1、考研英語語法10天速成 (一一.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成式的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成式主要有兩個(gè)功能:表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況和表示虛擬語氣。在這兩個(gè)方面must/mustnt,;can/cannt;need/neednt;m ay/maynt;might/mightnt;should/shouldnt;ought等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+完成式表示的意思是有一定區(qū)別的1.表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況。1must have+過去分詞,表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測(cè),譯為“(昨天一定”。如:My pain apparent the m oment I walked into the room, for the first m an I m

2、 et asked sym pathetically:” Are you feeling all right?”A m ust be B had been C must have been D had to be(答案為C2cant / couldnt have+過去分詞,表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的否定推測(cè),譯為“(昨天一定沒”。如:Mary m y letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.A couldnt have received B ought to have receivedC has received D shouldnt h

3、ave received(答案為A3m ay / might have +過去分詞,表示對(duì)已發(fā)生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測(cè),或事實(shí)上根本沒發(fā)生,譯為“也許”。如:At Florida Powers Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water m ay have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.2.表示虛擬語氣。1 neednt have +過去分詞,表示做了不必做的事,相當(dāng)于”didnt need to do”,譯為“其實(shí)沒必要”。如:Y

4、ou neednt have com e over yourself.As it turned out to be a sm all house party, we so form ally.A neednt dress up Bdid not need have dressed upC did not need dress up D neednt have dressed up(沒有必要穿的那么正式,體現(xiàn)是說話者的建議,實(shí)際結(jié)果是否真的穿的很正式?jīng)]有確定,答案為D2should have +過去分詞,表示應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上未做,譯為“本應(yīng)該”should not + have過去分詞表示本不

5、應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上做了,譯為“本不應(yīng)該”。如:I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully.我本來應(yīng)該事先認(rèn)真地把每件事情規(guī)劃的很好,但實(shí)際上作者還是沒有規(guī)劃好,以至工作沒有完成。3 ought to have +過去分詞,表示動(dòng)作按理該發(fā)生了,但實(shí)際上未發(fā)生,譯為“該”,與should 的完成式含義類似。如:T he porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire

6、 in the stock, which went up in smoke .4 could have +過去分詞,表示過去本來可以做但卻未做,譯為“完全可以”。這點(diǎn)與ought/should/ have+過去分詞用法相似。如:What you said is right, but you could have phrased it m ore tactfully.5 m ay/ might have +過去分詞,表示過去可以做但實(shí)際未做,譯為“(那樣也許會(huì)”。如:It m ight have been better to include m ore punchy statistics and

7、 photos of equipm ent in the introduction to further assist first-tim e office autom ation managers.二.幾個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞?？嫉木湫?1.may/mig ht (just as well “不妨,最好”,與had better相近;Since the flight was cancelled, you m ight as well go by train.既然航班已經(jīng)取消了,你不妨乘火車吧。相當(dāng)于you had better go by train。2 .cannot / canttoo “越越好,怎

8、么也不過分”。注意這個(gè)句型的變體cannotover.如:You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.駕車時(shí)候,越小心越好。The final chapter covers organizational change and developm ent. This subject cannot be over em phasized .3 .usednt 或didt use to 為used to (do 的否定式。4.should 除了“應(yīng)該”一層意思外,考研大綱還規(guī)定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如:I didnt expect that he s

9、hould have behaved like that. 我無法想象他竟然這樣做。三.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)關(guān)系的主動(dòng)表達(dá)法1.want, require, worth(形容詞后面接doing也可以表示被動(dòng)意義。Your hair wants cuttingThe book is worth readingThe floor requires washing.2.need既可以用need to be done 也可以使用need doing ,兩種形式都表達(dá)被動(dòng)的意義The house needs painting= the house needs to be painted.The watch ne

