1、xy-A/brune/phys371/how_to_write_a_lab_report.pdfHow to Write a Lab Report By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D., A Guide何益鑫、張新夷 Franck-Hertz實驗的物理過程 物理實驗 2011年第6期近代物理實驗I 學(xué)生論文關(guān)于實驗報告的“三句半”抄書抄講義，浪費時間報告寫得越長得分越高，負(fù)擔(dān)太重實驗記錄再寫一遍，真沒意思最好不寫實驗報告實驗報告和學(xué)術(shù)論文實驗報告和學(xué)術(shù)論文有沒有區(qū)別？既有又沒有！(可能有1000和100的差別

2、)同樣不能抄襲同樣不能粗制濫造同樣要用精練、準(zhǔn)確、科學(xué)的語言Lab ReportLab reports are an essential part of all laboratory courses and usually a significant part of your grade. A lab report is how you explain what you did in experiment, what you learned, and what the results meant. Lab Report 必須回答的問題What did you do ? Why did you

3、do it ? How did you do it ? What happened ? AbstractI. Introduction A.Motivation B.Summary of the experimentII. Theoretical backgroundIII.Experimental design and procedure A. Description of the samples B. Description of the apparatus C. Description of the experimental procedureIV.Experimental result

4、s A. Row data B. Calculated dataV.Discussion/Analysis A. Method of analysis B. Discussion of results C. (Optional) Suggestions for future improvementsVI.Conclusions A. Summary of the results B. Pertinence of the results to the questions raised in the introductionReferencesStandard FormatResults and

5、discussionShort Sections摘要、引言、結(jié)論Checklist Summarize the entire paper in the abstract State the problem or question under investigation in the introduction Summarize the experimental procedure in the introduction Discuss quantitative results in both the abstract and conclusions Short Sections摘要、引言、結(jié)論

6、Checklist Summarize the entire paper in the abstract State the problem or question under investigation in the introduction Summarize the experimental procedure in the introduction Discuss quantitative results in both the abstract and conclusions Short Sections摘要、引言、結(jié)論Checklist Summarize the entire p

7、aper in the abstract State the problem or question under investigation in the introduction Summarize the experimental procedure in the introduction Discuss quantitative results in both the abstract and conclusions Short Sections摘要、引言、結(jié)論Checklist Summarize the entire paper in the abstract State the p

8、roblem or question under investigation in the introduction Summarize the experimental procedure in the introduction Discuss quantitative results in both the abstract and conclusions Short Sections摘要、引言、結(jié)論Checklist Summarize the entire paper in the abstract State the problem or question under investi

9、gation in the introduction Summarize the experimental procedure in the introduction Discuss quantitative results in both the abstract and conclusions The Procedure SectionA sketch of apparatus, or a list of equipmentA carefully hand-drawing sketch is usually betterTell what you did with the equipmen

10、t, but not be too “step-by-step” about it.Avoid (1) a numbered list of steps, and (2) narratives like this: “first we did (whatever), but that didnt work, so then we tried (something else) ”Refine your procedure to remove these false steps, and present it in enough detail so that the reader can clea

11、rly understand what you did. One detail you should definitely include is the number of times you repeated in any given measurement. Provide a sketch diagram of experimental setupProvide a list and/or descriptions of equipmentDescribe all any measurements, in roughly the order in which they madeDescr

12、ibe any departures from procedure described in the lab manual, if anyDescribe any steps taken to reduce experimental uncertaintyChecklist for a Procedure SectionProvide a sketch diagram of experimental setupProvide a list and/or descriptions of equipmentDescribe all any measurements, in roughly the

13、order in which they madeDescribe any departures from procedure described in the lab manual, if anyDescribe any steps taken to reduce experimental uncertaintyChecklist for a Procedure SectionnData reduction - from many numbers to the few - from raw data to calculated datanGraphing - present your data

14、 graphically - “The dependence of is given in Fig. 1”nResults - creative, but very careful, dont allow yourself to indulge in empty speculation about an unexpected result - avoid comments like: “Our results prove that the theory is correct.” Analysis SectionLab ReportRead your report over twice.4 or

15、 5 single-spaced typewritten pages of text, not counting graphs. This means that few of the major sections will exceed one page in length, and some may be shorter. There are some items you should leave out of a lab report. Please dont complain about the equipment. Dont editorialize about an experime

