金屬切削METALCUTTING機(jī)床MACHINETOOL金屬工藝學(xué)TECHNOLOGYOFMETALS刀具CUTTER摩擦FRICTION聯(lián)結(jié)LINK傳動(dòng)DRIVE/TRANSMISSION軸SHAFT彈性ELASTICITY頻率特性FREQUENCYCHARACTERISTIC誤差ERROR響應(yīng)RESPONSE定位ALLOCATION機(jī)床夾具JIG動(dòng)力學(xué)DYNAMIC運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)KINEMATIC靜力學(xué)STATIC分析力學(xué)ANALYSEMECHANICS拉伸PULLING壓縮HITTING剪切SHEAR扭轉(zhuǎn)TWIST彎曲應(yīng)力BENDINGSTRESS強(qiáng)度INTENSITY三相交流電THREEPHASEAC磁路MAGNETICCIRCLES變壓器TRANSFORMER異步電動(dòng)機(jī)ASYNCHRONOUSMOTOR幾何形狀GEOMETRICAL精度PRECISION正弦形的SINUSOID交流電路ACCIRCUIT機(jī)械加工余量MACHININGALLOWANCE變形力DEFORMINGFORCE變形DEFORMATION應(yīng)力STRESS硬度RIGIDITY熱處理HEATTREATMENT退火ANNEAL正火NORMALIZING脫碳DECARBURIZATION滲碳CARBURIZATION電路CIRCUIT半導(dǎo)體元件SEMICONDUCTORELEMENT反饋FEEDBACK發(fā)生器GENERATOR直流電源DCELECTRICALSOURCE門電路GATECIRCUIT邏輯代數(shù)LOGICALGEBRA外圓磨削EXTERNALGRINDING內(nèi)圓磨削INTERNALGRINDING平面磨削PLANEGRINDING變速箱GEARBOX離合器CLUTCH絞孔FRAISING絞刀REAMER螺紋加工THREADPROCESSING螺釘SCREW銑削MILL銑刀MILLINGCUTTER功率POWER工件WORKPIECE齒輪加工GEARMECHINING齒輪GEAR主運(yùn)動(dòng)MAINMOVEMENT主運(yùn)動(dòng)方向DIRECTIONOFMAINMOVEMENT進(jìn)給方向DIRECTIONOFFEED進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)FEEDMOVEMENT合成進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)RESULTANTMOVEMENTOFFEED合成切削運(yùn)動(dòng)RESULTANTMOVEMENTOFCUTTING合成切削運(yùn)動(dòng)方向DIRECTIONOFRESULTANTMOVEMENTOFCUTTING切削深度CUTTINGDEPTH前刀面RAKEFACE刀尖NOSEOFTOOL前角RAKEANGLE后角CLEARANCEANGLE龍門刨削PLANING主軸SPINDLE主軸箱HEADSTOCK卡盤CHUCK加工中心MACHININGCENTER車刀LATHETOOL車床LATHE鉆削鏜削BORE車削TURNING磨床GRINDER基準(zhǔn)BENCHMARK鉗工LOCKSMITH鍛FORGE壓模STAMPING焊WELD拉床BROACHINGMACHINE拉孔BROACHING裝配ASSEMBLING鑄造FOUND流體動(dòng)力學(xué)FLUIDDYNAMICS流體力學(xué)FLUIDMECHANICS加工MACHINING液壓HYDRAULICPRESSURE切線TANGENT機(jī)電一體化MECHANOTRONICSMECHANICALELECTRICALINTEGRATION氣壓AIRPRESSUREPNEUMATICPRESSURE穩(wěn)定性STABILITY介質(zhì)MEDIUM液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)泵FLUIDCLUTCH液壓泵HYDRAULICPUMP閥門VALVE失效INVALIDATION強(qiáng)度INTENSITY載荷LOAD應(yīng)力STRESS安全系數(shù)SAFTYFACTOR可靠性RELIABILITY螺紋THREAD螺旋HELIX鍵SPLINE銷PIN滾動(dòng)軸承ROLLINGBEARING滑動(dòng)軸承SLIDINGBEARING彈簧SPRING制動(dòng)器ARRESTERBRAKE十字結(jié)聯(lián)軸節(jié)CROSSHEAD聯(lián)軸器COUPLING鏈CHAIN皮帶STRAP精加工FINISHMACHINING粗加工ROUGHMACHINING變速箱體GEARBOXCASING腐蝕RUST