1、Part IIHypotactic vs.Paratactic Translate the following sentences: 1由于距離遠，又缺乏交通工具，使農(nóng)村社會與外界隔絕，而這種隔絕，又由于通訊工具不足而變得更加嚴重。 2 過了一些時候，從遠方傳來了消息：在小銅球墜落的當(dāng)天，確實發(fā)生了地震。這一切終于得到了澄清。 3 為什么如此眾多的美國人不如想象中那樣幸福呢？我認為原因有二，而兩者之間又有深淺之分。 4 The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside. Hypo

2、tactic The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives. English sentences are made by Hypotactic For example: 1) I shall despair if you dont come. . Paratactic The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. Ch

3、inese sentences are made by Paratactic For example: 敵進我退，敵駐我擾，敵疲我打，敵退我追。 形合：主要靠語言本身語法手段；結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊嚴密；好比一棵參天大樹；一串葡萄；一串珍珠；一樹荔枝（主謂（干）結(jié)構(gòu)突出，空間搭架，把各句有機結(jié)合起來。主干可能很短，上面卻結(jié)著累累果實)。 意合：主要靠句子內(nèi)部邏輯聯(lián)系。結(jié)構(gòu)簡練明快；好比一根竹子；一盤珠子；一江波濤。 由于距離遠，又缺乏交通工具，使農(nóng)村社會與外界隔絕，而這種隔絕，又由于通訊工具不足而變得更加嚴重。 Because there is a great distance and there are

4、not enough transport facilities, the rural world is isolated. This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media. The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and the lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucit of the information media. Hypot

5、actic 1.Conjunction 2.Preposition 3.Other cohesive ties 1.Conjunction 1 who, whose, that, which, what, when, where, why, how etc. 2 and, or, but, yet, so, however, as well as, neither-nor, when, while, as since, until, unless, lest etc. 過了一些時候，從遠方傳來了消息：在小銅球墜落的當(dāng)天，確實發(fā)生了地震。這一切終于得到了澄清。 After some time,

6、news came from distant place. Earthquake did happen that day when the little copper ball fell. All this was cleared up. All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell. 為什么如此眾多的美國人不如想象中那樣幸福呢？我認為原因有二，而兩者之間又有深淺

7、之分。 Why so many Americans are not happy as we expect? I think there are two reasons and both of them have deep distinction When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much dee

8、per than the other. 2.Preposition 英語各類介詞共286個。包括： 簡單介詞：with,to,in,of,about,between,through 合成介詞：inside,onto,upon,within,without,throughout 成語介詞: according to;along with, apart from, because of, in front of, on behalf of, with regard to A preposition may be defined as a connecting word showing the re

9、lation of a noun or substitute for a noun to some other word in the sentence. Prepasitions appear constantly in English speech and writing Over ninety percent of preposition usage involves these nine prepositions: with, to, from, at, in, of, by, for and on The many colors of a rainbow range from red

10、 on the outside to violet on the inside. 彩虹有多種顏色，外圈紅，內(nèi)圈紫。 農(nóng)民缺乏訓(xùn)練，許多農(nóng)場生產(chǎn)率很低，這就使得大多數(shù)農(nóng)民處于貧窮的困境。 Inadequate training for farmers and the low productivity of many farms place the majority of country dwellers in a disadvantageous position in their own countries. 3.Other cohesive ties。 主要指形態(tài)變化形式，包括: 詞綴變化;

11、動詞、名詞、代詞、形容詞和副詞的形態(tài)變化及其保持前后一致的關(guān)系； 廣泛使用代詞以保持前后呼應(yīng)的關(guān)系； 使用“it”和“there”作替補詞起連接作用等。 英語常綜合運用上述手段。 There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the fla

12、vor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride. 最令女主人失望的是，她花了許多心思或最令女主人失望的是，她花了許多心思或費用來招待客人，可是這位客人只顧津津有味地費用來招待客人，可是這位客人只顧津津有味地與她的丈夫談?wù)?、談生意，卻沒注意到香噴噴與她的丈夫談?wù)?、談生意，卻沒注意到香噴噴的咖啡，松軟的糕點，或房間內(nèi)講究的陳設(shè)，而的咖啡，松軟的糕點，或房間內(nèi)講究的陳設(shè)，而這些卻可能是她感到興趣并引

13、以自豪的主要所在。這些卻可能是她感到興趣并引以自豪的主要所在。 Even in its blasted condition, with boards and sackings in most of the windows, with its thick dust and its bare room, with its cracked plaster and its damaged roofs, the hotel had been a new world, a breadth and dignity, full of adventure possibilities. 這家旅館，盡管遭到破壞，窗

14、戶大多頂上了木板，并掛著粗麻布，到處是厚厚的塵土，房間空蕩蕩，墻上的灰泥也破裂了，屋頂也毀壞了，可總是一個寬闊而莊嚴的新天地，值得去探險。 注重顯性銜接；注重句子形式； 注重結(jié)構(gòu)完整；注重以形顯義英語是重形式的語法性語言 Paratactic漢語意合手段漢語意合手段 1語序 2反復(fù)、排比、對偶、對照 3緊縮句 4四字格 1語序語序 漢語少用或不用關(guān)聯(lián)詞語，詞義與語序密切相關(guān)。 漢語的許多主從復(fù)句，雖然不用關(guān)聯(lián)詞，形式類似并列復(fù)句，但分句含義卻有主有次。 據(jù)統(tǒng)計，漢語三分之二的因果句不到必要時，據(jù)統(tǒng)計，漢語三分之二的因果句不到必要時，不用關(guān)聯(lián)詞。先因后果，幾乎不用不用關(guān)聯(lián)詞。先因后果，幾乎不用“

15、因為因為”，屬常，屬常態(tài)；先果后因，大多用態(tài)；先果后因，大多用“因為因為“，屬變態(tài)。，屬變態(tài)。 1）（因為）她不老實，我不能信任她。 Because she is not honest, I cant trust her. 我不能信任她，因為她不老實， I cant trust her, because she is not honest. 2）人（若）不犯我，我（則）不犯人。 We will not attack unless we are attacked. 3）說是說了，沒有結(jié)果。 Ive made proposals, but they proved futile. 4）打腫臉充胖子，

16、吃虧是自己。 If you get beyond your depth, you will suffer. 2 反復(fù)、排比、對偶、對照反復(fù)、排比、對偶、對照 他不來，我不去。 If he wont come here, Ill not go there. 種瓜得瓜，種豆得豆。 As you sow, so will you reap. 吃苦在前，享樂在后。 Be the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts. 不怕慢，只怕站。 Its better to move ahead slowly than just to mar

17、k time. 3緊縮句緊縮句 這類句式簡明緊湊，分句間的語法關(guān)系和邏輯聯(lián)系是隱含的。 “緊”就是緊湊，是取消各分句之間的語音停頓，讓它們緊緊地挨在一起。 “縮”就是壓縮，略去原來分句的一些詞語，讓它們簡約一些。 有飯大家吃（ = 如果有飯的話，那就讓大家吃吧） Let everybody share the food if there is any. 不到黃河心不死。 Until all is over, ambition never dies. 狼披羊皮還是狼。 A wolf remains a wolf even though it is in sheeps clothing. 狐貍再狡猾也斗不過好獵手。 However sly a fox may be, it is no match for a good hunter. 物極必反 Once a certain limit is reached, a change in the opposi