1、名詞對應(yīng)跨文化商務(wù)交際答案High quality manuscripts are welcome to download(Kinesics) : the nonverbal behavior related to the movement of the body or part of the body.(身勢)：非言語行為相關(guān)的運(yùn)動身體肌膚上或局部的身體。(etiquette) : it refers to manners and behavior considered acceptable in social and business situations.(禮儀):它指的是禮貌和行為認(rèn)為

2、是可以接受的，在社會和商業(yè)管理碩士學(xué)位。(pragmatics): it is the study of how speakers use the language to reach successful communication, and the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behaviors(語用學(xué)):它是研究如何說話者可以運(yùn)用語言達(dá)到成功的交際，而且該研究結(jié)果 的語言對人類的觀念和行為。(power distance):the degree to which power differenc

3、es are expected and accepted by society(權(quán)力距離):在何種程度上的力量和接受不同是被期望的社會。(Values): a learned organization of rules for marking choices and for resolving conflicts(價值觀):學(xué)會組織的規(guī)則為標(biāo)志的選擇和解決沖突。(reverse culture shock) :it refers to the shock one experiences upon returning to one? s home culture after growing us

4、ed to a new one (反向文化沖擊)：它指的是“震驚” 一經(jīng)使用后返回到一個新的增長一對一的家 居文化體驗(yàn)。(Recovery stage):a stage of culture shock characterized by gaining some understanding of the new culture(恢復(fù)期):一階段的文化沖擊獲得一些新的文化的理解的特點(diǎn)。(Semantics) : it is the study of the meaning of words, a system that relates words to meaning(語義)：這是含義的話，一個

5、系統(tǒng)，涉及詞意義的研究。(Memo):it is a hard-copy document, used for communicating inside an organization, usually short(備忘錄)：這是一個硬拷貝文件，供組織內(nèi)，通常短暫交流使用。(proxemics):the study of people s perception and use of space(空間關(guān)系學(xué))：人們的看法和空間利用研究。(uncertainty avoidance):the degree to which the society is willing to accept and

6、deal with ambiguity and uncertainty.(不確定性規(guī)避):在何種程度上愿意為社會接受和處理模糊性和不確定性。 (Individualism):the degree to which individual decision-making and action is accepted and encouraged by the society(個人主義):在何種程度上個人決策和行動是社會所接受和鼓勵。(taboos):practices or verbal expressions considered by a society or cultures as impr

7、oper or unacceptable(禁忌)：方式或一個社會或文化視為不當(dāng)或不可接受的口頭表達(dá)。(superstitions):beliefs that are inconsistent with the knows laws of science or what society considers to be true and rational（迷信）:信仰與科學(xué)規(guī)律的認(rèn)識還是什么社會認(rèn)為是真實(shí)和理性的不一致。（culture shock）:this term expresses the lack of direction, the feeling of not knowing what

8、 to do or how to do things in a new environment, and not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate（文化沖擊）：這個詞表達(dá)了缺乏方向，在不知道該怎么做或如何在新的環(huán)境的 東西，不知道什么是適當(dāng)或不適當(dāng)?shù)母杏X。（rejection）: a coping mechanism against culture shock in which wethink we don， t need anybody, and we are coping fine alone（拒絕）：一對文化的沖擊中，我們認(rèn)為我們不

9、需要任何人，我們是很好應(yīng)付獨(dú)IH應(yīng)對機(jī)制。（customs）:they are behaviors generally expected in specific situations and are established, socially acceptable ways of behaving in given circumstances（習(xí)俗，）：他們普遍預(yù)計的具體情況和建立行為，在一定情況下表現(xiàn)為社會接 受的方式。（personal territory）:it refers to the space that people have for their own activities（個

10、人領(lǐng)域）：它指的是空間，人們?yōu)樽约旱幕顒佣?正負(fù)判斷。（F,T）三，名詞解釋。（一）Hofstedes four cultural dimensions （please provide examples if possible） 霍夫斯泰徳的四個文化維度（請?zhí)峁├?，如果可能的話?答案： mean: Hofstede developed a model that identifies four primary dimensions for diferentiating cluture is：1. Power Distance :include 1. small power distance

11、cluture 2. large power distance cluture 2. Individualism Versus Collectivism3. Masculinity versus Femininity4. Uncertainty AvoidanceFor example, the power of the United States views with the views of Arab countries there is a big difference to the power is not very fancy, they pay more attention to

12、personal ability to play, the pursuit of power to be a lot less than the Arab countries; Arab countries due to national Institutional relations, focusing on the power of binding, thus, the Arab countries, institutions, whether government departments or enterprises are more or less with the power of