氧化OXIDATION磨損WEAR耐用度DURABILITY隨機(jī)信號(hào)RANDOMSIGNAL離散信號(hào)DISCRETESIGNAL超聲傳感器ULTRASONICSENSOR集成電路INTEGRATECIRCUIT擋板ORIFICEPLATE殘余應(yīng)力RESIDUALSTRESS套筒SLEEVE扭力TORSION冷加工COLDMACHINING電動(dòng)機(jī)ELECTROMOTOR汽缸CYLINDER過盈配合INTERFERENCEFIT熱加工HOTWORK攝像頭CCDCAMERA倒角ROUNDINGCHAMFER優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)OPTIMALDESIGN工業(yè)造型設(shè)計(jì)INDUSTRIALMOULDINGDESIGN有限元FINITEELEMENT滾齒HOBBING插齒GEARSHAPING伺服電機(jī)ACTUATINGMOTOR銑床MILLINGMACHINE鉆床DRILLMACHINE鏜床BORINGMACHINE步進(jìn)電機(jī)STEPPERMOTOR絲杠SCREWROD導(dǎo)軌LEADRAIL組件SUBASSEMBLY可編程序邏輯控制器PROGRAMMABLELOGICCONTROLLERPLC電火花加工ELECTRICSPARKMACHINING電火花線切割加工ELECTRICALDISCHARGEWIRECUTTING相圖PHASEDIAGRAM熱處理HEATTREATMENT固態(tài)相變SOLIDSTATEPHASECHANGES有色金屬NONFERROUSMETAL陶瓷CERAMICS合成纖維SYNTHETICFIBRE電化學(xué)腐蝕ELECTROCHEMICALCORROSION車架AUTOMOTIVECHASSIS懸架SUSPENSION轉(zhuǎn)向器REDIRECTOR變速器SPEEDCHANGER板料沖壓SHEETMETALPARTS孔加工SPOTFACINGMACHINING車間WORKSHOP工程技術(shù)人員ENGINEER氣動(dòng)夾緊PNEUMALOCK數(shù)學(xué)模型MATHEMATICALMODEL畫法幾何DESCRIPTIVEGEOMETRY機(jī)械制圖MECHANICALDRAWING投影PROJECTION視圖VIEW剖視圖PROFILECHART標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件STANDARDCOMPONENT零件圖PARTDRAWING裝配圖ASSEMBLYDRAWING尺寸標(biāo)注SIZEMARKING技術(shù)要求TECHNICALREQUIREMENTS剛度RIGIDITY內(nèi)力INTERNALFORCE位移DISPLACEMENT截面SECTION疲勞極限FATIGUELIMIT斷裂FRACTURE塑性變形PLASTICDISTORTION脆性材料BRITTLENESSMATERIAL剛度準(zhǔn)則RIGIDITYCRITERION墊圈WASHER墊片SPACER直齒圓柱齒輪STRAIGHTTOOTHEDSPURGEAR斜齒圓柱齒輪HELICALSPURGEAR直齒錐齒輪STRAIGHTBEVELGEAR運(yùn)動(dòng)簡(jiǎn)圖KINEMATICSKETCH齒輪齒條PINIONANDRACK蝸桿蝸輪WORMANDWORMGEAR虛約束PASSIVECONSTRAINT曲柄CRANK搖桿RACKER凸輪CAMS共軛曲線CONJUGATECURVE范成法GENERATIONMETHOD定義域DEFINITIONALDOMAIN值域RANGE導(dǎo)數(shù)微分DIFFERENTIALCOEFFICIENT求導(dǎo)DERIVATION定積分DEFINITEINTEGRAL不定積分INDEFINITEINTEGRAL曲率CURVATURE偏微分PARTIALDIFFERENTIAL毛坯ROUGH游標(biāo)卡尺SLIDECALIPER千分尺M(jìn)ICROMETERCALIPERS攻絲TAP二階行列式SECONDORDERDETERMINANT逆矩陣INVERSEMATRIX線性方程組LINEAREQUATIONS概率PROBABILITY隨機(jī)變量RANDOMVARIABLE排列組合PERMUTATIONANDCOMBINATION氣體狀態(tài)方程EQUATIONOFSTATEOFGAS動(dòng)能KINETICENERGY勢(shì)能POTENTIALENERGY機(jī)械能守恒CONSERVATIONOFMECHANICALENERGY動(dòng)量MOMENTUM桁架TRUSS軸線AXES余子式COFACTOR邏輯電路LOGICCIRCUIT觸發(fā)器FLIPFLOP脈沖波形PULSESHAPE數(shù)模DIGITALANALOGY液壓傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