1、感染相關(guān)英文詞匯小結(jié)G-（7.1腸桿菌）1. Enteric Bacilli腸桿菌2. diverse anatomic sites不同解剖位置3. compromised hosts免疫抑制的宿主4. colonic flora腸道菌群5. Escherichia coli大腸埃希氏菌6. Klebsiella克雷伯桿菌7. Proteus變形桿菌8. Enterobacter腸桿菌屬9. Serratia沙雷菌屬10. Citrobacter枸櫞酸菌屬11. Morganella摩根菌屬12. Providencia普羅威登菌屬13. Edwardsiella愛德華氏菌屬14. patho

2、types致病類型15. gram-negative bacilli (GNB)革蘭陰性菌16. GNB (primarily E. coli , Klebsiella , and Proteus ) only transiently colonize the oropharynx and skin of healthy individualsGNB（特別是大腸埃希菌，克雷伯菌，變形桿菌）僅短暫定植于正常人群體的口咽部和皮膚17. long-term care facilities (LTCFs)長期照護(hù)機(jī)構(gòu)18. GNB emerge as the dominant flora of bot

3、h mucosal and skin surfaces（在某些環(huán)境下），GNB成為粘膜、皮膚表面的主要菌群19. extended length of stay住院時間延長20. severe illness疾病嚴(yán)重21. antimicrobial use抗菌藥物應(yīng)用22.colonization may lead to subsequent infection定植可造成感染23.oropharyngeal colonization may lead to pneumonia口咽部定植可造成肺炎24. extracytoplasmic outer membrane胞質(zhì)外外膜25. lipid

4、 bilayer磷脂雙層26. lipoproteins脂蛋白27.polysaccharidescapsule,lipopolysaccharide (LPS)多糖（夾膜，脂多糖）28.critical determinants in pathogenesis and antimicrobial resistance發(fā)病過程以及抗菌藥物耐藥的重要決定因素29. bacterial virulence factors細(xì)菌致病因子30. infect the host efficiently快速感染宿主31. cognate pathogens共生的病原菌32. microbes and hos

5、ts微生物群和宿主33. evolutionary history進(jìn)化歷史34. commensal/symbiotic interaction共生關(guān)系35. mitochondriaformerly bacteriawithin eukaryotic cells線粒體曾經(jīng)為原核生物的細(xì)菌36. dead-end relationship死亡關(guān)系（無前途）37. chess match國際象棋對抗賽38.Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC)腸外致病大腸埃希菌39. extracellular pathogens細(xì)胞外的病原菌40. Innate

6、immunity固有免疫41. activities of complement補(bǔ)體活性42. antimicrobial peptides抗菌多肽43. professional phagocytes吞噬細(xì)胞44. Extraintestinal attachment腸外粘附（能力）45. mucociliary blanket粘膜纖毛層（毯，嘖嘖那么形象么）46. Multiple adhesins不同的粘附分子46. type I, S, and F1C fimbriae; P pili（不同的粘附分子）47. Nutrient sequestration攫取營養(yǎng)48. iron via

7、 intracellular storage細(xì)胞內(nèi)儲存的鐵49. extracellular scavenging via lactoferrin and transferrin)細(xì)胞外通過乳鐵蛋白和轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白獲取鐵50. Cellular lysis細(xì)胞裂解51. hemolysin溶紅細(xì)胞素52. multiple mechanisms for competing for iron and other nutrients多種攫取鐵和其他營養(yǎng)素的機(jī)制53. siderophores嗜鐵素54. diarrheal disease腹瀉疾?。‥. coli獨(dú)特之處）55. defining tra

8、its獨(dú)特特點(diǎn)56. many important virulence genes await identification許多重要的毒力基因尚待確認(rèn)57. understanding of many aspects of the pathogenesis of infections due to GNB is in its infancy對GNB感染過程的理解尚淺58. septic shock感染性休克59. The lipid A moiety of LPS (via interaction with host Toll-like receptor 4)脂多糖的脂質(zhì)A部分（通過與宿主To

9、ll樣受體4作用）60. overly exuberant（細(xì)菌）生殖旺盛61. antigenic variants (serotypes)抗原變異（致使不同的血清型）62. 150 O-specific antigens（in E. coli ）超過150種氧特異性抗原63. 80 capsular antigens（in E. coli ）80種夾膜抗原64. immune evasion免疫逃逸65. recurrent infection感染復(fù)發(fā)66. different strains of the same species同一種的不同菌屬67. impeded vaccine d

10、evelopment加速疫苗的開發(fā)68.intrinsic or acquired antimicrobial resistance天然或后天獲得性耐藥69. alterations or disruptions of host defenses.宿主防御系統(tǒng)改變及損害70. pneumonia肺炎71. bacteremia (arising from any source)菌血癥（可能來源于各個部位）72. Isolation of GNB from ordinarily sterile anatomic sites從原本無菌的體內(nèi)部位分離出G-菌73.nonsterile sites非無