10、eded repairing= the watch needed to be repaired. 一.形容詞的修飾與位置一般來說,從構(gòu)詞法角度來看,后綴”ly”往往是副詞,但有的以“l(fā)y結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞,這點(diǎn)要注意;形容詞一般可以在句子中做定語,表語等成份,但有些形容詞在句子中只能做表語和只能做前置定語;這些形容詞在修飾時(shí)候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意,下面做了一下歸納:1 以-ly結(jié)尾的是形容詞而不是副詞:costly 昂貴的lonely 孤獨(dú)的deadly 死一般的lively 活潑的friendly 友好的silly 傻氣的kindly 熱心腸的likely 可能的leisu

11、rely 悠閑的ugly 長(zhǎng)得丑的brotherly 兄弟般的monthly 每月的earthly 塵世的2 只作以“a”開頭的很多形容詞只能做表語:afraid 害怕的alike 相象的awake 醒著的alone 單獨(dú)的,惟一的alive 活著的ashamed 羞愧的asleep 睡著的aware 意識(shí)到的、察覺到的well 健康的content 滿意的unable 無能的3 只作前置定語的形容詞earthen 泥土做的,大地的daily 每日的latter 后面的golden 金子般的weekly 每周的inner 里面的silken 絲一般的monthly 每月的outer 外面的wo

12、oden 木制的yearly 每年的elder 年長(zhǎng)的woolen 毛織的former 前任的mere 僅,只不過only 惟一的sheer 純粹的very 恰好的little 小的live 活的4.下列動(dòng)詞既是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又是系動(dòng)詞,注意用做系動(dòng)詞時(shí),要求形容詞做表語:remain keep becom e, get, grow, go, com e, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。如:All those left undone m ay sound great in theory, but even the truest b

13、eliever has great difficulty when it com es to specifics.二.形容詞與副詞的比較級(jí)與最高級(jí)1.考比較級(jí)時(shí),考生應(yīng)把握:1形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)的形式是否和比較連詞對(duì)應(yīng)出現(xiàn),即是否符合原級(jí)比較及比較級(jí)的結(jié)構(gòu)。如:Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often , or better than an actual performance.Aas good as Bas good Cgood Dgood as在這里as good as 比較連詞與better than比較連詞同

14、時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)候,不能省略任何一個(gè)介詞。答案為AOn the whole, ambitious students are m ore likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little am bition.2比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念,既是說比較要具有可比性。如:The num b er of registered participants in this years marathon was half .A of last years Bthose of last yearsCof those of last yea

15、r D that of last years(前后相比的應(yīng)該是今年和去年注冊(cè)參加的人數(shù)“the number of”故代替它的應(yīng)該是單數(shù)指示代詞“that”,而不能選擇B,those是指代participants,不是同類對(duì)比,答案為D。Young readers, m ore often than not, find the novels of dickens far m ore exciting than Thackerays.3比較級(jí)與倍數(shù)詞關(guān)系及其位置原級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)中可插入表達(dá)倍數(shù)的詞,表示為“為.若干倍”,當(dāng)與有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞在一起時(shí)候等,他們的位置是,倍數(shù)詞+asas,或倍數(shù)詞+mor

16、ethan,但again一般放在原級(jí)詞之后,即“as+原級(jí)+again+as”.如: Sm oking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year than automobile accidents.A seven m ore times B seven tim es moreC over seven tim es D seven tim es(答案為B“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?”“No, I would gladly

17、 have paid for it.”A twice so m uch B twice as m uchC as m uch twice D so much twice(答案為BMy uncle is as old again as I am4下列詞和短語不用比較級(jí)形式卻表示比較概念:inferior, minor, senior, prior, prefer to, superior, major, junior, preferable, differ from, com pared with, in com parison with, different from, rather than

18、. 如:Their watch is to all the other watches on the m arket.A superior B advantageous C super D beneficial(答案為APrior to his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter. (1986年考研題5“比較級(jí)+and +比較級(jí)”或“more and m ore/less and less +原級(jí)”以及“ever, steadily, daily等副詞+比較級(jí)”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“越來越”的意思,與這類結(jié)構(gòu)搭配的常用動(dòng)詞有g(shù)row, get