16、nt being a “success” or “failure” in the context of agreement with accepted theories.4、結(jié)語、結(jié)語 根據(jù)本課程的要求，每個實驗的實際實驗時間非常有限。本文對于賽曼效應(yīng)實驗的調(diào)節(jié)方面進行了分析，在達到實驗所要求的精確程度的前提下，提出了一種提高調(diào)整效率的方法，可以使總體的實驗效率有一定程度的提高。此外，設(shè)計了一種簡易的裝置，可以在不改變原實驗裝置的情況下，在一定程度上提高測量的精確度，部分的滿足一些更深層次探究的需要。 引言：光泵磁共振實驗包括了原子物理中很多的內(nèi)容，其中用光抽運-磁共振-光探測技術(shù)，對于原子、

17、離子和 的研究有著非常重要的意義，使我們更加深刻了對于微觀粒子結(jié)構(gòu)的認(rèn)識 摘要摘要 對實驗中粒子能譜進行分析，并做出簡單的修正；分析實驗中的其他誤差。 由于記錄數(shù)據(jù)的范圍不夠，只有粒子峰前的數(shù)據(jù)，沒有記錄峰之后的曲線，因此無法做出準(zhǔn)確的多項式擬合。雖然方法不夠準(zhǔn)確，但是我絕對絕對沒有不負(fù)責(zé)任的去湊數(shù)據(jù)。我對本底一共只進行了兩次擬合，第一次是因為選取的擬合范圍包含了本底峰，所得出的曲線發(fā)現(xiàn)本底峰附近的線性并不好，因此縮小了選取的擬合范圍，擬合后的線性良好。 有圖看出，垂直磁感應(yīng)增加，抽運信號振幅減小。隨著水平磁場的磁感應(yīng)強度越強，則抽運信號的振幅變化就越小。 這個現(xiàn)象可以這樣做出解釋，光源通過四

18、分之一波片后，由線偏振光成為圓偏振光。電場強度E所在平面方向始終在水平方向是始終不變的。在這里有一個概念是態(tài)迭加原理，使整個系統(tǒng)增大布居數(shù)差，產(chǎn)生偏極化。由于垂直于磁場方向的圓偏振光分量，和平行分量呈九十度，所以可以推出公式光強I正比于，所以抽運信號振幅隨垂直感應(yīng)強度增加減小，G-M計數(shù)管及核衰變的統(tǒng)計規(guī)律計數(shù)管及核衰變的統(tǒng)計規(guī)律 摘要：摘要： 引言：引言：實驗理論實驗理論1.G-M計數(shù)器計數(shù)器 2核衰變統(tǒng)計規(guī)律與放射性測量的統(tǒng)計誤差核衰變統(tǒng)計規(guī)律與放射性測量的統(tǒng)計誤差 3放射性測量數(shù)據(jù)分布規(guī)律的檢驗放射性測量數(shù)據(jù)分布規(guī)律的檢驗 1. 檢驗法 2. 頻率直方圖檢驗法 結(jié)果與討論結(jié)果與討論 1.

19、統(tǒng)計規(guī)律驗證統(tǒng)計規(guī)律驗證 1) 低計數(shù) 2) 高計數(shù) 2.時間間隔分布規(guī)律時間間隔分布規(guī)律 3雙源法雙源法參考文獻參考文獻豎直場線圈電流/mA豎直場磁感應(yīng)強度/Gs/rad抽運信號振幅/mV抽運信號相對振幅700011801800.030.2267990.9494381680.933333900.060.4324080.824391480.8222221000.090.6055450.6761260.71100.120.7454190.5399361040.5777781200.150.8567060.428934880.4888891300.160.9453110.342799720.42c

20、osFranck-Hertz實驗的物理過程 摘要摘要：通過對Franck-Hertz實驗中的電子能量分布及其動態(tài)變化的分析，對Franck-Hertz曲線的規(guī)律性波動現(xiàn)象作出了直觀的解釋。對充汞Franck-Hertz管，考慮了電子的額外加速程、汞原子的多能級共同激發(fā)以及電子與汞原子非彈性碰撞后電子具有剩余能量等因素，對Franck-Hertz實驗的物理過程有了更全面的了解，并對Franck-Hertz曲線峰間距隨加速電壓增大而持續(xù)變大的現(xiàn)象作出了解釋。I I、引言：、引言：nFranck-Hertz實驗是一個經(jīng)典的近代物理實驗n這個實驗還有進一步改進和提高的空間在Franck-Hertz實驗中還有一些現(xiàn)象有待進一步的討論和解釋n關(guān)于峰間距變大的問題，G. Rapior等人已經(jīng)做過相應(yīng)的研究 n我們認(rèn)為，首先這段額外的加速過程是存在的，其次，我們認(rèn)為電子在與汞原子發(fā)生非彈性碰撞后，其能量并不能完全轉(zhuǎn)移，；第三，對汞原子各能級的激發(fā)的影響應(yīng)當(dāng)分別考慮?；谶@幾點考慮，我們得到了對Fr