1、 During the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States periods,there was a great upsurge of Intellectual activity,producing many famous philosophers,such as Lao Zi,Confucius,Mencius and Mo Zi,and the well-known military strategist Sun Wu.春秋戰(zhàn)國最著名的四個：儒墨道法一、儒家： 代表人物：孔子、孟子、荀子。作品：論語、孟子、荀子二、道家：代表人物：老子、莊子、列子

2、。作品：道德經(jīng)、莊子、列子三、墨家：代表人物：墨子。作品：墨子四、法家：代表人物：韓非、李斯、商鞅。作品：韓非子Lao Zi Laozi was a philosopher of ancient China and is a central figure in Taoism.Laozi literally means Old Master and is generally considered an honorific.The focus of Taoism is on the individual within the natural realm rather than the indivi

3、dual within society; according to Taoism, the goal of life for each individual is to seek to adjust oneself and adapt to the rhythm of the natural world, to follow the Way of the universe, to live in harmony.老子哲學(xué) Laozi tried to build a theory to include the universe of all things. He believe that al

4、l things follow the law : the internal of the thing itself is not a single, static, but the relative complexity and change. The thing itself that is the unity of the yin and yang. 老子試圖建立一個囊括宇宙萬物的理論。 老子認(rèn)為一切事物都遵循這樣的規(guī)律（道）： 事物本身的內(nèi)部不是單一的、靜止的，而是相對復(fù)雜和變化的。事物本身即是陰陽的統(tǒng)一體。老子的“無為”并不是以“無為”為目的，而是以“有為”為目的。因為根據(jù)之前提到的

5、“道”，“無為”會轉(zhuǎn)化為“有為”。 Mo ZiHe believed that all men are equal , and that mankind should seek to imitate heaven by engaging in the practice of collective love.主張兼愛非攻：兼，視人如己；兼愛，即愛人如己。政治上主張尚賢、尚同和非攻；經(jīng)濟(jì)上主張強(qiáng)本節(jié)用；思想上提出尊天事鬼。同時，又提出非命的主張，強(qiáng)調(diào)靠自身的強(qiáng)力從事。 Sun WuSun Zis Art of War has altogether 13 chapters. Both concise

6、 and comprehensive, this book sum up the experience of ancient wars, bring to light (揭示)many laws of war, which are of universal significance.兵家重點在于指導(dǎo)戰(zhàn)爭，在不得不運(yùn)用武力達(dá)到目的時，怎么樣去使用武力。 ConfuciusHe believed that the only effective system of government necessitated prescribed relationships for each individual

7、: Let the ruler be a ruler and the subject a subject. 孔子思想政治思想（Political Thought）：“禮”與“仁”，在治國的方略上，他主張“為政以德”經(jīng)濟(jì)思想（Economic Thought）：重義輕利、見利思義的義利觀與富民思想教育思想（Educational Thought）：提倡“有教無類”，創(chuàng)辦私學(xué)，廣招學(xué)生美學(xué)思想（Aesthetic Thought）：“美”和“善”的統(tǒng)一，也是形式與內(nèi)容的統(tǒng)一 MenciusHe argued that a ruler could not govern without the peo

8、ples tacit consent, and that the penalty for unpopular, despotic rule was the loss of the mandate of heaven.至圣與亞圣 Confucius and mencius are the spring and autumn and warring states period famous thinker educator, in the two thousand years of the feudal society, the revered as the most holy and the h

9、oly their ideas, of Chinese society has had a profound impact, even as far as Japan Korea Europe, etc, in world history is important . .This is LuGuoSan after huan mencius, name of father, mother ZhangShi mencius is noble MengSunShi lu wondered, after things come from lu move ZouGuo mencius tear thr

10、ee years old, the mother meng through will he brought up mother meng over very strict, its MengMuSanQian mother meng broken woven dare to women, story, become historic 美談, is the model of mother taught generations of the fourth generation of Confucius disciple, is the disciple of tsang again 孟子本為“魯國

11、三桓”之后，父名激，母仉氏。孟子遠(yuǎn)祖是魯國貴族孟孫氏，后家道衰微，從魯國遷居鄒國。孟子三歲喪父，孟母艱辛地將他撫養(yǎng)成人。孟母管束甚嚴(yán)，其“孟母三遷”、“孟母斷織”“不敢去婦”等故事，成為千古美談，是后世母教之典范。屬孔子第四代弟子，是曾子的再傳弟子。孟子周游列國Mencius mother moved three times Once upon a time mencius small of the time lived with his mother in the churchyard side and the neighborhood kids mencius together learn

