1、中文2940字計（論文）外文參考資料及譯文譯文題目:如何防范網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融風(fēng)險How to guard against financial risks networkFirst, the definition of network financeNetwork Finance is a computer network for the technical support of the financial activities and related activities in general, is a network of information technology and product of

2、 the combination of modern finance, but it is not a simple combination of the two, but a financial industry and even all industries An operating mechanism, is the future of enterprise system development. Narrowly understood, refers to the financial network of financial service providers based on the

3、 host to the Internet or communications network for the media, through the financial data and business processes embedded software platform, user interface terminal mode of operation of the new financial ; from a broad understanding of the concept of network finance their mode of operation also incl

4、udes matching network of financial institutions, networks and related financial markets, regulatory and other external environment. Including: e-money, online banking, online payment, network security and network insurance.Second, the network of financial riskNetwork mainly engaged in the financial

5、settlement of electronic money and electronic virtual financial services, in addition to traditional financial activities which exist in the process of credit risk, liquidity risk, interest rate risk, currency risk and market risk, from a technical, business and legal perspective, There are the foll

6、owing specific risks:1. Technology risk(1) hacker attacks. The operation of the network must rely on financial transactions, computer and Internet, all transactions are stored in the computer, the transmission of online information is easy to become a large network of hacker attack. In addition, Web

7、 access is a form of Internet service, is also a network of financial institutions trading and services platform, but it depends on TCP / IP protocol, there are many security vulnerabilities. This gives hackers broke into financial institutions through the network to create the conditions for the sy

8、stem. Hackers only need to use loopholes in the system itself, only need to modify a few settings you can allow financial institutions to a standstill.(2) technology selection risk. To carry out financial business networks, they must choose a proven technology solutions to support. Once there is cho

9、ice, there will be a result of selection for the same mistakes which led to the risk. One possibility is to choose the technology system and client terminal software compatibility due to poor speed of information transmission interruption or reduction, another risk is that of technical alternatives

10、have been eliminated, resulting in relatively backward technology, the network out of date, leading to enormous technical and Loss of business opportunities.Financial terms of the network, technology choice may lose all of the market failure, or even lose the basis for survival.2. Business risks.(1)

11、 operational risk. Operational risk from the system reliability, stability and security caused major defects in the possibility of potential loss may come from the negligence of online financial customers, may also come from the financial security system network and its products, design flaws and op

12、erational errors . Operational risk relates primarily to authorize the use of online financial accounts, the network of financial risk management systems, networks, financial institutions and the exchange of information among customers, true and false recognition of electronic money.(2) the risk of

13、market signals. Market risk is due to signal asymmetric information network of financial institutions led to the face of adverse selection and moral hazard arising from business risks. Such as Internet banking customers can not identify the risk level of the Internet at a disadvantage, online custom

14、ers may use their hidden information and action to make the network to their advantage at the expense of the interests of the decision-making banks and leaving because of adverse public comment on InternetBanking Risk of losing customers and sources of funding risks.(3) credit risk. Reputation risk

15、is the network of financial institutions can not create good customer relations, can not establish their own good reputation, and thus can not engage in financial business. Once the virtual network of financial institutions to provide financial services can not achieve the expected level of the publ

16、ic, or adverse reactions in the community, or network security system of financial institutions have been destroyed to form a network of financial credit risk.3. Legal risks. The legal risks of financial networks, mainly from two aspects: First, violation of relevant laws, regulations and system req

17、uirements, and online transactions failed to comply with the provisions of the relevant rights and obligations. These laws and regulations, including consumer protection laws, financial disclosure system, privacy protection, intellectual property protection law and currency system. Second, the lack

18、of network financial law. China Internet Finance still in its infancy, is still quite a lack of appropriate laws and regulations. Therefore, using the Internet to provide or receive financial services, signed an economic contract rights and obligations in the face considerable legal risk, vulnerable

19、 to undue disputes, not only increase the cost of online financial transactions, and even affect the Development of the financial health of the network.Third, improve the network to prevent and control financial risksPoint of the network of financial risks, involving a wide range of interests, it is

20、 necessary to perfect legal environment, strengthening access management, a sound regulatory system, adjust the regulatory strategy and other aspects, a multi-pronged, comprehensive treatment.1. Improve the legal system.(1) legislative efforts to increase the network of financial, clear the network

