SPRINGAUCTIONS,PANTIANSHOUSREPRESENTATIVEWORKEAGLE,ROCKANDFLORAHITARECORDAUCTIONPRICEOF279MILLIONYUAN,WHILELIKERANSMASTERWORKJINGGANGMOUNTAINFETCHED1265MILLIONYUAN,ANUNEXPECTEDHIGHINRECENTYEARSHOWEVER,THETRADINGVOLUMEFELLSTO187BILLIONYUANFROM222BILLIONYUANINTHESAMEPERIODTHEYEARBEFORETHEHUANGCHEN2015SPRINGAUCTIONS,WHICHRECORDED425MIL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