19、,becom e等。前面兩種情況更多地出現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中,注意的是這三種情況引導(dǎo)的比較級(jí)后面都不需要用than.如:Things are getting worse and worse.As I spoke to him he becam e less and less angry.Her health was becom ing daily worseThe road got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse.6比較級(jí)前面可以用even, still, yet ,all the (m

20、 ore等修飾語用以加強(qiáng)語氣,表示“更加”的意思。如Today it is even colder than yesterdayI have yet m ore exciting news for you7 有關(guān)比較級(jí)的特殊句型:A: not so muchas與其說不如說The chief reason for the population growth isnt so m uch a rise in birth rates a fall in death rates as a result of im provements in medical care.A and B as Cbut D

21、 or人口增長(zhǎng)的主要原因與其說是因?yàn)槌錾实奶岣?還不如說是因?yàn)獒t(yī)療的進(jìn)步帶來的死亡率下降的結(jié)果。答案為BB no/not any m orethan兩者一樣都不The heart is intelligent than the stom ach, for they are both controlled by the brain.A not so Bnot m uch Cmuch m ore D no more(心臟和胃兩者都不具有智力,他們都受大腦控制。答案為DThere is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, t

22、hey can limit how much water you drink.A m uch m ore than B no more thanC no less than D any m ore than(答案為DCno/not any lessthan兩者一樣,都注意基本上與no/not any m orethan意思相反She is no less beautiful than her sister.她和她姐姐一樣漂亮Djust as so 正如,也(用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)Just as the soil is a part of the earth, the atm osphere.A as it

23、 is B the sam e is C so is D and so is(答案為C2.最高級(jí)形式應(yīng)注意的問題:1最高級(jí)比較范圍用介詞in, over, of, am ong。in, (all over用于在某一范圍內(nèi)的比較,如:in China, all over the world.of, among用于在同一群體內(nèi)同類事物的比較,如:among the teachers, of the four dresses.注意:among相當(dāng)于one of ,不說among all。這一點(diǎn)考生應(yīng)與漢語表達(dá)區(qū)別開來如:all visible lights, red light has the lo

24、ngest and violet the shortest wavelength.A Am ong B Of CFor DTo 答案為B2比較級(jí)形式表示最高級(jí)意義時(shí),比較對(duì)象的范圍應(yīng)用:any other +單數(shù)名詞the other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞the othersanyone/anything else上述詞是用業(yè)將比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級(jí)意義的關(guān)鍵詞語,切不可遺漏,尤其是other,否則會(huì)造成邏輯混亂的錯(cuò)誤。如不能說:John runs faster than anyone.注意與漢語表達(dá)的不同。3most可以用來修飾形容詞或副詞,意思相當(dāng)于very,用法區(qū)分單復(fù)數(shù),但不能用定冠詞the,如

25、:a m ost interesting book, most expensive restaurants,要注意與“the +形容詞最高級(jí)+of +名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示的最高級(jí)的區(qū)別,如:He spoke in the warm est of voicesThey have been m ost kind to m eBasketball is the m ost popular of sports in this country.Chinese is the m ost difficult of languageChinese is a m ost difficult language三.不用

26、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的形容詞:1表示顏色的有:white, black2表示形態(tài)的有:round, square, oval, circular, triangular(三角形,level3表示性質(zhì)和特征的有:atomic, economic, scientific, sonic, golden, silvery, woolen, earthen, silent, full, empty, sure, dead, deaf, blind, lam e, rainy4表示狀態(tài)作表語的有:afraid, asleep, alive, ashamed, alone, aware, alike5表示時(shí)間、空

27、間和方位的有:daily, weekly, m onthly, annual, present, front, back, forward, backward, east, west, south, north, left, right, final6表示極限、主次、等級(jí)的有:maximu m, minimu m, ut m ost, m ain, m ajor, chief minor, superior, inferior, senior, junior, super, favorite7含有絕對(duì)概念的有:absolute, entire, whole, total, perfect, e

28、xcellent, thorough, com plete.四.平行結(jié)構(gòu)與比較級(jí)平行結(jié)構(gòu)很多情況下是由形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)或者暗含比較意味的連詞引導(dǎo)的。如:The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the m oment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the com poser at the m oment he composes.大多數(shù)情況下平行結(jié)構(gòu)都是具有一定的比較含義的,有的是遞進(jìn)對(duì)比not onlybut (also ;preferto;rath

