1、Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackUnit fivescientists, scholars, knaves and foolswarmerAbout the authorAbout the structure of the textParaphrases of some figurative sentencesnotesMade by balanceUnit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackWarmer: comment on the following pic

2、tureUnit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackWarmer: Who are they?English mathematician and scientist who invented English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation,

3、a theory about the nature of light, universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was s

4、upposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple. supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple. Newton, Sir Isaac (1642-1727)Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackWarmer: Who are they?German-born American theoretical physicist whose German-born American theoretical physicist w

5、hose special and general theories of relativity revolutionized special and general theories of relativity revolutionized modern thought on the nature of space and time and modern thought on the nature of space and time and formed a theoretical base for the exploitation of atomic formed a theoretical

6、 base for the exploitation of atomic energy. He won a 1921 Nobel Prize for his explanation of energy. He won a 1921 Nobel Prize for his explanation of the photoelectric effect.the photoelectric effect.Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackWarmer: Who are the

7、y?French chemist (born in Poland) who won French chemist (born in Poland) who won two Nobel Prizes; one (with her husband two Nobel Prizes; one (with her husband and Henri Becquerel) for research on and Henri Becquerel) for research on radioactivity and another for her discovery radioactivity and an

8、other for her discovery of radium and polonium.of radium and polonium.Madame Curie (1867-1934) Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackWarmer: Who are they?English mathematician and logician, a pioneer in English mathematician and logician, a pioneer in the world of computers and artific

9、ial intelligence, the world of computers and artificial intelligence, who in 1937 suggested a theoretical machine, who in 1937 suggested a theoretical machine, since called a Turing Machine, that became the since called a Turing Machine, that became the basis of modern computing.basis of modern comp

10、uting. Alan Turing (1912-1954)Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackWarmer: Who are they?English computer scientist credited with English computer scientist credited with inventing the World Wide Web, the system of inventing the World Wide Web, the system of text links and multimedia c

11、apabilities that made text links and multimedia capabilities that made the Internet accessible to mass audiences.the Internet accessible to mass audiences.Tim Berners-Lee (1954- )Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackWarmer: Who are they?U.S. geneticist and biophysicist, best known as

12、U.S. geneticist and biophysicist, best known as one of the co-discoverers of the double-helix one of the co-discoverers of the double-helix structure of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid ).structure of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid ).James Watson(1928- )Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackWarm

13、er: Who are they?Chinese astronomer and mathematician, lived during the Chinese astronomer and mathematician, lived during the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 AD), most famous for his Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 AD), most famous for his invention of the first seismograph. He is also known as a invention

14、 of the first seismograph. He is also known as a mathematician who proposed the square root of 10 mathematician who proposed the square root of 10 (about 3.1623) for (about 3.1623) for . In addition, he was a poet and . In addition, he was a poet and some say a painter of great skill.some say a pain

15、ter of great skill.Zhang Heng (78139)Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackWarmer: Who are they?English theoretical physicist, specialized in the study of English theoretical physicist, specialized in the study of black holes, the Big Bang and the universe. With his black holes, the Bi

16、g Bang and the universe. With his concept of Hawking radiation, he first showed how concept of Hawking radiation, he first showed how gravity, quantum mechanics and thermodynamics are gravity, quantum mechanics and thermodynamics are related, proposing a single theory to explain the origin related,

17、proposing a single theory to explain the origin (and end) of the universe.(and end) of the universe.Stephen Hawking (1942- ) Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackWarmer: Who are they?Chinese agricultural scientist. He made Chinese agricultural scientist. He made breakthrough achieveme

18、nt in developing the first breakthrough achievement in developing the first high-yielding hybrid rice varieties. He is known high-yielding hybrid rice varieties. He is known as the “Father of Hybrid Rice for his as the “Father of Hybrid Rice for his contribution.contribution.Yuan Longping (1930- ) U

19、nit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackWarmer: Who are they?Chinese computer scientist, Known nationally as the Chinese computer scientist, Known nationally as the Modern Bi Sheng. He invented computerized laser Modern Bi Sheng. He invented computerized laser photocomposition system for

20、Chinese character photocomposition system for Chinese character typesetting. His invention is also described as the typesetting. His invention is also described as the second invention of the printing system for Chinese second invention of the printing system for Chinese character after Bi Shengs in

21、vention of movable clay character after Bi Shengs invention of movable clay type in the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127),type in the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127),Wang xuan (1936- 2006)Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackWarmer: China awards science prizes (video clip) The 2007 pr