)FLUIDDRIVEMECHANISM機(jī)械零件MECHANICALPARTS淬火冷卻QUENCH淬火HARDENING回火TEMPERING調(diào)質(zhì)HARDENINGANDTEMPERING磨粒ABRASIVEGRAIN結(jié)合劑BONDINGAGENT砂輪GRINDINGWHEELMILLINGMACHINES,UNIVERSAL萬能銑床MILLINGMACHINES,VERTICAL立式銑床MILLINGMACHINES,VERTICALTHISCURRENTISDUETOTHEINSULATIONRESISTANCEAND/ORTHECAPACITANCEOFTHEITEMTESTEDWITHAC,ORBYLOADEFFECTINDCASSHOWNINDIAGRAM1,ASFROMTHEVOLTAGEUC,THELEAKAGECURRENTINCREASESVERYSWIFTLYANDTHEBREAKDOWNVOLTAGEISREACHEDFORVALUEUETHECURRENTISTHENATAMAXIMUM,ITSVALUEISDETERMINEDBYTHECURRENTCAPACITANCEOFTHEDIELECTRICSTRENGTHTESTSTATION,ORANINSTANTANEOUSVALUEBYTHEDISCHARGECURRENTOFTHECAPACITIVEELEMENTOFTHESAMPLEVALUETHATCANNOTBETESTEDBYTHEDIELECTRICSTRENGTHTESTERANDWHICHCANINCERTAINCASESINVOLVEDESTRUCTIONOFTHEINSULATORCURRENTTHRESHOLDDETECTIONCONSISTSINCHOOSINGAVALUEISOFTHELEAKAGEC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成一臺(tái)機(jī)床加工，其他機(jī)床閑置。第二種機(jī)床的主軸箱為可回轉(zhuǎn)式機(jī)床可根據(jù)加工螺桿直徑的大小在加工前把主軸箱旋轉(zhuǎn)一個(gè)角度。這種主軸箱能夠回轉(zhuǎn)的機(jī)床是對(duì)上述第一種機(jī)床在使用方法上的改進(jìn)，與第一種機(jī)床的結(jié)構(gòu)基本相同。優(yōu)點(diǎn)機(jī)床的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，能適應(yīng)多種規(guī)格螺桿的加工。缺點(diǎn)1主軸箱旋轉(zhuǎn)后主軸回轉(zhuǎn)中心線與刀具回轉(zhuǎn)中心線間的距離不易精確測(cè)量。缺點(diǎn)2主軸箱旋轉(zhuǎn)后主軸前端面與刀具的回轉(zhuǎn)中心線間的距離減少，因此加工較大直徑的螺桿受到限制。第三種機(jī)床的主軸箱為橫向移動(dòng)式主軸箱底部與底座之間布置有矩形滑動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌，主軸箱移動(dòng)的方向垂直于主軸回轉(zhuǎn)中心線并垂直于刀具回轉(zhuǎn)中心線。主軸箱的動(dòng)力通過花鍵軸傳給底座內(nèi)的刀具進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)。根據(jù)加工螺桿直徑的大小，在加工前用手輪絲杠進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)把主軸箱移動(dòng)到適當(dāng)位置，然后用螺釘將主軸箱固定在底座上。主軸箱的移動(dòng)距離可用光柵尺檢測(cè)，位置誤差0005MM。采用主軸箱可橫向移動(dòng)的一個(gè)機(jī)床就可以加工直徑95385MM之間任何一種規(guī)格的螺桿。由于加工95385MM直徑的螺桿，造成主軸前端面與刀具回轉(zhuǎn)中心線間的距離差值過大，因此在實(shí)際應(yīng)用時(shí)設(shè)計(jì)成兩種規(guī)格的機(jī)床，一個(gè)機(jī)床加工95205MM直徑的螺桿，另一個(gè)機(jī)床加工180385MM直徑的螺桿。優(yōu)點(diǎn)機(jī)床能適應(yīng)多種規(guī)格螺桿的加工，每種規(guī)格的螺桿不需要配備相應(yīng)的加工機(jī)床。缺點(diǎn)機(jī)床的結(jié)構(gòu)和機(jī)床的裝配較前二種機(jī)床復(fù)雜，機(jī)床的造價(jià)也較前二種機(jī)床高。二、介紹機(jī)床的主軸結(jié)構(gòu)機(jī)床主軸箱的水平主軸和底座上的立式的主軸精度的高低決定了被加工螺桿的精度，同時(shí)螺桿在壓縮機(jī)中以幾千轉(zhuǎn)的速度高速旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，精度較差的螺桿會(huì)使壓縮機(jī)產(chǎn)生發(fā)熱、振動(dòng)、效率低、磨損快等現(xiàn)象。