29、er than有的是同類對(duì)比:and ;but;or;bo th and;eitheror; neithernor.平行結(jié)構(gòu)測(cè)試時(shí)候注意以下幾點(diǎn):1.注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)中相比較的內(nèi)容在語法形式上是否相同。如:It is better to die ones feet than .Aliving on ones knees Blive on ones kneesCon ones knees Dto live on ones knees(答案為DDespite the tem porary difficulties, the m anager prefers increasing the output

30、to decreasing it.2.其他具有并列或比較意義的短語也可引導(dǎo)平行結(jié)構(gòu)。1rather than, let alone 雖不是并列連詞,但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個(gè)語法形式相同的成分。如:We are taught that a business letter should be written in a form al style in a personal style. Arather than Bother than Cbetter than Dless than答案為AFor the new country to survive, for its people to enjoy pr

31、osperity, new economic policies will be required.A to nam e a few Blet alone Cnot to speak Dlets say(答案為B2如果平行的兩個(gè)成分在形式上是介詞短語,而且介詞相同,一般說來第二個(gè)介詞不要省略。如:At tim es, m ore care goes into the composition of newspaper and m agazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials. 一.代詞的指代1

32、.that的指代作用that指代不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞(如是復(fù)數(shù),用those,后面通常跟有修飾語,如出現(xiàn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的that of。如Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.這里that指代前面的the role。No bread eaten by m en is so sweet as that earned by his own l

33、abor.2.one的指代作用one指代帶不定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,復(fù)數(shù)為ones。the one指代帶定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如:A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.A that Bhe Cone Dthis答案為C3.do的替代作用。do代替動(dòng)詞,注意數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。如:For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his polic y works , but that the public believe that it do

34、es.二.代詞指代一致問題代詞指代一致是指指代的名詞在性、數(shù)、格上是否一致,或者所照應(yīng)的名詞詞組在某些方面保持一致。Each cigarette a person sm okes does som e harm, and eventually he m ay get a serious disease form its effect.這里he指代前面的person。It was during the 1920s that the friendship between the two Am erican writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its h

35、ighest point.這里its指代前面的兩人的friendship。Our depart m ent was m onitored by two supervisors, Bill and me.這里me必須用賓格形式。代詞指代一致必須注意以下幾個(gè)原則和規(guī)律:1.鄰近和靠近原則由eithe r or, neithernor, not onlybut (also連接先行詞時(shí)候,如果兩個(gè)先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致,就用其相應(yīng)的一直的人稱代詞;如果兩個(gè)先行詞在數(shù)或性上不一致,人稱代詞一般與鄰近的先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致。Neither Mary nor Alice has her key wit

36、h her.Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destinationIf either David or Janet com es , he or she will want a drink2.當(dāng)no one, everyone, each,everybody, none ,anybody, som eone, som ebody用作主語或主語的限定詞時(shí)候,或者anything, nothing, something everything等不定代詞作主語時(shí)候,其相應(yīng)的代詞一般按照語法一致原則,采取單數(shù)形式。如:Ever

37、ybody talked at the top of his voice.None of the boys can do it , can he?Everything is ready, isnt it?3.當(dāng)主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式,后跟each作同位語時(shí),如果each位于動(dòng)詞之前,其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;如果each位于動(dòng)詞之后,其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用單數(shù)形式。如:They each have two coatswe are each responsible for his own family4.由and連接兩個(gè)先行詞,代詞用復(fù)數(shù)如:the tourist and business