11、菌區(qū)74. open soft-tissue wounds開放的軟組織傷口75. respiratory tract呼吸道76. clinical correlation結(jié)合臨床77. differentiate colonization from infection鑒別定植還是感染78. lactose fermentation乳糖發(fā)酵79. indole production產(chǎn)生吲哚80. evolving patterns of antimicrobial resistance逐漸變化的耐藥特性81. lag between published and real-time resista

12、nce rates已公布的和真實(shí)世界耐藥率間的時間差82. ever-increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) GNB多藥耐藥的G-菌的流行83. broad-spectrum treatment廣譜的藥物治療84. appropriate narrower spectrum agent適合的窄譜抗菌藥物85. antimicrobial stewardship抗菌藥物合理應(yīng)用86. superinfection with resistant bacteria耐藥的超級細(xì)菌87. maximize the useful longevi

13、ty of available antimicrobial agents延長現(xiàn)有抗菌藥物的使用壽命88. not to treat patients who are colonized but not infected如為定植，無需治療89. antimicrobial resistance profiles of GNBG-菌的耐藥譜90. species細(xì)菌的種屬91. geographic location地理位置92. regional antimicrobial use當(dāng)?shù)乜咕幬锏膽?yīng)用情況93. hospital site intensive care units (ICUs) v

14、ersus wards醫(yī)院的位置（ICU或普通病房）94. carbapenems 碳青霉烯類95. imipenem美羅培南96. aminoglycoside氨基糖苷類97. amikacin阿米卡星98. cephalosporin IVIV代頭孢菌素99. cefepime頭孢吡肟100. piperacillin-tazobactam哌拉西林-他唑巴坦101. -Lactamases內(nèi)酰胺酶102. most important mediators of resistance to these drugs in GNB（內(nèi)酰胺酶）是GNB耐藥的主要機(jī)制103. Decreased p

15、ermeability滲透性下降104. active efflux of -lactam agents內(nèi)酰胺類藥物主動泵出105. in combination with -lactamase-mediated resistance與內(nèi)酰胺酶介導(dǎo)的耐藥同時存在106. Broad spectrum -lactamases廣譜內(nèi)酰胺酶107. penicillins and cephalosporins I青霉素及頭孢I代108.enteric GNB腸道G-菌109. clavulanate克拉維酸鹽（棒酸鹽）110. Extended-spectrum -lactamases (ESBLs

16、)超廣譜內(nèi)酰胺酶111. cephalosporins III and IV頭孢III代及IV代112. aztreonam氨曲南113. acquired ESBL-encoding genes via transferable plasmids通過質(zhì)粒傳播的獲得性ESBL基因114. most prevalent最普遍115. Klebsiella pneumoniae肺炎克雷伯菌116. K. oxytoca產(chǎn)酸克雷伯菌117. underrecognized被低估118. Enterobacter 腸桿菌119. Citrobacter檸檬酸細(xì)菌屬120. Proteus變形桿菌屬12

17、1. Serratia沙雷氏菌屬122. the regional prevalence of ESBL-producing GNB declines in rank order as follows: Latin America Western Pacific Europe United States and Canada產(chǎn)ESBLG-菌的發(fā)生率降序排列為：拉丁美洲西太平洋歐洲美國和加拿大123. Hospital outbreaks due to ESBL-producing strains醫(yī)院產(chǎn)ESBL菌株感染爆發(fā)124. extensive use of cephalosporins

18、III頭孢III代廣泛運(yùn)用125. ceftazidime頭孢他定126. most reliably active -lactam agents against ESBL-expressing strains（carbapenems）對產(chǎn)ESBL表達(dá)菌株最有效的內(nèi)酰胺酶制劑是（碳青霉烯）127. porin mutations外膜蛋白基因突變128. decreased uptake of cephalosporins and -lactam/-lactamase inhibitor combinations（細(xì)菌）對頭孢菌素、內(nèi)酰胺酶/內(nèi)酰胺酶抑制劑的攝取降低129. Thus, ESBL

19、-producing isolates should be considered resistant to all penicillins, cephalosporins, and aztreonam因此，分離菌產(chǎn)ESBL意味著對所有青霉素類、頭孢類抗菌藥物及氨曲南耐藥130. Ceftobiprole頭孢托羅酯131. first-in-class一類藥物中的第一個原研藥132. methicillin-resistant StaphylococcusAureus（MRSA）耐甲氧西林的金黃色葡萄球菌133. Enterobacteriaceae腸桿菌科134. AmpC lactamase

20、s confer resistance to the same substrates as ESBLs plus the cephamycinsAmpC內(nèi)酰胺酶可導(dǎo)致耐藥，和ESBL有同樣的底物，同時還有對頭霉素類耐藥135. cefoxitin頭孢西丁136. cefotetan頭孢替坦137. AmpC enzymes resist inhibition by -lactamase inhibitorsAmpC酶可不被內(nèi)酰胺酶抑制劑所抑制138. constitutive chromosomal AmpC -lactamases染色體編碼AmpC內(nèi)酰胺酶的基因139. Proteus vu