12、 to adult bow down to the appearance of cried aloud, playing the game for a menciuss mother saw, he frowned: no way! I cant let my children live here! Menciuss mother took mencius moved to market, close to kill pig sheep and go to the place went to live in bazaar, mencius and and the neighborhood ki

13、ds, the study of business and businessman butchered the pig sheep thing menciuss mother knew that, and frowned: this place is not good for my children to live in! So they and moving this time, they moved to school each month beginning this time around XiaLi, officials to the Confucius temple, bow do

14、wn salute each other, polite one another, mencius saw after learning of the mother is satisfied that mencius place his head and said: this is my son should place to live! Then living in this place孟母三遷 從前孟子小的時候和母親住在墓地旁邊。孟子就和鄰居的小孩一起學(xué)著大人跪拜、哭嚎的樣子，玩起辦理喪事的游戲。孟子的媽媽看到了，就皺起眉頭：“不行！我不能讓我的孩子住在這里了！”孟子的媽媽就帶著孟子搬到市

15、集，靠近殺豬宰羊的地方去住。到了市集，孟子又和鄰居的小孩，學(xué)起商人做生意和屠宰豬羊的事。孟子的媽媽知道了，又皺皺眉頭：“這個地方也不適合我的孩子居??！”于是，他們又搬家了。這一次，他們搬到了學(xué)校附近。每月夏歷初一這個時候，官員到文廟，行禮跪拜，互相禮貌相待，孟子見了之后都學(xué)習(xí)記住。孟子的媽媽很滿意地點著頭說：“這才是我兒子應(yīng)該住的地方呀！”于是居住在了這個地方。 后來，大家就用“孟母三遷”來表示人應(yīng)該要接近好的人、事、物，才能學(xué)習(xí)到好的習(xí)慣。 這也說明了環(huán)境能改變一個人的愛好和習(xí)慣。 孟母斷織 孟子小的時候，放學(xué)回家，他的母親正在織絲，（見他回來，）問道：“學(xué)習(xí)怎么樣了？”孟子（漫不經(jīng)心地）說

16、：“跟過去一樣。”孟母（見他無所謂的樣子，十分惱火，）用剪刀剪斷織好的布。孟子害怕極了，就問他母親這樣做的原因。孟母說：“你荒廢學(xué)業(yè)，如同我剪斷這絲一樣。有德行的人學(xué)習(xí)是為了樹立名聲，問才能增長知識。所以平時能安寧，做起事來就可以避免于禍害?，F(xiàn)在荒廢了學(xué)業(yè)，就不免于做下賤的勞役，而且難于避免禍患。憑什么跟織布為生不一樣？（意思是還不如織布為生）！我半途而廢，難道可以讓你長期有衣服穿有糧食吃？女人如果荒廢了生產(chǎn)家里需要的生活必需品，男人放松了自己的修養(yǎng)和德行，那么一家人不做強(qiáng)盜小偷就只能做奴隸勞役了！”孟子嚇了一跳，自此，從早到晚勤奮學(xué)習(xí)不休息，把子思當(dāng)做老師，終于成了天下有大學(xué)問之人。 有德行

17、的人認(rèn)為孟母懂得做母親的法則。啟示 MengMuSanQian later, although for the growth of the son to create a good environment, but mother meng therefore didnt she think that everything is all right, if the subjective not hard work, or cant do something so she pressed on to the son of the education, urged him to study hard

18、 with her to describe a study, use to describe FeiXue broken woven, very convincing mencius on learning casually, mother meng take off woven measures, make mencius had a great deal of excitement, which changes FeiXue a leopard mencius then becomes a famous world of intellectuals, and with his mother

19、s education is not divided孟子晚年著書立說四書南宋時朱熹將孟子與論語、大學(xué)、中庸合在一起稱“四書”。孟子是四書中篇幅最大的部頭最重的一本，有三萬五千多字，從此直到清末，“四書”一直是科舉必考內(nèi)容。 民本思想 A people-oriented thoughtsMencius according to the experience of the warring states period, and summarizes the rule of governing revolution countries rise and fall, and puts forward a

20、 rich democratic essence of famous proposition: people for expensive, justice is the second smallest, and king for light mean, people in the first place, the country second, you think how to treat people in the final this problem, a revolution on national rise and fall, with extreme importance二、仁政學(xué)說