21、of financial rights and obligations of relevant subjects.(2) to develop rules of fair trade network. In the identification and validation of digital signatures, transactions preservation of evidence, the transaction and both parties share responsibility for the protection of personal information of

22、consumers to make detailed provisions to ensure transaction security, digital evidence when disputes arise and transactions in a real and effective personal Privacy.2. Enhanced market access management.(1) The status of the technology infrastructure as one of the conditions of market access. Financi

23、al services applications for operating the network of financial institutions not only a considerable scale of network equipment, but also need to have confirmed the legality of trading partners, to prevent tampering with trading information and prevent information leakage and other aspects of key te

24、chnologies.(2) to develop rigorous internal control system. Publicity for the network of financial services, information disclosure, and system design have institutional arrangements,the establishment of a network of financial institutions or a new business, the must have sound risk identification,

25、identification, management, risk cover and disposal programs.(3) to develop and improve the types of transactions operating procedures.Applications to open accounts for customers, customer authorization statement, the general development of trading procedures, rules to prevent illegal trading and on

26、line financial transaction system against criminal activities.(4) the implementation of the network type of financial business management.Development of classification standards,banking and financial services capabilities and the ability to credit rating, thus a variety of services on the network to

27、 carry out the financial restrictions and permits.3. Improve the regulatory system.(1) improve the network of financial risk monitoring systems. The establishment of national (network) Financial Risk Management Committee.(2) to strengthen collaborative supervision. Committee of the member units and

28、other relevant regulatory authorities to share information resources among each other and opening up their own information database, and regularly informed of their supervision, promote joint supervision, supervision of financial risks to improve network accuracy and timeliness.(3) to strengthen int

29、ernational cooperation in financial supervision network.Meanwhile, the network with international cooperation in financial supervision to strengthen the network of bank borrowing way illegal tax evasion, money laundering and other acts, the way the use of Internet banking transnational smuggling, il

30、legal arms trafficking activities such as arms and drug trafficking, illegal attack on the use of Internet banking other sites internet bank hackers, and other international criminal activities a full range of monitoring, the formation of the network can effectively protect the financial health of t

31、he global network operations and is responsible for the supervision of the financial system.4. Adjust the control strategy.(1) and improve the modernization level of financial supervision network. In the practice, we should have complete control of the network of financial institutions to improve th

32、e business operation of the network capacity and the forecast level of financial risk, and enhance macro-control of the systematic and forward-looking, but also to strengthen financial supervision and standardization of network construction, improve the network of financial supervision modern and sc

33、ientific level.(2) improve the network of financial and non-site inspection of the site content system. On-site inspection should focus on the technical elements to be checked.(3) the establishment of mandatory information disclosure system. Follow the open, fair and just principle, development of f

34、inancial services than the traditional more stringent information disclosure rules, norms, disclosure of the content, format, frequency and responsibilities and so on, through the financial statements, disclosure of the online publicity and other means of financial networks business information.(4)

35、Innovative forms of regulation. Take full advantage of information superiority, the establishment of real-time tracking and monitoring systems, strengthen monitoring, while also taking on the network rules, patrol checks, the way the operational status of the network and whether the financial irregu

36、larities carry out spot checks found that, in a timely manner to correct or take punitive measures.5. Building security system.(1) accelerate research and development with Chinas own intellectual property rights of advanced information technology. Including computer equipment, communications equipme

37、nt, system software, encryption algorithms, from the protection of national financial security and national economic security perspective to improve network security.(2) improving the network operating environment. Computer networks and centers to strengthen the managementof the engine room, increas

38、e physical security measuresfor computer input, and enhance computer systems of key technologies and key equipment against attacks, anti-virus capabilities, maintenance of computer hardware security, ensure network banks rely on network hardware The normal operation of the environment safe.(3) secur

39、e access. On the one hand through the network of physical and logical isolation means isolation, and physical resources to unauthorized users isolated from each other, on the other hand through the application of the authentication and grading systems such as login authorization to restrict access t