22、ize goes to Min Enze. The 84-year-old is known as the founder of Chinas oil refining catalyst. Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackAbout the authorWilson first distinguished himself by becoming the worlds leading authority on ants. His discoveries included the finding that ants commu

23、nicate primarily through pheromones. Wilson then became the principal proponent of sociobiology; his belief that there is a biological basis for the social behavior of all animals, including humans, has aroused much controversy. Wilson also has been a major voice in efforts to maintain Earths biodiv

24、ersity.Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackAbout the authorWilsons On Human Nature (1978) won the Pulitzer Prize; Biophilia (1984) suggests that human attraction to other living things is innate; Consilience (1998) urges wider integration of the sciences; and The Creation (2006) plea

25、ds for a unified effort by secular and religious thinkers to save the earths biodiversity. Other books by Wilson are Insect Societies (1971), The Diversity of Life (1992), The Ants, with Bert Hlldobler (1990; Pulitzer Prize), The Future of Life (2002), and The Superorganism, also with Hlldobler (200

26、8).Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackAbout the authorUnit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackAbout the structure of the textPara.1 is the introductory part; Para.2-3 defines science in terms of its diagnostic features and in relation to pseudoscience;Para.4-8 is about s

27、cientific research. It argues that real scientific research is hard and frustrating and explains why original discovery is so important;Para. 9-13 tries to understand scientists from the perspective of science culture: their beliefs, characters, motivations, thinking styles and creativity levels;Par

28、a.14 is the advice to the novice scientists.Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackParaphrases of some figurative sentences1. Science is the sword in the stone that humanity finally pulled.(para.1) * Science is the tool that the human race finally possesses. It has great potentials and

29、is believed to empower and benefit mankind.Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackParaphrases of some figurative sentences2. They spread out like foragers on a picket line, each alone or in small groups probing a carefully chosen, narrow sector. * Similar to those who scatter around the

30、 outpost (where horses are possibly tied along a rope) and begin to search widely for food or provisions, scientists, with particular research tasks in their minds, either working individually or cooperating with others, are desperate to make discoveries. Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and f

31、oolsbackParaphrases of some figurative sentences3. They are fellow prospectors pressing deeper into an abstracted world, content most of the time to pick up an occasional nugget but dreaming of the mother lode. * Like those who work together to search for minerals, they push themselves forward and e

32、xplore deeply into their research areas. They feel satisfied whenever there is a clue to their research, but they would not stop moving forward until real breakthroughs are made.Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackParaphrases of some figurative sentences4. without scientific discover

33、ies of his own, he may be a veritable archangel among intellectuals, his broad wings spread above science, and still not be in the circle. * If one fails to make scientific discoveries, he will not be accepted in the circle of discoverers, despite the fact that he is very well-known and highly respe

34、cted among intellectuals and that his research has widely influenced science.Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackParaphrases of some figurative sentences5. Some are as stolid as tax accounts in April. * Just like the tax accounts taxpayers generally receive in April, some scientists

35、are not very easily aroused or excited. They tend to act in a businesslike way.Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackParaphrases of some figurative sentences6. To be highly successful the scientist must be confident enough to steer for blue water, abandoning sight of land for a while.

36、* A scientist who wants to achieve great success should have trust in his own abilities and be keen on doing pioneering work which is full of risks and uncertainties, without any help from previous research.Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackNotes-para.1Science, its imperfections no

37、twithstanding, isHis relations with colleagues, differences of opinion notwithstanding, were unfailingly friendly.Many people told her not to try, but she went ahead notwithstanding. Adv. neverthelessUnit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackNotes-para.1(the sword in the stone)After the de

38、ath of Uther Pendragon, king of the Britons, Merlin( the magician) arranged a tournament to decide who might take the crown and rule the kingdom. The noblemen gathered for the tournament and they saw a huge stone with a naked sword of the brightest steel plunged deep into it. and in the blade of the

39、 sword were inscribed in letters of gold, Whoever pulls this sword from the stone is the rightful king of Britain.Of course, it was Arthur who became the king, because he drew the sword. is the sword in the stone that humanity finally pulled.The Sword in the Stone is a novel by T. H. White, publishe

40、d in 1938 The Sword in the Stone is a 1963 animated feature film produced by Walt Disney.Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackNotes-para.1(conceptualize).not easy to master, even to conceptualizeIt is nowadays better to conceptualize religion as a cultural resource than as a social in

41、stitution. These people do not conceptualize hunting as a violent act. verb. form a concept or idea of Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackNotes-para.2 (warrant).to put its warrant as concisely as possibleHe almost gives his failings as a warrant for his greatness There is no warrant