21、孟子繼承和發(fā)展了孔子的德治思想，發(fā)展為仁政學(xué)說，成為其政治思想的核心。孟子的政治論，是以仁政為內(nèi)容的王道，其本質(zhì)是為封建統(tǒng)治階級服務(wù)的。 仁政的具體內(nèi)容很廣泛，包括經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、教育以及統(tǒng)一天下的途徑等，其中貫穿著一條民本思想的線索。根據(jù)孟子一書可以概括為：第一、親民。第二、用賢良。第三、尊人權(quán) Mencius inheritance and development of Confucius theory of moral ideas, development as the benevolent doctrine, as its political thought core of mencius

22、 political theory, is for the contents of the benevolent springs, its essence is service to the feudal ruling classThe specific content of the benevolent very extensive, including economic and political education and the unity of the way etc, which throughout a people-oriented thoughts clues can be

23、summarized as the book according to mencius: the first close to people with the person with the second third and human rights三、易子而教 Exchange the son and teach 孟子的教育思想，也是孔子“有教無類”教育思想的繼承和發(fā)揮。他們都把全民教育當(dāng)作實行仁政的手段和目的。對教育方法的改進(jìn)，孟子很推崇“易子而教”的傳統(tǒng)教育方法。因為父子之間由于感情深厚，父親對兒子的教育往往不嚴(yán)，對于兒子的一些錯誤和毛病也因為溺愛和驕慣而放任，從而使正確的教育難以為繼。

24、所以，易子讓別人來教育，既能從嚴(yán)要求，也能保持父子之間的親密關(guān)系，不傷害感情。 Menciuss education thought, is no child left behind education thoughts of Confucius inherit and play their education as a benevolent the means of purpose to education and the improvement methods, mencius very praise highly the son and teach to the traditional

25、education method for between father and son because feelings deep, father to sons education tend not to be lax, for some of the mistakes and wrong with son also because indulgence and arrogant to and indulge, so that the correct education unsustainable so, easy son allow others to education, which c

26、an be a strict requirement, also can maintain the close relationship between father and son, dont hurt feelings四、道德倫理 孟子把道德規(guī)范概括為四種，即仁、義、禮、智。他認(rèn)為“仁、義、禮、智”是人們與生俱來東西，不是從客觀存在著的外部世界所取得的。同時把人倫關(guān)系概括為五種，即“父子有親，君臣有義，夫婦有別，長幼有序，朋友有信”。孟子認(rèn)為，仁、義、禮、智四者之中，仁、義最為重要。五、性善論 孟子的主要哲學(xué)思想，是他的人類性善論。“性善論”是孟子談人生和談?wù)蔚睦碚摳鶕?jù)，在他的思想體系中

27、是一個中心環(huán)節(jié)“惻隱之心，人皆有之；羞惡之心，人皆有之；恭敬之心，人皆有之；是非之心，人皆有之。惻隱之心，仁也；羞惡之心，義也；恭敬之心，禮也；是非之心，智也?！靶陨普摗笔且惶孜ㄐ闹髁x的說法，不過，孟子以“性善論”為人們修養(yǎng)品德和行王道仁政的理論根據(jù)；還具有一定程度的積極意義。 六.天人學(xué)說 關(guān)于天人關(guān)系,孟子認(rèn)為天與人二者是相通的。從天的方面來說,天是萬事萬物的主宰,人事的一切,都是由天決定的。從人的方面來說,不僅人的善性來自天賦,而且人的思維功能也是天所賜予的。人心具備天的本質(zhì)屬性,只要反求諸己,盡量發(fā)揮、擴(kuò)展自己的本心,就可以認(rèn)識天。 The delight of a gentleman

28、 is that he feels no shame as he faces Heaven above and the people here below.Those who follow Heavens will survive and those who disobey Heavens will perish.The best virtue of a gentleman is to do good things for the benefit of it.1.“天將降大任于斯人也，必先苦其心志，勞其筋骨，餓其體膚，空乏其身，行拂亂其所為，所以動心忍性，增益其所不能?！?孟子（孟子告子下）

29、Thus, when Heaven is about to confer a great office on any man, it first exercises his mind with suffering, and his sinews and bones with toil. It exposes his body to hunger, and subjects him to extreme poverty. It confounds his undertakings. By all these methods it stimulates his minds, hardens his nature, and supplies his incompentencies. 2.結(jié)交一個人等于結(jié)識他的美德。-孟子Friendship with a man is friendship with his virtue. -Mencius3.魚我所欲