13、color（比如，美國對權(quán)力的看法跟阿拉伯國家的看法就存在很大的差異，美國不是很 看中權(quán)力，他們更注重個人能力的發(fā)揮，對權(quán)力的追求比阿拉伯國家要遜色不 少；阿拉伯國家由于國家體制的關(guān)系，注重權(quán)力的約束力，由此，阿拉伯國家的 機(jī)構(gòu)，不管是政府部門或者企業(yè)都多多少少帶有權(quán)力的色彩。）（二）low context culture （please provide an examples if possible）低語境文化（請?zhí)峁┮粋€例子，如果可能的話）答案 the low context culture is the listener knows very little andmust be told

14、 practically everything低語境文化就是聽眾知道很少，兒乎一切都必須被告知）Example:1: A German, an American, a Japanese to the same restaurant, ordered a hamburger are the result of the negligence of the cook the meat of the three have burned the hamburgers, and asked the three people would say German paste directly criticize

15、 the meat, criticized the chef; Americans said that although the meat tastes very good, but bread, salad, shallot taste pretty good; The Japanese would say, bread, salad, onion is delicious（一個徳國人，一個美國人，一個日本人到同一家餐廳，都點(diǎn)了一個漢堡， 結(jié)果由于廚師的疏忽把三個漢堡中的肉都烤糊了，問，三個人會對此次說什么： 徳國人會直接批判這個糊了的肉，批評這個廚師；美國人會說，雖然肉的口味不 太好，但是

16、面包，沙拉，香蔥的味道還不錯；日本人會說，面包，沙拉，香蔥 的味道不錯。）2 American contracts are usually about ten times longer than FrenchFrenchcontracts Americans like to have a lot of the context stated is taken for granteddont care very much about the explanation, as much ofthe information（三）high context culture （please provide a

17、n examples if possible）答案：the high context culture is listener is already contexted and so does not need to be given much background information.（在高語境文化監(jiān)聽器已經(jīng)contexted等并不需要給予太多的背景資料。）兩個題目的例子可以用上一個來解釋4企業(yè)文化（corporate culture）（請?zhí)峁┮粋€例子，如果可能的話） 答案：In simple term, corporate culture is the way things work i

18、n a corporation.（如果記不住，主要這一句就可以了）. Corporate culture is theindividual consciousness and the meaning of the general, the energy embodied in the enterprise organizational behavior Specifically refers to the entire staff in the business operation process of the formation of training, organizational beh

19、avior and business associate, and in fact become the mainstream consciousness of all employees to abide by the highest goals, value system, the basic beliefs and the organization code of conduct Combined（簡單來說，企業(yè)文化是“事物的方式在公司工作?！逼髽I(yè)文化是企業(yè)個性意識 及內(nèi)涵的總稱，其能以企業(yè)組織行為所體現(xiàn)。具體指企業(yè)全體員工在企業(yè)運(yùn)行過 程中所培育形成的、與企業(yè)組織行為相關(guān)聯(lián)的、并事實(shí)上

20、成為全體員工主流意識 而被共同遵守的最高目標(biāo)、價值體系、基本信念及企業(yè)組織行為規(guī)范的總和。） Example: 四，簡答題1）what is nonverbal communication what are the functions of nonverbal communication in general答案： Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the e

21、xchange and interpretation of messages in a given situation or context Nonverbal communication, according to Samovar and Porter, involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his use of the environment and that have potential message value

22、for the source or receiver Nonverbal communication is a way of communication without wordsNonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used Nonverbal communication is everything except the actual wordsNonverbal communication plays an important part in intercultural communi

23、cation, even more important than verbal communication.There are six functions of nonverbal communication in general: accenting, complementing, contradicting, regulating, repeating and substitutin呂.1）什么是非語言的溝通什么是一般非語言溝通的功能答案：非語言的溝通是通過非言語行為的使用，單獨(dú)或與言語行為的交流與組合 在特定的情況或上下文的消息解釋的過程。非語言溝通，根據(jù)薩莫瓦爾和波特， 涉及所有那些在

24、通信設(shè)置，同時由他的來源和使用環(huán)境，而且有潛在的源或接收 消息值生成非語言刺激?！胺钦Z言溝通是沒有文字的溝通方式?！?lo非語言交流是通過非語言行為的使用過程。非語言的溝通是一切，除了實(shí)際的話。2。非語言溝通在跨文化溝通中扮演一個重要組成部分，戻至比語言溝通的重要。3o有六大功能一般非語言溝通：重音，補(bǔ)充，矛盾，調(diào)節(jié)，重復(fù)和替代。2) Do you know any taboo in Chinese culture Or any taboo in other cultures答案：In China, messages should not be writ ten in red ink asth