21、lgaris普通變形桿菌140. Providencia普羅威登斯菌屬141. Morganella摩根（氏）菌屬142. aminopenicillins氨基青霉素143. cefazolin頭孢唑林144. acquired plasmids containing AmpC -lactamase genes質(zhì)粒介導(dǎo)的AmpC內(nèi)酰胺酶基因轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)145. cefepime is stable to AmpC -lactamases頭孢吡肟對AmpC內(nèi)酰胺酶穩(wěn)定146. Carbapenemases碳青霉烯酶147. Automated susceptibility systems自動化藥敏檢測系

22、統(tǒng)148. unreliable for detection of carbapenemases對碳青霉烯酶的檢測不可信149. imipenem亞胺培南150. meropenem美羅培南151. ertapenem厄他培南152. Resistance to ertapenem is the most sensitive marker for carbapenem resistance in automated systems在自動藥敏檢測系統(tǒng)中，厄他培南耐藥即意味著碳青霉烯酶耐藥，是最敏感的指標(biāo)153. modified Hodge test改良Hodge試驗(yàn)154. Tigecycli

23、ne替加環(huán)素155. polymyxins多粘菌素類156. tigecycline reaches only low concentrations in serum and urine, a characteristic that warrants concern about its use in the treatment of bacteremia and urinary tract infection (UTI)替加環(huán)素血藥濃度、尿藥濃度低，因此對其治療菌血癥和尿路感染的可靠性有所質(zhì)疑157. Resistance to fluoroquinolones usually is due

24、to alterations of the target site (DNA gyrase and/or topoisomerase IV), with or without decreased permeability, active efflux, or protection of the target site.氟喹諾酮耐藥主要由于靶點(diǎn)改變（DNA回旋酶和/或拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶IV），伴隨或不伴隨滲透率降低，主動泵出以及靶點(diǎn)的保護(hù)作用159. MDR GNB多重耐藥G-菌158. pending susceptibility results根據(jù)藥敏結(jié)果160. assess the clinic

25、al response to treatment評價治療的反應(yīng)161. resistance may evolve during therapy治療過程中可出現(xiàn)耐藥162. drainage of abscesses膿腫引流163. removal of infected foreign bodies感染灶切除164. polymicrobial infections多重感染165. prudent to design an antimicrobial regimen active against all of the GNB設(shè)計針對所有G-的抗菌藥治療方案需要慎重166. superinfe

26、ction超級細(xì)菌感染167. Clostridium difficile colitis難辨梭菌結(jié)腸炎168. Diligent adherence to hand-hygiene protocols堅持執(zhí)行手衛(wèi)生原則169. avoidance of inappropriate antimicrobial use 避免不合理抗菌藥物應(yīng)用170. avoidance of the use of indwelling devices(e.g., urinary and intravascular catheters, endotracheal tubes)避免體內(nèi)留置設(shè)備（尿路、靜脈導(dǎo)管、氣管

27、內(nèi)置管）171. placement放置172. Positioning (e.g., head of bed at 30)適當(dāng)?shù)捏w位（床頭抬高30）173. good oral hygiene注意口腔衛(wèi)生174. decrease the incidence of pneumonia in ventilated patients降低通氣患者肺炎的發(fā)生率175. commensal strains共生的菌株176. normal facultative intestinal flora正常的兼性腸道菌群177. confer benefits to the host (e.g., resist

28、ance to colonization with pathogenic organisms)為宿主提供好處（如，防止病原微生物定植）178. lack the specialized virulence traits缺乏特殊的致病特點(diǎn)179. a foreign body (e.g., a urinary catheter)異物（尿管）180. host compromise (e.g., local anatomic or functional abnormalities such as urinary or biliary tract obstruction or systemic im

29、munocompromise)宿主免疫抑制（局部解剖或功能異常，例如尿道、膽道梗阻或系統(tǒng)免疫功能異常）181. inoculum（接種）菌群182. fecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity腹腔糞便污染183. phylogenetic background系統(tǒng)發(fā)育背景184. surgical wound infection手術(shù)傷口感染185. osteomyelitis骨髓炎186. myositis肌炎187. intestinal pathogenic E. coli腸道致病大腸埃希菌188. gastroenteritis胃腸炎189.

30、 ExPEC strains腸外致病菌190. Urinary tract infection （UTI）尿路感染191. ambulatory patients門診患者192. uncomplicated cystitis無癥狀膀胱炎193. pyelonephritis腎盂腎炎194. catheter-associated UTIs導(dǎo)管相關(guān)尿路感染195. specific hosts (e.g., premenopausalwomen, compromised hosts特殊的患者（絕經(jīng)前女性，免疫抑制患者）196. frequent recurrences反復(fù)復(fù)發(fā)197. dysur

31、ia排尿困難198. urinary frequency尿頻199. suprapubic pain恥骨上疼痛200. Fever and/or back pain suggests progression to pyelonephritis.發(fā)熱及后背疼痛意味著疼痛進(jìn)展至腎盂腎炎201. fever may take 57 days to resolve completely發(fā)熱需5-7天完全恢復(fù)202. Persistently elevated or increasing fever and neutrophil counts持續(xù)發(fā)熱及中性粒細(xì)胞升高203. prompt evaluation for intrarenal or perinephric abscess and/or obstruction迅速評估是否存在腎內(nèi)、腎周的膿腫或梗阻204. Renal parenchymal damage and loss of renal function腎