40、o unauthorized users.如何防范網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融風(fēng)險、網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融的定義網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融是對以電腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)為技術(shù)支撐的金融活動和相關(guān)活動的總稱，是網(wǎng)絡(luò)信 息技術(shù)與現(xiàn)代金融相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物，但它并不是二者的簡單結(jié)合，而是一種金融業(yè)乃 至所有行業(yè)的一種運(yùn)行機(jī)制，是未來企業(yè)機(jī)制發(fā)展的方向。從狹義上理解，網(wǎng)絡(luò)金 融是指以金融服務(wù)提供者的主機(jī)為基礎(chǔ)，以因特網(wǎng)或者通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)為媒介，通過內(nèi)嵌金融數(shù)據(jù)和業(yè)務(wù)流程的軟件平臺，以用戶終端為操作界面的新型金融運(yùn)作模式；從 廣義上理解，網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融的概念還包括與其運(yùn)作模式相配套的網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融機(jī)構(gòu)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)金 融市場以及相關(guān)的、監(jiān)管等外部環(huán)境。包括：電子貨幣、網(wǎng)絡(luò)銀行、網(wǎng)上支付、網(wǎng) 絡(luò)證券及網(wǎng)

41、絡(luò)保險等。、網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融的風(fēng)險網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融主要經(jīng)營電子貨幣和電子結(jié)算等虛擬金融業(yè)務(wù)，因而除了具有傳統(tǒng)金 融活動過程中存在的信用風(fēng)險、流動性風(fēng)險、利率風(fēng)險、匯率風(fēng)險和市場風(fēng)險外，從技術(shù)、業(yè)務(wù)和法律角度分析，還存在以下特定風(fēng)險：1. 技術(shù)風(fēng)險1）黑客攻擊。網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融交易的運(yùn)行必須依靠計算機(jī)和因特網(wǎng)，所有交易資料都在計算機(jī)中存儲，網(wǎng)上信息的傳遞很容易成為眾多網(wǎng)絡(luò)“黑客”的攻擊目標(biāo)。另外，Web訪問是In ternet服務(wù)形式的一種，也是網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融機(jī)構(gòu)提供交易和服務(wù)的平臺，然而它所依賴的 TCP/IP 協(xié)議中存在很多安全漏洞。這就給黑客通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)闖入金 融機(jī)構(gòu)的系統(tǒng)創(chuàng)造了條件。黑客只需要利用系統(tǒng)中本身存在的漏洞，

42、“只需要修改幾 個設(shè)置”就可能讓金融機(jī)構(gòu)癱瘓。（2）技術(shù)選擇風(fēng)險。要想開展網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融業(yè)務(wù)，就必須選擇一種成熟的技術(shù)解決方案來支撐。而一旦存在選擇，就同樣會存在因選擇失誤而導(dǎo)致的風(fēng)險。一種可能 是選擇的技術(shù)系統(tǒng)與客戶終端軟件的兼容性差導(dǎo)致的信息傳輸中斷或速度降低，另 一種風(fēng)險就是選擇的技術(shù)方案已經(jīng)被淘汰，造成技術(shù)相對落后、網(wǎng)絡(luò)過時，導(dǎo)致巨 大的技術(shù)和商業(yè)機(jī)會的損失。對網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融而言，技術(shù)選擇失誤可能失去全部的市場， 甚至失去生存的基礎(chǔ)。2業(yè)務(wù)風(fēng)險。1）操作風(fēng)險。操作風(fēng)險來源于系統(tǒng)可靠性、穩(wěn)定性和安全性的重大缺陷而導(dǎo)致潛在損失的可能性，可能來自網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融客戶的疏忽，也可能來自網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融安全系 統(tǒng)和其產(chǎn)品的

43、設(shè)計缺陷及操作失誤。操作風(fēng)險主要涉及網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融賬戶的授權(quán)使用、 網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融的風(fēng)險管理系統(tǒng)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融機(jī)構(gòu)和客戶間的信息交流、真假電子貨幣識別 等。2）市場信號風(fēng)險。市場信號風(fēng)險是指由于信息非對稱導(dǎo)致網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融機(jī)構(gòu)面臨不利選擇和道德風(fēng)險而引發(fā)的業(yè)務(wù)風(fēng)險。如由于網(wǎng)絡(luò)銀行無法在網(wǎng)上鑒別客戶的風(fēng) 險水平而處于不利地位，網(wǎng)上客戶可能利用他們的隱蔽信息和行動做出對自己有利 但損害網(wǎng)絡(luò)銀行利益的決策，以及由于不利的公眾評價而使網(wǎng)絡(luò)銀行面臨喪失客戶 和資金來源的風(fēng)險等。（3）信譽(yù)風(fēng)險。信譽(yù)風(fēng)險是指網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融機(jī)構(gòu)無法建立良好的客戶關(guān)系，不能樹 立自身的良好信譽(yù)，從而無法從事金融業(yè)務(wù)。一旦網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融機(jī)構(gòu)提供的虛擬金融服 務(wù)不