38、men lost their luggage in the accident 主謂一致是指主語與謂語在數(shù)上要一致。把握主謂一致問題,考生主要解決的是對(duì)不同結(jié)構(gòu)的主語單復(fù)數(shù)的認(rèn)定,進(jìn)而選擇適當(dāng)?shù)闹^語。解決主謂一致主要遵循三個(gè)原則:語法一致原則意義一致原則就近一致原則很多情況下應(yīng)該綜合利用這三個(gè)原則來處理主謂一致,在不同情況下可能應(yīng)用三個(gè)原則中的不同原則,具體應(yīng)用哪種原則應(yīng)該視具體情況而定?？偨Y(jié)如下:一.謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)的情況1.動(dòng)名詞短語、不定式短語、名詞性從句做主語,謂語用單數(shù)。如:Buying clothes is often a time-consum ing job because tho

39、se clothes that a person likes are rarely the cones that fit him or her.(1987年考研題To understand the situation com pletely requires more thought than has been given thus far.2.表示時(shí)間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等度量的名詞短語做主語時(shí),謂語用單數(shù)。Two weeks was too longFive tim es five m akes twenty five3.一般用and連接的兩個(gè)單詞或短語做主語時(shí)候,謂語用復(fù)

40、數(shù),但是下面用and連接的主語表示一個(gè)概念,謂語用單數(shù):law and order 法制soap and water 肥皂水a(chǎn) cup and saucer 茶杯碟子fork and knife 刀叉the needle and thread 針線trial and error 反復(fù)嘗試,不斷摸索horse and carriage 馬車tim e and tide 歲月bread and butter 奶油面包the ebb and flow 盛衰,潮漲潮落如:If law and order not preserved, neither the citizen nor his proper

41、ty is safe.A. isB. areC. was d. were答案:A。4.表示學(xué)科和某些疾病名稱的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式,作主語時(shí)候謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.5.有些名詞形式上是復(fù)數(shù),意義上是單數(shù),根據(jù)意義一致原則動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)The chaos was stopped by the policeThe news is a great encouragement to usA series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the ne

42、xt weekend.6.用and 連接的成份表示一個(gè)單一概念時(shí)候,動(dòng)詞謂語用單數(shù)形式Bread and butter is our daily foodTim e and tide waits for no man二.謂語用復(fù)數(shù)情況1.由and, both and, 連接的并列主語,和both ,a few, m any ,several 等修飾語后面謂語動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Few people know he and I were classm ates when we were at college.2.集體名詞police, public, m ilitia, cattle ,clas

43、s ,youth后常用復(fù)數(shù)形式的動(dòng)詞The Chinese people are brave and hardworkingThe cattle are grazing in the sunshine3.當(dāng)表示民族的詞與冠詞合用當(dāng)主語,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式The Japanese were once very aggressive4.某些形容詞前面加定冠詞表示一類人,做主語時(shí)候,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)The rich are not always selfish5.不可數(shù)名詞作主語,其前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞修飾時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)Three million tons of coal were export

44、ed that year三.謂語動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù),也可以用復(fù)數(shù)的情況1.就近一致原則這種情況下,謂語動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)取決于最靠近該動(dòng)詞的主語的單復(fù)數(shù),存在這種情況的主要由以下幾種可能:1由連詞eitheror; neithernor; whether or;not onlybut (also ;or 等連接的并列主語Neither money nor fam e has influence on m eNot only you but also he is wrong2 在倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中,謂語動(dòng)詞與后面的第一個(gè)主語一致Blocking the open-sided porch, fram ed b

45、y the enveloping fog, stands a tall grave-faced policem an. Just outside the ruins is a m agnificent building surrounded by tall trees.Although a great number of houses in that area are still in need of repair, there has been improvem ent in the facili2.主語帶有(together/alongwith, such as, accom panied

46、 by, as well as, no less than, except, besides, with, combined with, in addition to , including, together with 等等附加成分,謂語的數(shù)不受附加成分的影響仍然與主語保持一致Professor Taylor , with six of his students ,is attending a conference in Boston organized to com pare current practice in the United States with those of other

47、 nations.The president of the college, together with the deans, is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations. (1981年考研題3.關(guān)系代詞做主語的定語從句中,謂語的數(shù)要與先行詞一致。如:Despite m uch research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood.(

