外文原文SURFACESETTLEMENTPREDICTIONSFORISTANBULMETROTUNNELSEXCAVATEDBYEPBTBMSGERCELEBIHCOPURIOCAKABSTRACTINTHISSTUDY,SHORTTERMSURFACESETTLEMENTSAREPREDICTEDFORTWINTUNNELS,WHICHARETOBEEXCAVATEDINTHECHAINAGEOF0850TO0900MBETWEENTHEESENLERANDKIRAZLISTATIONSOFTHEISTANBULMETROLINE,WHICHIS4KMINLENGTHTHETOTALLENGTHOFTHEEXCAVATIONLINEIS212KMBETWEENESENLERANDBASAKSEHIRTUNNELSAREEXCAVATEDBYEMPLOYINGTWOEARTHPRESSUREBALANCEEPBTUNNELBORINGMACHINESTBMSTHATHAVETWINTUBESOF65MDIAMETERANDWITH14MDISTANCEFROMCENTERTOCENTERTHETBMINTHERIGHTTUBEFOLLOWSABOUT100MBEHINDTHEOTHERTUBESEGMENTALLININGOF14MLENGTHISCURRENTLYEMPLOYEDASTHEFINALSUPPORTSETTLEMENTPREDICTIONSAREPERFORMEDWITHFINITEELEMENTMETHODBYUSINGPLAXISFINITEELEMENTPROGRAMEXCAVATION,GROUNDSUPPORTANDFACESUPPORTSTEPSINFEMANALYSESARESIMULATEDASAPPLIEDINTHEFIELDPREDICTIONSAREPERFORMEDFORATYPICALGEOLOGICALZONE,WHICHISCONSIDEREDASCRITICALINTERMSOFSURFACESETTLEMENTGEOLOGYINTHESTUDYAREAISCOMPOSEDOFFILL,VERYSTIFFCLAY,DENSESAND,VERYDENSESANDANDHARDCLAY,RESPECTIVELY,STARTINGFROMTHESURFACEINADDITIONTOFINITEELEMENTMODELING,THESURFACESETTLEMENTSAREALSOPREDICTEDBYUSINGSEMITHEORETICALSEMIEMPIRICALANDANALYTICALMETHODSTHERESULTSINDICATETHATTHEFEMODELPREDICTSWELLTHESHORTTERMSURFACESETTLEMENTSFORAGIVENVOLUMELOSSVALUETHERESULTSOFSEMITHEORETICALANDANALYTICALMETHODSAREFOUNDTOBEINGOODAGREEMENTWITHTHEFEMODELTHERESULTSOFPREDICTIONSARECOMPAREDANDVERIFIEDBYFIELDMEASUREMENTSITISSUGGESTEDTHATGROUTINGOFTHEEXCAVATIONVOIDSHOULDBEPERFORMEDASFASTASPOSSIBLEAFTEREXCAVATIONOFASECTIONASAPRECAUTIONAGAINSTSURFACESETTLEMENTSDURINGEXCAVATIONFACEPRESSUREOFTHETBMSSHOULDBECLOSELYMONITOREDANDADJUSTEDFORDIFFERENTZONESKEYWORDSSURFACESETTLEMENTPREDICTION_FINITEELEMENTMETHOD_ANALYTICALMETHOD_SEMITHEORETICALMETHOD_EPBTBMTUNNELING_ISTANBULMETROINTRODUCTIONINCREASINGDEMANDONINFRASTRUCTURESINCREASESATTENTIONTOSHALLOWSOFTGROUNDTUNNELINGMETHODSINURBANIZEDAREASMANYSURFACEANDSUBSURFACESTRUCTURESMAKEUNDERGROUNDCONSTRUCTIONWORKSVERYDELICATEDUETOTHEINFLUENCEOFGROUNDDEFORMATION,WHICHSHOULDBEDEFINITELYLIMITED/CONTROLLEDTOACCEPTABLELEVELSINDEPENDENTOFTHEEXCAVATIONMETHOD,THESHORTANDLONGTERMSURFACEANDSUBSURFACEGROUNDDEFORMATIONSSHOULDBEPREDICTEDANDREMEDIALPRECAUTIONSAGAINSTANYDAMAGETOEXISTINGSTRUCTURESPLANNEDPRIORTOCONSTRUCTIONTUNNELINGCOSTSUBSTANTIALLYINCREASESDUETODAMAGESTOSTRUCTURESRESULTINGFROMSURFACESETTLEMENTS,WHICHAREABOVETOLERABLELIMITSBILGINETAL2009BASICPARAMETERSAFFECTINGTHEGROUNDDEFORMATIONSAREGROUNDCONDITIONS,TECHNICAL/ENVIRONMENTALPARAMETERSANDTUNNELINGORCONSTRUCTIONMETHODSOREILLYANDNEW1982ARIOGLU1992KARAKUSANDFOWELL2003TANANDRANJIT2003MINGUEZETAL2005ELLIS2005SUWANSAWATANDEINSTEIN2006ATHOROUGHSTUDYOFTHEGROUNDBYSITEINVESTIGATIONSSHOULDBEPERFORMEDTOFINDOUTTHEPHYSICALANDMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFTHEGROUNDANDEXISTENCEOFUNDERGROUNDWATER,ASWELLASDEFORMATIONCHARACTERISTICS,ESPECIALLYTHESTIFFNESSTECHNICALPARAMETERSINCLUDETUNNELDEPTHANDGEOMETRY,TUNNELDIAMETERLINEGRADE,SINGLEORDOUBLETRACKLINESANDNEIGHBORINGSTRUCTURESTHECONSTRUCTIONMETHOD,WHICHSHOULDLEADTOASAFEANDECONOMICPROJECT,ISSELECTEDBASEDONSITECHARACTERISTICSANDTECHNICALPROJECTCONSTRAINTSANDSHOULDBEPLANNEDSOTHATTHEGROUNDMOVEMENTSARELIMITEDTOANACCEPTABLELEVELEXCAVATIONMETHOD,FACESUPPORTPRESSURE,ADVANCEEXCAVATIONRATE,STIFFNESSOFSUPPORTSYSTEM,EXCAVATIONSEQUENCEANDGROUNDTREATMENT/IMPROVEMENTHAVEDRAMATICEFFECTSONTHEGROUNDDEFORMATIONSOCCURRINGDUETOTUNNELINGOPERATIONSTHEPRIMARYREASONFORGROUNDMOVEMENTSABOVETHETUNNEL,ALSOKNOWNASSURFACESETTLEMENTS,ISCONVERGENCEOFTHEGROUNDINTOTHETUNNELAFTEREXCAVATION,WHICHCHANGESTHEINSITUSTRESSSTATEOFTHEGROUNDANDRESULTSINSTRESSRELIEFCONVERGENCEOFTHEGROUNDISALSOKNOWNASGROUNDLOSSORVOLUMELOSSTHEVOLUMEOFTHESETTLEMENTONTHESURFACEISUSUALLYASSUMEDTOBEEQUALTOTHEGROUNDVOLUMELOSSINSIDETHETUNNELOREILLYANDNEW1982GROUNDLOSSCANBECLASSIFIEDASRADIALLOSSAROUNDTHETUNNELPERIPHERYANDAXIALFACELOSSATTHEEXCAVATIONFACEATTEWELLETAL1986SCHMIDT1974THEEXACTRATIOOFRADIALANDAXIALVOLUMELOSSESISNOTFULLYDEMONSTRATEDORGENERALIZEDINANYSTUDYHOWEVER,ITISPOSSIBLETODIMINISHORMINIMIZETHEFACELOSSINFULLFACEMECHANIZEDEXCAVATIONSBYAPPLYINGAFACEPRESSUREASASLURRYOFBENTONITEWATERMIXTUREORFOAMPROCESSEDMUCKTHEGROUNDLOSSISUSUALLYMOREINGRANULARSOILSTHANINCOHESIVESOILSFORSIMILARCONSTRUCTIONCONDITIONSTHEWIDTHOFTHESETTLEMENTTROUGHONBOTHSIDESOFTHETUNNELAXISISWIDERINTHECASEOFCOHESIVESOILS,WHICHMEANSLOWERMAXIMUMSETTLEMENTFORTHESAMEAMOUNTOFGROUNDLOSSTIMEDEPENDENCYOFGROUNDBEHAVIORANDEXISTENCEOFUNDERGROUNDWATERDISTINGUISHSHORTANDLONGTERMSETTLEMENTSATTEWELLETAL1986SHORTTERMSETTLEMENTSOCCURDURINGORAFTERAFEWDAYSMOSTLYAFEWWEEKSOFEXCAVATION,ASSUMINGTHATUNDRAINEDSOILCONDITIONSAREDOMINANTLONGTERMSETTLEMENTSAREMOSTLYDUETOCREEP,STRESSREDISTRIBUTIONANDCONSOLIDATIONOFSOILAFTERDRAINAGEOFTHEUNDERGROUNDWATERANDELIMINATIONOFPOREWATERPRESSUREINSIDETHESOIL,ANDITMAYTAKEAFEWMONTHSTOAFEWYEARSTOREACHASTABILIZEDLEVELINDRYSOILCONDITIONS,THELONGTERMSETTLEMENTSMAYBECONSIDEREDASVERYLIMITEDTHEREAREMAINLYTHREESETTLEMENTPREDICTIONAPPROACHESFORMECHANIZEDTUNNELEXCAVATIONS1NUMERICALANALYSISSUCHASFINITEELEMENTMETHOD,2ANALYTICALMETHODAND3SEMITHEORETICALSEMIEMPIRICALMETHODAMONGTHEM,THENUMERICALAPPROACHESARETHEMOSTRELIABLEONESHOWEVER,THERESULTSOFALLMETHODSSHOULDBEUSEDCAREFULLYBYANEXPERIENCEDFIELDENGINEERINDESIGNINGTHESTAGEOFANEXCAVATIONPROJECTINTHISSTUDY,ALLTHREEPREDICTIONMETHODSAREEMPLOYEDFORACRITICALZONETOPREDICTTHESHORTTERMMAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTSABOVETHETWINTUNNELSOFTHECHAINAGEBETWEEN0850AND0900MBETWEENESENLERANDKIRAZLISTATIONSOFISTANBULMETROLINE,WHICHIS4KMINLENGTHPLAXISFINITEELEMENTMODELINGPROGRAMISUSEDFORNUMERICALMODELINGTHEMETHODSUGGESTEDBYLOGANATHANANDPOULOS1998ISUSEDFORTHEANALYTICALSOLUTIONAFEWDIFFERENTSEMITHEORETICALMODELSAREALSOUSEDFORPREDICTIONSTHERESULTSARECOMPAREDANDVALIDATEDBYFIELDMEASUREMENTSDESCRIPTIONOFTHEPROJECT,SITEANDCONSTRUCTIONMETHODTHEFIRSTCONSTRUCTIONPHASEOFISTANBULMETROLINEWASSTARTEDIN1992ANDOPENEDTOPUBLICIN2000THISLINEISBEINGEXTENDEDGRADUALLY,ASWELLASNEWLINESAREBEINGCONSTRUCTEDINOTHERLOCATIONSONEOFTHESEMETROLINESISTHETWINLINEBETWEENESENLERANDBASAKSEHIR,WHICHIS212KMTHEEXCAVATIONOFTHISSECTIONHASBEENSTARTEDINMAY2006CURRENTLY,AROUND1,400MOFEXCAVATIONHASALREADYBEENCOMPLETEDTHEREGIONISHIGHLYPOPULATEDINCLUDINGSEVERALSTORYBUILDINGS,INDUSTRIALZONESANDHEAVYTRAFFICALIGNMENTANDSTATIONSOFTHEMETROLINEBETWEENESENLERANDBASAKSEHIRISPRESENTEDINFIG1TOTALLYFOUREARTHPRESSUREBALANCEEPBTUNNELBORINGMACHINESTBMAREUSEDFOREXCAVATIONOFTHETUNNELSTHEMETROLINESINTHESTUDYAREAAREEXCAVATEDBYAHERRENKNECHTEPBTBMINTHERIGHTTUBEANDALOVATEPBTBMINTHELEFTTUBERIGHTTUBEEXCAVATIONFOLLOWSAROUND100MBEHINDTHELEFTTUBESOMEOFTHETECHNICALFEATURESOFTHEMACHINESARESUMMARIZEDINTABLE1EXCAVATEDMATERIALISREMOVEDBYAUGERSCREWCONVEYORTHROUGHTHEMACHINETOABELTCONVEYORANDTHANLOADEDTORAILCARSFORTRANSPORTINGTOTHEPORTALSINCETHEEXCAVATEDGROUNDBEARSWATERANDINCLUDESSTABILITYPROBLEMS,THEEXCAVATIONCHAMBERISPRESSURIZEDBY300KPAANDCONDITIONEDBYAPPLYINGWATER,FOAM,BENTONITEANDPOLYMERSTHROUGHTHEINJECTIONPORTSCHAMBERPRESSUREISCONTINUOUSLYMONITOREDBYPRESSURESENSORSINSIDETHECHAMBERANDAUGERINSTALLATIONOFASEGMENTRINGWITH14MLENGTHINNERDIAMETEROF57MANDOUTERDIAMETEROF63MAND30CMTHICKNESSISREALIZEDBYAWINGTYPEVACUUMERECTORTHERINGISCONFIGUREDASFIVESEGMENTSPLUSAKEYSEGMENTAFTERINSTALLATIONOFTHERING,THEEXCAVATIONRESTARTSANDTHEVOIDBETWEENTHESEGMENTOUTERPERIMETERANDEXCAVATEDTUNNELPERIMETERISGROUTEDBY300KPAOFPRESSURETHROUGHTHEGROUTCANNELSINTHETRAILINGSHIELDTHISMETHODOFCONSTRUCTIONHASBEENPROVENTOMINIMIZETHESURFACESETTLEMENTSTHESTUDYAREAINCLUDESTHETWINTUNNELSOFTHECHAINAGEBETWEEN0850AND0900M,BETWEENESENLERANDKIRAZLISTATIONSGUNGORENFORMATIONOFTHEMIOSENAGEISFOUNDINTHESTUDYAREALABORATORYANDINSITUTESTSAREAPPLIEDTODEFINETHEGEOTECHNICALFEATURESOFTHEFORMATIONSTHATTHETUNNELSPASSTHROUGHTHENAME,THICKNESSANDSOMEOFTHEGEOTECHNICALPROPERTIESOFTHELAYERSARESUMMARIZEDINTABLE2AYSON2005FILLLAYEROF25MTHICKCONSISTSOFSAND,CLAY,GRAVELANDSOMEPIECESOFMASONRYTHEVERYSTIFFCLAYLAYEROF4MISGRAYISHGREENINCOLOR,CONSISTINGOFGRAVELANDSANDTHEDENSESANDLAYEROF5MISBROWNATTHEUPPERLEVELSANDGREENISHYELLOWATTHELOWERLEVELS,CONSISTINGOFCLAY,SILTANDMICADENSESANDOF3MISGREENISHYELLOWANDCONSISTSOFMICATHEBASELAYEROFTHETUNNELISHARDCLAY,WHICHISDARKGREEN,CONSISTINGOFSHELLTHEUNDERGROUNDWATERTABLESTARTSAT45MBELOWTHESURFACETHETUNNELAXISIS145MBELOWTHESURFACE,CLOSETOTHECONTACTBETWEENVERYDENSESANDANDHARDCLAYTHISDEPTHISQUITEUNIFORMINTHECHAINAGEBETWEEN0850AND0900MSURFACESETTLEMENTPREDICTIONWITHFINITEELEMENTMODELINGPLAXISFINITEELEMENTCODEFORSOILANDROCKANALYSISISUSEDTOPREDICTTHESURFACESETTLEMENTFIRST,THERIGHTTUBEISCONSTRUCTED,ANDTHENTHELEFTTUBE100MBEHINDTHERIGHTTUBEISEXCAVATEDTHISISBASEDONTHEASSUMPTIONTHATGROUNDDEFORMATIONSCAUSEDBYTHEEXCAVATIONOFTHERIGHTTUBEARESTABILIZEDBEFORETHEEXCAVATIONOFTHELEFTTUBETHEFINITEELEMENTMESHISSHOWNINFIG2USING15STRESSPOINTTRIANGULARELEMENTSTHEFEMMODELCONSISTSOF1,838ELEMENTSAND15,121NODESINFEMODELING,THEMOHRCOULOMBFAILURECRITERIONISAPPLIEDSTAGEDCONSTRUCTIONISUSEDINTHEFEMODELEXCAVATIONOFTHESOILANDTHECONSTRUCTIONOFTHETUNNELLININGARECARRIEDOUTINDIFFERENTPHASESINTHEFIRSTPHASE,THESOILINFRONTOFTBMISEXCAVATED,ANDASUPPORTPRESSUREOF300KPAISAPPLIEDATTHETUNNELFACETOPREVENTFAILUREATTHEFACEINTHEFIRSTPHASE,TBMISMODELEDASSHELLELEMENTSINTHESECONDPHASE,THETUNNELLININGISCONSTRUCTEDUSINGPREFABRICATEDCONCRETERINGSEGMENTS,WHICHAREBOLTEDTOGETHERWITHINTHETUNNELBORINGMACHINEDURINGTHEERECTIONOFTHELINING,TBMREMAINSSTATIONARYONCEALININGRINGHASBEENBOLTED,EXCAVATIONISRESUMEDUNTILSUFFICIENTSOILEXCAVATIONISCARRIEDOUTFORTHENEXTLININGTHETUNNELLININGISMODELEDUSINGVOLUMEELEMENTSINTHESECONDPHASE,THELININGISACTIVATEDANDTBMSHELLELEMENTSAREDEACTIVATEDWHENAPPLYINGFINITEELEMENTMODELS,VOLUMELOSSVALUESAREUSUALLYASSUMEDPRIORTOEXCAVATIONINTHISSTUDY,THEFEMMODELISRUNWITHTHEASSUMPTIONOF05,075,1AND15VOLUMELOSSCAUSEDBYTHECONVERGENCEOFTHEGROUNDINTOTHETUNNELAFTEREXCAVATIONFIGURES3AND4SHOWTOTALANDVERTICALDEFORMATIONSAFTERBOTHTUBESARECONSTRUCTEDTHEVERTICALGROUNDSETTLEMENTPROFILEAFTERTHERIGHTTUBECONSTRUCTIONISGIVENINFIG5,WHICHISINTHESHAPEOFAGAUSSIANCURVE,ANDTHATAFTERCONSTRUCTIONOFBOTHTUBESISGIVENINFIG6FIGURE7SHOWSTHETOTALDEFORMATIONVECTORSTHEMAXIMUMGROUNDDEFORMATIONSUNDERDIFFERENTVOLUMELOSSASSUMPTIONSARESUMMARIZEDINTABLE3SURFACESETTLEMENTPREDICTIONWITHSEMITHEORETICALANDANALYTICALMETHODSSEMITHEORETICALPREDICTIONSFORSHORTTERMMAXIMUMSETTLEMENTAREPERFORMEDUSINGTHEGAUSSIANCURVEAPPROACH,WHICHISACLASSICALANDCONVENTIONALMETHODTHESETTLEMENTPARAMETERSUSEDINSEMITHEORETICALESTIMATIONSANDNOTATIONSAREPRESENTEDINFIG8THETHEORETICALSETTLEMENTGAUSSIANCURVEISPRESENTEDASINEQ1OREILLYANDNEW198212MAXIESWHERE,SISTHETHEORETICALSETTLEMENTGAUSSERRORFUNCTION,NORMALPROBABILITYCURVE,SMAXISTHEMAXIMUMSHORTTERMINITIAL,UNDRAINEDSETTLEMENTATTHETUNNELCENTERLINEM,XISTHETRANSVERSEHORIZONTALDISTANCEFROMTHETUNNELCENTERLINEM,ANDIISTHEPOINTOFINFLEXIONMTODETERMINETHESHAPEOFASETTLEMENTCURVE,ITISNECESSARYTOPREDICTIANDSMAXVALUESTHEREARESEVERALSUGGESTEDMETHODSFORPREDICTIONOFTHEPOINTOFINFLEXIONIESTIMATIONOFIVALUEINTHISSTUDYISBASEDONAVERAGESOFSOMEEMPIRICALAPPROACHESGIVENINEQS26WHERE,Z0ISTHETUNNELAXISDEPTHM,145MINTHISSTUDY,ANDRISTHERADIUSOFTUNNEL,325MINTHISSTUDYEQUATION3WASSUGGESTEDBYGLOSSOPOREILLYANDNEW1982FORMOSTLYCOHESIVEGROUNDSEQ4WASSUGGESTEDBYOREILLYANDNEW1982FOREXCAVATIONOFCOHESIVEGROUNDSBYSHIELDEDMACHINESEQ5WASSUGGESTEDBYSCHMIDT1969FOREXCAVATIONOFCLAYSBYSHIELDEDMACHINESEQ6WASSUGGESTEDBYARIOGLU1992FOREXCAVATIONOFALLTYPESOFSOILSBYSHIELDEDMACHINESASARESULT,THEAVERAGEIVALUEISESTIMATEDTOBE66MINTHISSTUDYTHEREARESEVERALSUGGESTEDEMPIRICALMETHODSFORTHEPREDICTIONOFTHEMAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTSMAXSCHMIDTSUGGESTEDAMODELFORTHEESTIMATIONOFSMAXVALUEFORASINGLETUNNELIN1969ASGIVENINEQ7THROUGHARIOGLU1992WHERE,KISTHEVOLUMELOSSARIOGLU1992,BASEDONFIELDDATA,FOUNDAGOODRELATIONSHIPBETWEENKANDNSTABILITYRATIOFORFACEPRESSURIZEDTBMCASESASINEQ8WHERECNISTHENATURALUNITWEIGHTOFTHESOILKN/M3,THEWEIGHTEDAVERAGESFORALLTHELAYERS,WHICHIS19KN/M3INTHISSTUDYRSISTHETOTALSURCHARGEPRESSUREKPA,ASSUMEDTOBE20KPAINTHISSTUDYRTISTBMFACEPRESSUREKPA,WHICHIS300KPAINTHISSTUDYANDCUISTHEUNDRAINEDCOHESIONOFTHESOILKPA,THEWEIGHTEDAVERAGESFORALLTHELAYERS,WHICHIS50KPAINTHISSTUDYASSUMINGTHATCUISEQUALTOSUUNDRAINEDSHEARSTRENGTHOFTHESOILALLAVERAGESAREESTIMATEDUPTOVERYDENSESAND,EXCLUDINGHARDCLAY,SINCETHETUNNELAXISPASSESAROUNDTHECONTACTBETWEENVERYDENSESANDANDHARDCLAYTHEMODELYIELDS171MMOFINITIALMAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTHERZOGSUGGESTEDAMODELFORTHEESTIMATIONOFSMAXVALUEIN1985ASGIVENINEQ9FORASINGLETUNNELANDEQ10FORTWINTUNNELSTHROUGHARIOGLU1992WHERE,EISTHEELASTICITYMODULUSOFFORMATIONKPA,THEWEIGHTEDAVERAGESFORALLTHELAYERS,WHICHIS30,000KPAINTHISSTUDY,ANDAISTHEDISTANCEBETWEENTHETUNNELAXES,WHICHIS14MINTHISSTUDYTHEMODELYIELDS499AND587MMOFINITIALMAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTSFORTHERIGHTANDTHELEFTTUBETUNNEL,WHICHIS100MMBEHINDTHERIGHTTUBE,RESPECTIVELYTHEREARESEVERALANALYTICALMODELSFORTHEPREDICTIONOFSHORTTERMMAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTSFORSHIELDEDTUNNELINGOPERATIONSLEEETAL1992LOGANATHANANDPOULOS1998CHIETAL2001CHOUANDBOBET2002PARK2004THEMETHODSUGGESTEDBYLOGANATHANANDPOULOS1998ISUSEDINTHISSTUDYINTHISMETHOD,ATHEORETICALGAPPARAMETERGISDEFINEDBASEDONPHYSICALGAPINTHEVOID,FACELOSSESANDWORKMANSHIPVALUE,ANDTHENTHEGAPPARAMETERISINCORPORATEDTOACLOSEDFORMSOLUTIONTOPREDICTELASTOPLASTICGROUNDDEFORMATIONSTHEUNDRAINEDGAPPARAMETERGISESTIMATEDBYEQ12WHEREGPISTHEPHYSICALGAPREPRESENTINGTHEGEOMETRICCLEARANCEBETWEENTHEOUTERSKINOFTHESHIELDANDTHELINER,ISTHETHICKNESSOFTHETAILSHIELD,DISTHECLEARANCEREQUIREDFORERECTIONOFTHELINER,U3DISTHEEQUIVALENT3DELASTOPLASTICDEFORMATIONATTHETUNNELFACE,ANDWISAVALUETHATTAKESINTOACCOUNTTHEQUALITYOFWORKMANSHIPMAXIMUMSHORTTERMSURFACESETTLEMENTISPREDICTEDBYTHEORETICALEQ13LOGANATHANANDPOULOS1998WHERE,TISUNDRAINEDPOISSONSRATIO,ASSUMEDTOBEOFMAXIMUM05GISTHEGAPPARAMETERM,WHICHISESTIMATEDTOBE00128MINTHISSTUDYANDXISTRANSVERSEDISTANCEFROMTHETUNNELCENTERLINEMANDITISASSUMEDTOBE0MFORTHEMAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTTHEMODELYIELDS230MMOFUNDRAINEDMAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTOTHERPARAMETERSOFSETTLEMENTSUCHASMAXIMUMSLOPE,MAXIMUMCURVATUREANDSOONARENOTMENTIONEDINTHISSTUDYVERIFICATIONOFPREDICTIONSBYFIELDMEASUREMENTSANDDISCUSSIONTHERESULTSOFMEASUREMENTSPERFORMEDONTHESURFACEMONITORINGPOINTS,BYISTANBULMETROPOLITANMUNICIPALITY,AREPRESENTEDINTABLE4FORTHELEFTANDRIGHTTUBESASSEEN,THEAVERAGEMAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTSAREAROUND96MMFORTHERIGHTTUBEAND144MMFORTHELEFTTUBE,WHICHEXCAVATES100MBEHINDTHERIGHTTUBETHEMAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTSMEASUREDAROUND152MMFORTHERIGHTTUBEAND263MMFORTHELEFTTUBEHIGHERSETTLEMENTSAREEXPECTEDINTHELEFTTUBESINCETHEPREVIOUSTBMEXCAVATIONACTIVITIESONTHERIGHTTUBEOVERLAPSTHEPREVIOUSDEFORMATIONTHEEFFECTOFTHELEFTTUBEEXCAVATIONONDEFORMATIONSOFTHERIGHTTUBEISPRESENTEDINFIG9ASSEEN,AFTERLOVATTBMINTHERIGHTTUBEEXCAVATESNEARBYTHESURFACEMONITORINGPOINT25,MAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTREACHESATAROUND9MMHOWEVER,WHILEHERRENKNECHTTBMINTHELEFTTUBEPASSESTHESAMEPOINT,MAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTREACHESATAROUND29MMFIG10IFTHECONSTRUCTIONMETHODAPPLIEDTOTHESITEISCONSIDERED,LONGTERMCONSOLIDATIONSETTLEMENTSAREEXPECTEDTOBELOW,SINCETHETAILVOIDISGROUTEDIMMEDIATELYAFTEREXCAVATIONTHERESULTSOFPREDICTIONSMENTIONEDABOVEANDOBSERVEDMAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTSARESUMMARIZEDINTABLE5THEMETHODSSUGGESTEDBYLOGANATHANANDPOULOS1998ANDSCHMIDT1969CONNECTEDWITHARIOGLUSSUGGESTION1992CANPREDICTTHEMAXIMUMSHORTTERMSURFACESETTLEMENTSONLYFORASINGLETUNNELPLAXISFINITEELEMENTANDHERZOG1985MODELSCANPREDICTDEFORMATIONSFORTWINTUBESHERZOGSMODEL1985YIELDSHIGHERMAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTSTHANTHEOBSERVEDONESTHEREASONFORTHATISTHATTHEDATABASEOFTHEMODELINCLUDESBOTHSHIELDEDTUNNELSANDNATMNEWAUSTRIANTUNNELINGMETHODTUNNELS,OFWHICHSURFACESETTLEMENTSAREUSUALLYHIGHERCOMPAREDTOSHIELDEDTUNNELSSCHMIDT1969,ALONGWITHARIOGLUSSUGGESTION1992,YIELDSPREDICTIONSCLOSETOOBSERVEDPLAXISFINITEELEMENTMODELINGGIVESTHEMOSTREALISTICRESULTS,PROVIDEDTHEREISCORRECTASSUMPTIONOFVOLUMELOSSPARAMETER,WHICHISUSUALLYDIFFICULTTOPREDICTTHEMODELPROVIDESSIMULATIONOFEXCAVATION,LINING,GROUTINGANDFACEPRESSUREINAREALISTICMANNERTOPREDICTSURFACEANDSUBSURFACESETTLEMENTSTHEVOLUMELOSSPARAMETERISUSUALLYASSUMEDTOBE1FOREXCAVATIONWITHFACEPRESSUREBALANCEDTUNNELBORINGMACHINESTHEREALIZEDVOLUMELOSSINTHESITEISAROUND1FORTHISSTUDYCURRENTLY,THEREISDIFFICULTYYETINMODELINGTHEDEFORMATIONBEHAVIOROFTWINTUNNELSONEOFTHEMOSTIMPRESSIVESTUDIESONTHISISSUEWASPERFORMEDBYCHAPMANETAL2004HOWEVER,CHAPMANSSEMITHEORETICALMETHODSTILLREQUIRESENLARGEMENTOFTHEDATABASETOIMPROVETHESUGGESTEDMODELINHISPAPERCONCLUSIONSINTHISSTUDY,THREESURFACESETTLEMENTPREDICTIONMETHODSFORMECHANIZEDTWINTUNNELEXCAVATIONSBETWEENESENLERANDKIRAZLISTATIONSOFISTANBULMETROLINEAREAPPLIEDTUNNELSOF65MDIAMETERSWITH14MDISTANCEBETWEENTHEIRCENTERSAREEXCAVATEDBYEPMTUNNELBORINGMACHINESTHEGEOLOGICSTRUCTUREOFTHEAREACANBECLASSIFIEDASSOFTGROUNDSETTLEMENTPREDICTIONSAREPERFORMEDBYUSINGFEMODELING,ANDSEMITHEORETICALSEMIEMPIRICALANDANALYTICALMETHODSTHEMEASUREDRESULTSAFTERTUNNELINGARECOMPAREDTOPREDICTEDRESULTSTHESEINDICATETHATTHEFEMODELPREDICTSWELLTHESHORTTIMESURFACESETTLEMENTSFORAGIVENVOLUMELOSSVALUETHERESULTSOFSOMESEMITHEORETICALANDANALYTICALMETHODSAREFOUNDTOBEINGOODAGREEMENTWITHTHEFEMODEL,WHEREASSOMEMETHODSOVERESTIMATETHEMEASUREDSETTLEMENTSTHEFEMODELPREDICTEDTHEMAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTAS1589MM1VOLUMELOSSFORTHERIGHTTUBE,WHILETHEMEASUREDMAXIMUMSETTLEMENTWAS1520MMFORTHELEFTTUBEOPENEDAFTERTHERIGHT,FEPREDICTIONWAS2434MM,WHILEMEASUREDMAXIMUMSETTLEMENTWAS2630MM中文翻譯基于盾構(gòu)法的ISTANBUL地鐵施工引起的地面沉降預(yù)測(cè)摘要在這項(xiàng)研究中，研究的是雙線隧道的短期地面沉降，選取線路里程總長(zhǎng)為4KM的ISTANBUL地鐵從ESENLER站到KIRAZL站方向850到900M區(qū)間為研究對(duì)象。ESENLER到BASAKSEHIR站掘進(jìn)線路總長(zhǎng)為212KM。使用兩臺(tái)刀盤直徑為65M土壓平衡盾構(gòu)機(jī)進(jìn)行雙線掘進(jìn)，兩隧道中心距14M。左隧道先于有隧道100M掘進(jìn)。使用寬14M的管片作為支護(hù)。使用PLAXIS軟件進(jìn)行沉降的有限元分析。該軟件能模擬地下隧道的掘進(jìn)、支護(hù)和掌子面支護(hù)等。針對(duì)典型的地質(zhì)特征進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)，這些特征是決定地面沉降量的關(guān)鍵因素。研究區(qū)域的地質(zhì)構(gòu)造從地面向下分別為素填土、硬粘土、密實(shí)砂、高密砂和硬質(zhì)粘土。本文不僅使用有限元分析地面沉降，也使用半理論（半經(jīng)驗(yàn)）和解析模型進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)。結(jié)果表明該FE模型對(duì)給定流失值的短期地面沉降預(yù)測(cè)效果較好。半理論和解析模型得到結(jié)果與FE模型得到的結(jié)果一致。將預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果和實(shí)際測(cè)量值進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析，得到在掘進(jìn)過程中，灌漿應(yīng)在管片支護(hù)安裝到位后盡快進(jìn)行。刀盤壓力應(yīng)嚴(yán)密監(jiān)控并及時(shí)調(diào)整適應(yīng)不同地質(zhì)。KEYWORDS地面沉降預(yù)測(cè)；有限元模型；解析方法；半理論方法；土壓平衡盾構(gòu)機(jī)；ISTANBUL地鐵介紹隨著對(duì)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施需要的增長(zhǎng)，人們對(duì)在市區(qū)中通過淺埋暗挖修建隧道產(chǎn)生了濃厚興趣。一些地表和次地表巖土結(jié)構(gòu)的變形使地下工程十分脆弱，這些變形應(yīng)根據(jù)可接受級(jí)別得到限制和控制。不論什么掘進(jìn)方式，短期和長(zhǎng)期的地表和次地表層變形都應(yīng)得到預(yù)測(cè)，在開挖前要對(duì)現(xiàn)有的可能受到破壞的結(jié)構(gòu)采取加固措施。隧道建設(shè)成本大量增加主要由于其引起的地面沉降超過了允許值BILGINETAL2009。反應(yīng)地層沉降的基本參數(shù)有地質(zhì)條件、技術(shù)/環(huán)境參數(shù)和隧道掘進(jìn)或構(gòu)造方法OREILLYANDNEW1982ARIOGLU1992KARAKUSANDFOWELL2003TANANDRANJIT2003MINGUEZETAL2005ELLIS2005SUWANSAWATANDEINSTEIN2006。應(yīng)該以勘探方式進(jìn)行詳細(xì)地質(zhì)調(diào)查，弄清地層的物理和機(jī)械性質(zhì)、地下水分布、地層的變形特征，特別是巖層的剛度。技術(shù)參數(shù)包括隧道深度、幾何形狀、隧道直徑、單線還是雙線隧道和鄰近建筑物情況。施工方法應(yīng)該是安全經(jīng)濟(jì)的，其選擇