國(guó)內(nèi)目前現(xiàn)有的單螺桿加工機(jī)床主軸結(jié)構(gòu)大致有以下兩種方案。第一種軸承徑向游隙不可調(diào)的主軸結(jié)構(gòu)主軸前軸承采用1個(gè)雙列圓柱滾子軸承和兩個(gè)推力球軸承組合，該主軸使用雙列圓柱滾子軸承承受徑向切削力，使用兩個(gè)推力球軸承承受軸向切削力。主軸后軸承一般采用1個(gè)雙列圓柱滾子軸承或采用1個(gè)向心球軸承。這種主軸結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)主軸的加工和裝配簡(jiǎn)單，造價(jià)較低。缺點(diǎn)1由于主軸軸承的徑向游隙不可調(diào)整，所以主軸精度較差。雖然可以利用軸承的內(nèi)徑和軸徑的過盈配合來消除軸承的徑向游隙，但每個(gè)軸承的內(nèi)徑和徑向游隙不是一個(gè)固定值，因此設(shè)計(jì)和加工時(shí)很難給準(zhǔn)軸徑與軸承內(nèi)徑的配合公差。缺點(diǎn)2在市場(chǎng)上很難買到國(guó)產(chǎn)或進(jìn)口的C、D級(jí)或P4、P5級(jí)的推力球軸承，機(jī)床生產(chǎn)廠常用普通級(jí)軸承替代使用，此舉也影響了主軸精度的提高。軸承徑向游隙不可調(diào)的主軸結(jié)構(gòu)適用于一般精度的普通機(jī)床，不適用于對(duì)主軸精度要求較高的機(jī)床。第二種軸承徑向游隙可調(diào)的主軸結(jié)構(gòu)主軸前軸承采用一個(gè)P4級(jí)圓錐孔的雙列圓柱滾子軸承和1個(gè)P4級(jí)的雙列向心推力球軸承組合。該主軸使用圓錐孔的雙列圓柱滾子軸承承受徑向切削力，使用雙列向心推力球軸承承受軸向切削力和部分徑向切削力。主軸后軸承一般采用1個(gè)P5級(jí)圓錐孔的雙列圓柱滾子軸承。圓錐孔雙列圓柱滾子軸承的內(nèi)圈和配合軸徑均為112圓錐，用圓螺母鎖緊軸承則使軸承在軸向產(chǎn)生一個(gè)位移并使軸承的內(nèi)圈膨脹，從而達(dá)到減少或消除軸承徑向游隙的目的。這種主軸結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)主軸精度較高。在主軸前端面230MM直徑上測(cè)量主軸的端面跳動(dòng)值為0010MM。在主軸前端230MM外圓上測(cè)量主軸的徑向跳動(dòng)值為0005MM。第二種結(jié)構(gòu)的主軸精度比第一種主軸精度提高50左右。這種主軸結(jié)構(gòu)的缺點(diǎn)主軸的加工工藝較復(fù)雜，主軸的裝配也需要有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的工人操作才能使主軸精度達(dá)到理想數(shù)值。三、刀具進(jìn)給深度的控制不同直徑的螺桿需要加工螺旋槽的深度也不同，螺旋槽的深度從幾十毫米到一百多毫米不等，刀具進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)大約需要旋轉(zhuǎn)進(jìn)刀幾千圈才能完成一個(gè)螺桿零件的加工。由于刀具進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)在刀具旋轉(zhuǎn)的同時(shí)還要完成進(jìn)刀動(dòng)作，所以一些在普通機(jī)床上常用的機(jī)械、電氣控制切深的方法都不適用于單螺桿加工機(jī)床。單螺桿加工機(jī)床的刀具進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)采用以下不同的方法都可以達(dá)到控制進(jìn)刀深度的目的。第一種摩擦離合器和電氣開關(guān)控制刀具進(jìn)給深度它的控制原理是刀具切深增大時(shí)刀具進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)的負(fù)載扭距增大，使刀具進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)傳動(dòng)鏈中的摩擦離合器打滑，一個(gè)機(jī)械連桿機(jī)構(gòu)觸發(fā)電氣開關(guān)并發(fā)出聲、光信號(hào)提示操作者，此時(shí)操作者人工操作斷開刀具進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)的動(dòng)力。這種控制方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是控制方法簡(jiǎn)單及零件加工和操作不受突然斷電的影響。缺點(diǎn)是加工不同直徑的螺桿需要調(diào)整摩擦離合器壓緊碟簧的預(yù)緊力。