42、 for such criticism. noun. Justification for an action or a belief; grounds Paraphrase:to give a brief account in terms of its grounds and justificationUnit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackNotes-para.2 (diagnostic)The diagnostic features of science thatHardness is a diagnostic feature

43、 for some minerals. adj. serving to distinguish or identify Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackNotes-para.2 (preferably)preferably by independent investigation, and-clean it well, preferably with warm water . -We aim to cooperate with suppliers from Mainland China, preferably within

44、 Guangdong Province adj. more readily or willingly Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackNotes-para.2 (aesthetically)simplest and aesthetically most pleasing-This building is aesthetically very pleasing . * An aesthetic sense* Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy concerned with the stu

45、dy of the idea of beauty adv. in a tasteful way Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackNotes-para.2 (mensuration)Third, mensuration: if something can be -forest mensuration / mensuration of magnetic field* This session further elaborates on and explains the concept of geometry and Mensu

46、ration. Noun. the act or process of measuring noun. mathematical rules for finding length, area and volume Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackNotes-para.2 (render)generalization about it are rendered unambiguous.-Hundreds of people were rendered homeless by the earthquake verb. caus

47、e to be or become Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackNotes-para.2 (heuristics)Fourth, heuristics. The best science stimulates-Heuristics are rules of thumb that consumers use to simplify decision making, which can expedite decision-making, but also increase decision-error. noun. met

48、hod of solving problems by evaluating past experience and moving by trial and error to a solution Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackNotes-para.2 (consilience)Fifth and finally, consilience: The explanation of -Consilience, the conceptual unity of all knowledge (Wilson, 1998), is an

49、 idea that most scientists generally ignore because of its impracticality. noun. agreement between the approaches to a topic of different academic subjects, especially science and the humanities. Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackNotes-para.3 (astrology) Definition: The supposed ar

50、t of foretelling or counselling in human affairs by interpretation of the motions of celestial objects. According to the Greek tradition, the heavens are divided according to the 12 constellations of the zodiac, and the bright stars that rise at intervals cast a spiritual influence over human affair

51、s. Astrology was also important in ancient China, and in imperial times it became standard practice to have a horoscope cast for each newborn child and at all decisive junctures of life. Though the Copernican system shattered the geocentric worldview that astrology requires, interest in astrology ha

52、s continued into modern times and astrological signs are still widely believed to influence personality. From Britannica EncyclopediaUnit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackNotes-para.3 (ufology) Ufology: The study of unidentified flying objects. While ufology does not represent an acade

53、mic field of research, UFOs have been subject to various investigations over the years by governments and independent academics. None of these studies have officially concluded that any reports are caused by extraterrestrial spacecraft From WikipediaUnit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsba

54、ckNotes-para.3 (creation science) creation science: the reinterpretation of scientific knowledge in accord with belief in the literal truth of the Bible. Creation science or scientific creationism is the movement within creationism which attempts to provide support for the religious account of creat

55、ion according to Genesis, and disprove accepted scientific facts, theories and scientific paradigms about the history of the Earth, cosmology and biological evolution. Its most vocal proponents are fundamentalist and conservative Christians in the United States who seek to prove Biblical inerrancy a

56、nd mount a challenge against historical geology, the age of the universe, and the scientifically accepted theory of evolutionFrom WikipediaUnit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackNotes-para.3 (Christian science) Christian science: the beliefs of a religious group called the Church of Chr

57、ist Scientist, which include the belief that the physical world is not real and that you can cure illness only by prayer a religious belief system founded by Mary Baker Eddy in 1866 and is practiced by members of The First Church of Christ, Scientist. Christian Science asserts that humanity and the

58、universe as a whole are spiritual rather than material in nature and that truth and good are real tangible things, whereas evil and error are unreal. Christian Scientists believe that only through prayer and fully knowing and understanding God will this be demonstrated.From WikipediaUnit five Scient

59、ists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackNotes-para.3 (pseudoscience) pseudoscience: a collection of beliefs or practices mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method. A 1990 Gallup poll of 1,236 adult Americans show percentages of belief in the paranormal: Astrology: 52%ESP: 46%Witches: 19%Al

60、iens have landed on Earth: 22%The lost continent of Atlantis: 33%Dinosaurs and Humans Lived Simultaneously: 41%Noahs flood: 65%Communication with the dead: 42%Ghosts: 35%Actually Had a Psychic Experience: 67% Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and foolsbackNotes-para.4 (compulsive)You have to be