48、1996年考研題There are m any valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, but which do not bring a return in money to the community.(1990年考研題4.一些表示數(shù)量的短語與名詞連用時(shí)候,謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于名詞的數(shù),名詞是復(fù)數(shù),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù),反之就用單數(shù)。這些短語包括:a lot of /lots of; plenty of/heaps of; half of; two-third (three-fourth of; eighty(ten, t

49、wenty percent; part of; rest of ; none of 等等Two-thirds of people present are wom enLots of dam age was caused by the fire5.集體名詞作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于主語表示的意思和數(shù),當(dāng)表示整體時(shí)候,謂語動(dòng)詞就用單數(shù),當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)集體中的個(gè)體時(shí)候,謂語動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)。這些集體名詞如:arm y, audience, band ,government ,group ,flock, police, public ,staff ,team ,troop. Crowd, firm, famil

50、y 等等The family is the basic unit of our societyThe family were watching the TVThe audience was enorm ousThe audience were greatly m oved at the words6.某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中主語與謂語的數(shù):第一組:a great m any +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)a number of +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)the m ajority of +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)第二組;the number of +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語用單數(shù)each/every +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語用

51、單數(shù)neither/either of +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語用單數(shù)one and a half +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語用單數(shù)第三組;more than one +可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)謂語用單數(shù)m any a +可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)謂語用單數(shù)第四組;the greater part of a large proportion of 50% of one third of plenty of the rest of謂語的數(shù)與of 后面的名詞一致第五組;(neither(nor. not only. but also not .but 謂語的數(shù)與主語的第二部分(即(nor/ but also/ but引導(dǎo)的后面部分一致.

52、注意比較:More students than one have been referred toMore than one student is going to buy this book 倒裝是指句子成分不是按主語在前、謂語在后的正常語序排列,而是將謂語或謂語的一部分移到主語之前。倒裝是一種修辭手段,目的是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)。倒裝分為部分倒裝和全部倒裝,考試多為部分倒裝。考生應(yīng)掌握什么情況下需要倒裝,并對(duì)倒裝后的句子能夠認(rèn)出來,避免做題時(shí)候的盲目和迷茫。一.用全部倒裝的情況全部倒裝一般是存在以下列副詞開頭的句子中,全部倒裝的方法是把句子的主謂語序顛倒過來,把謂語移到主語前面:1出于修辭需要,表示方

53、向的副詞:out, down, in ,up, away, on。如:Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.Up went the plane2出于習(xí)慣用法:here, there, now, thus, hence, then.如:Now is your turn. There goes the bell.Here is a ticket for youThere existed a certain doubt am ong the students as to th

54、e necessity of work注意:here,there用于倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)主語一般為名詞,如果是人稱代詞則不需要倒裝“ where is the cup?” “Here it is!”Here you are.There he com es.3有時(shí)主語較長(zhǎng),為了使句子平衡,避免頭重腳輕,主謂要全部倒裝。這種情況多出現(xiàn)在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中。如:Less important than ever is developing a m eaningful philosophy of life.In between these two extrem es are those people who agree

55、 with the jury system as a whole, but feel that som e changes need to be im plemented to im prove its effectiveness.二.采用部分倒裝情況部分倒裝一般是把句子謂語的一部分(主要是助動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞放到句子主語前,構(gòu)成部分倒裝,而全部倒裝則把句子的謂語(包括實(shí)義動(dòng)詞都放在主語前1.下列否定詞及含有否定意義的詞組修飾狀語時(shí),若置于句首,句子的主謂要部分倒裝:never, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rar

56、ely, not until, nowhere, at no tim e, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no m eans, in vain, still less。如:Not only is its direct attack on their discip line, it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on.Under no circum stances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but

57、 harm the interests of the state.(1985年考研題注:1如果謂語動(dòng)詞是單個(gè)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,倒裝時(shí)需根據(jù)人稱和時(shí)態(tài)加助動(dòng)詞do。如:Little did we expect that he would fulfill his task so rapidly.(1983年考研題2考生要廣義理解“句首”的概念,注意從句的句首和并列分句的句首均為句首。如:Suddenly, Gallups name was on everyones lips; not only was he the prophet of the m oment, but it was generally