由于每個(gè)螺桿材質(zhì)的密度、硬度存在細(xì)微差異及刀具鋒利程度也存在差異，因此使這種控制方法的精度不太準(zhǔn)確，可能導(dǎo)致螺桿螺旋槽的深度公差過大。第二種用電磁離合器、編碼器組合控制刀具進(jìn)給深度刀具進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)中，裝有電磁離合器及一對(duì)用于檢測(cè)刀具轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)圈數(shù)的測(cè)速齒輪和一個(gè)編碼器。結(jié)論本文從四個(gè)方面介紹了國(guó)內(nèi)現(xiàn)有單螺桿加工機(jī)床的布局和結(jié)構(gòu)，并把優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)一一列舉出來，由于壓縮機(jī)生產(chǎn)廠的單螺桿加工機(jī)床和機(jī)床資料對(duì)外保密，以上介紹難免有片面、不妥之處，因此僅供單螺桿壓縮機(jī)生產(chǎn)廠參考。DEDICATEDTOTHESINGLESCREWCOMPRESSORMACHINEUPDATEDTHEINTRODUCTIONABSTRACTTHISPAPERDESCRIBESFOURAREASFROMTHEEXISTINGSINGLESCREWMACHINELAYOUTANDSTRUCTURE,ANDPUTOUTTHEADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGESOFTHELIST,BECAUSEOFTHECOMPRESSORPLANTSINGLESCREWMACHINETOOLSANDMACHINETOOLEXTERNALSECURITYINFORMATION,THEABOVEINTRODUCTIONTHEREISINEVITABLYONESIDEDANDWRONG,ANDARETHEREFORESINGLESCREWCOMPRESSORFORTHEPRODUCTIONOFREFERENCEWORKSFIRST,INTRODUCETHELAYOUTOFMACHINETOOLSDECIDETHESIZEOFTHECOMPRESSORDISPLACEMENTOFTHESTARSROUND,SCREWDIAMETER,MESHSIZEANDTHESIZEOFTHECENTERDISTANCE,SODIFFERENTINDIAMETERSCREW,MACHINETOOLSPINDLEANDTHEROTARYCENTERAREALSODIFFERENTTOMEETTHEPROCESSINGOFDIFFERENTDIAMETERSCREW,SINGLESCREWCURRENTLYTHELAYOUTOFMACHINETOOLSINGENERALTHEREARESEVERALOPTIONSTHEFIRSTISMACHINETOOLROTARYTOOLSPINDLECENTERANDTHECENTERDISTANCEFORTHEFIXEDMACHINETOOLROTARYTOOLSPINDLECENTERANDTHECENTERDISTANCEFORTHEFIXED,CANNOTADJUSTTHECENTERDISTANCEPROCESSINGOFSEVERALOFTHESCREWDIAMETERONTHECENTERDISTANCEREQUIREDSEVERALDIFFERENTSPECIFICATIONSOFTHEMACHINEADVANTAGESSIMPLESTRUCTUREOFTHEMACHINEDISADVANTAGEEACHMACHINECANONLYPROCESSASPECIFICATIONOFTHESCREW,WHENTHEMARKETONACERTAINSPECIFICATIONREQUIREMENTSWHENTHESCREWCOMPRESSOR,RESULTINGINAMACHINE,OTHERMACHINEIDLETHESECONDTHEMACHINETOOLSPINDLEBOXFORROTARYPROCESSINGSCREWMACHINEACCORDINGTOTHESIZEOFTHEDIAMETERATTHEPROCESSINGBEFOREAPOINTOFROTATINGSPINDLEBOXSPINDLEBOXTHATTHEMACHINECANTURNONAMACHINEATTHEABOVEMENTIONEDARTICLEONTHEUSEOFTHEIMPROVEMENTS,WITHTHEFIRSTSTRUCTUREOFAMACHINETOOLISBASICALLYTHESAMEADVANTAGESTHESTRUCTUREOFMACHINETOOLEASYTOADAPTTOAVARIETYOFSPECIFICATIONSOFTHEPROCESSINGSCREWONEDISADVANTAGEAFTERTH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