44、能達(dá)到公眾所預(yù)期的水平，或者在社會上產(chǎn)生不良反應(yīng)，或者網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融機(jī)構(gòu)的 安全系統(tǒng)曾經(jīng)遭到破壞，就形成了網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融的信譽(yù)風(fēng)險。3法律風(fēng)險。網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融的法律風(fēng)險主要來自兩個方面：一是違反相關(guān)法律、規(guī)章和制度規(guī)定，以及在網(wǎng)上交易中沒有遵守有關(guān)權(quán)利義務(wù)的規(guī)定。這些法律和規(guī)章制度包括消費(fèi)者權(quán)益保護(hù)法、財務(wù)披露制度、隱私保護(hù)法、知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)法和貨幣 發(fā)行制度等。二是網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融法律的缺乏。中國網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融還處于起步階段，相應(yīng)的法規(guī)還相當(dāng)缺乏。因此，利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)提供或接受金融服務(wù)，簽定經(jīng)濟(jì)合同在有關(guān)權(quán)利與 義務(wù)等方面面臨相當(dāng)大的法律風(fēng)險，容易陷入不應(yīng)有的糾紛之中，不僅增加了網(wǎng)絡(luò) 金融的交易費(fèi)用，甚至還影響網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融的健康發(fā)展。

45、三、完善對網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融風(fēng)險的防范和監(jiān)管網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融面臨的風(fēng)險點(diǎn)多、涉及的利益面廣，有必要從完善法制環(huán)境、加強(qiáng)準(zhǔn)入管理、健全監(jiān)管體制、調(diào)整監(jiān)管策略等方面入手，多管齊下，綜合治理。1健全法律制度。1）加大網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融的立法力度，明晰網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融各相關(guān)主體的權(quán)利義務(wù)。2）制定網(wǎng)絡(luò)公平交易規(guī)則。在數(shù)字簽名的識別和確認(rèn)、交易證據(jù)的保存、交易雙方當(dāng)事人責(zé)任的分擔(dān)以及消費(fèi)者個人信息的保護(hù)方面做出詳細(xì)規(guī)定，以保證交 易安全、出現(xiàn)糾紛時數(shù)字證據(jù)的真實有效和交易中的個人隱私。2加強(qiáng)市場準(zhǔn)入管理。1）將技術(shù)設(shè)施狀況作為市場準(zhǔn)入的條件之一。申請開辦網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融業(yè)務(wù)的金融機(jī)構(gòu)不僅要有相當(dāng)規(guī)模的網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備，而且還需要有確認(rèn)交易對象的合法性、防

46、止篡 改交易信息以及防止信息泄露等方面的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。2）制定嚴(yán)密的內(nèi)控制度。對網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融業(yè)務(wù)的公示、信息披露和系統(tǒng)設(shè)計等要有制度性安排，對網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)立或新業(yè)務(wù)的開展，必須具備完善的風(fēng)險識別、 鑒定、管理、風(fēng)險彌補(bǔ)和處置方案。3）制定、完善各類交易操作規(guī)程。對客戶申請開立賬戶、客戶授權(quán)的聲明、一般交易程序等擬定細(xì)則，防止違法交易和侵害網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融交易系統(tǒng)的違法犯罪活動。4）對網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融業(yè)務(wù)實行類別管理。制定分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對銀行金融業(yè)務(wù)能力和資信能力進(jìn)行分級，從而對網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融各種業(yè)務(wù)的開展加以限制和許可。3完善監(jiān)管體制。1）健全網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融風(fēng)險監(jiān)管體系。 成立 “國家（網(wǎng)絡(luò)）金融風(fēng)險管理委員會” 。2）加強(qiáng)協(xié)同監(jiān)管?！拔瘑T會”各成員單位和其他相關(guān)監(jiān)管部門之間實現(xiàn)信息資源共享，相互開放各自的信息資料庫，并定期通報各自的監(jiān)管情況，促進(jìn)聯(lián)動監(jiān) 管，提高網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融風(fēng)險監(jiān)管的準(zhǔn)確性和時效性。3）加強(qiáng)國際間的網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融監(jiān)