25、is has connotations of death.The biggest taboo in Chinese culture is death” When the Chinese are talking about it, they rarely say the word directly, but find some other expressions to take the place of it. They often say someone is sleeping” or ugonen 2) 你知道中國文化中的任何禁忌或在其他任何禁忌的文化答案：在中國，消息不應(yīng)該用紅墨水寫，因?yàn)?/p>

26、這已經(jīng)死亡的內(nèi)涵。中華文化中的最大忌諱的是“死亡”。當(dāng)中國正在談?wù)撍麄兒苌僦苯诱f這個 詞，但發(fā)現(xiàn)一些其他表達(dá)式采取它的地方。他們經(jīng)常說某人是“睡眠”或“消 失”。中文英語曲在中國，白色常是大悲之色和貧窮之色1,In China, white is often mantra of color and poverty of color 2,In early China, the feminist higher than male is taboo 在中國早期, 女權(quán)高 于男權(quán)是禁忌.3) . What kind of influence cultural differences may hav

27、e on negotiation Give some examples if possible.什么樣的影響文化差異對談判 嗎舉例說明，如果可能的話。答案： (1) .Negotiating Goal: Contract or RelationshipExample: Americans consider a signed contract as a definitiveset of rights and duties that strictly binds the two sides and determines their interaction thereafter Most Spani

28、sh and French negotiators have also claimed that their primary goal in a negotiation was a signed contract The Chinese often think that the goal of a negotiation is not a signed contract, but the creation of a relationship between the two sides.美國人都認(rèn)為簽訂合同，一套明確的權(quán) 利和義務(wù)嚴(yán)格使雙方相互作用并決定了他們的音訊。大多數(shù)西班牙語和法語談判 代

29、表聲稱,他們的主要目標(biāo)在談判簽訂合同。中國人往往認(rèn)為這個目標(biāo)的談判并 非簽訂合同，但是關(guān)系的創(chuàng)造兩塊。(2) Negotiating Attitude: Win/Win or Win/LoseExample: Chinese love from Lose/Win to Win/Win way(3) . Personal Style :Informal or FormalIt has been observed, for example, that Germans have a more formal style than American. A negotiator with a formal

30、 style insists on addressing counterparts by their titles, avoids personal anecdotes, and refrains from questions touching on the private or family life of members of the other team.(4) . Communication: Direct or IndirectExample: Some groups place emphasis on losedirect and simple methods. It has be

31、en observed, for example, that whereas Germans, Americans and the Spanish are direct, the French and the Chinese are indirect.(5) . Form of Agreement: General or SpecificExample: Americans prefer very detailed contracts that attempt to anticipate all possible circumstances and eventualities, no matt

32、er how unlikely. Other cultures,such as the Chinese,prefera contract in the form of general principles rather than detailed rules.3) o什么樣的影響文化差異可能對談判舉兒個例子，如果可能的。答案：(1)談判目標(biāo)：。合同或關(guān)系例如：美國人認(rèn)為，作為一個權(quán)利和義務(wù)明確的設(shè)置，嚴(yán)格約束，并確定雙方隨 后簽署的合同及其相互作用。大多數(shù)西班牙和法國的談判也聲稱，他們在談判的 主要目的是簽署合同。在中國往往認(rèn)為談判的目的不是簽署合同，但雙方之間的 關(guān)系創(chuàng)造。O (2)談判態(tài)度

33、：贏/贏或贏/輸例如：中國人喜歡從輸/贏到贏/贏的方式.。(3)個人風(fēng)格：正式或非正式據(jù)觀察，例如，徳國人比美國人更正式的風(fēng)格。一個有正式文體談判代表堅持在 解決他們的職稱同行，避免個人軼事，從對其他團(tuán)隊成員的私人或家庭生活的感 人問題和擺在眼前。4) 通訊：。直接或間接 例如：有的直接和簡單的方法，小組中進(jìn)行的重視。據(jù)觀察，例如，而徳國人， 美國人和西班牙是直接的，法國和中國都是間接的。(5)表格的協(xié)議：一般或待定例如：美國人喜歡很詳細(xì)的合同，企圖預(yù)計到所有可能出現(xiàn)的情況和發(fā)生的情 況，無論多么不可能的。其他文化，如中國，在詳細(xì)的規(guī)則，而不是一般原則的 形式prefera合同。4) . What is culture shock What are the the stages of cul