1、Verbal Section 1Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following passage.Before Gibson, popular discourse surrounding the Information Age often d cted the current era as one in which advanced technologies liberate the worker from the burden of material labor. Yet despite their claims for a radical break

2、with the past, such represen ions both draw upon, and reinforce, traditional Western conceptions ofthe autonomous laborer as an active,anic subject distinct from the passive inanic machine. In contrast,Gibsons characters struggle to comprehend how bodies themselves are marked by historical and mater

3、ialcircumstan, and by extending theirstemological systems to pros their technological markings, suchcharacters are able to fe limited allianwith one another and retaheir agency without disappearingo orfleeing from this brave new world. Unfortunay, Gibson does not wholeheartedly chion these alternati

4、vems of labor and agency over their dominant countarts they are maained at only great physical and solcost but the Neuromancer trilogy takes an important step toward revealing the limits of our traditionalconceptions of the laboring body.在 Gibson 之前，關(guān)于信息時代的大眾經(jīng)常把當(dāng)前時代描述為一個先進(jìn)的技術(shù)將工人們從物質(zhì)勞動的負(fù)擔(dān)下解放出來的年代。然而，

5、盡管他們的觀點中包含了一個與過去的根本的分離，這種表達(dá)利用并且加強(qiáng)了西方傳統(tǒng)的關(guān)于獨立勞動者的觀念，即勞動者是主動的有機(jī)的與的無機(jī)的機(jī)器分離開來的主體。與此形成對比的是，Gibson 筆下的主人公們不斷掙扎著試圖去理解人們是怎樣印上歷史和物質(zhì)環(huán)境的印記的，并且，通過擴(kuò)展他們的認(rèn)識論系統(tǒng)去處理人們的技術(shù)印記，這些主人公能夠制造出人和人之間有限的聯(lián)系并且會保持他們的力量不至于于或者逃離這個美麗。不幸的是，Gibson 沒有在它們的主要對應(yīng)物之上全心全意的支持這些選擇性的勞動力和力量的模型，只有在巨大的物質(zhì)和社會代價之下這些模型才能夠得以維持，但是神經(jīng)漫游者面邁出了重要一步。在揭示關(guān)于勞動者的傳統(tǒng)概

6、念的局限性方1.The passage is primarily concerned withng which of the following?recognizing the usefulness of traditional Western values towardA.Lauding Gibsons achievement in technologyAdvocating Gibsons work as an exlaborB.le of an unorthodox and useful view of the bodys relationship toC.D.E.Criticizing

7、Gibsons lack of reliance on alternative ms of laborAdvancing a thesis concerning the limiions of traditional conceptions of the laboring body.Explaining, on the level of craft, how Gibsons work varies fromt of his peers.A.B.Gibson 的成就不是 recognizing the usefulness of traditional Western values toward

8、s technology.文章前兩句闡述了傳統(tǒng)觀念上技術(shù)和勞動者之間的關(guān)系，第三句寫了 Gibson 關(guān)于這一關(guān)系的不同觀點，第四句評價了Gibson 的成就。所以 B 選項是正確的。C.D.E.文章第四句的確了 Gibson 的這一之處，但批評 Gibson 不是作者的主要目的。文章的重點是闡述并評價 Gibson 的作品，而不僅僅是闡述某種理論。文章沒有提到“on the level of craft”方面的內(nèi)容。2.Which of the following best describes the authors attitude toward Gibsons work?A. Rejec

9、tion, on the grounds of Gibsons unqualified pessimism concerning the uses of machineryB.C.D.E.Praise fibsons thesis, despite skepticism at the ultimate effects of his workUncritical approval for all but Gibsons rejection of traditional Western ms of laborReluctant acceptance of the nesity of Gibsons

10、 work to the canon oft-modern literatureEnthusiasm tempered by minor reservations for Gibsons reluctant support for unorthodox maction and labors of了 Gibson 的之處，之后又肯定了 Gibson 的成就，可以看出作者對文章最后一句先是遺憾的Gibson 的作品態(tài)度是有保留的贊揚。A.B.C.D.E.只有，不正確。作者沒有懷疑 Gibson 作品的 ultimate effect，作者在最后一句肯定了 Gibson 作品的ultimate ef

11、fect。完全的贊揚，這也是不對的。勉強(qiáng)接受，不正確。有保留的贊揚，“Gibsons reluctant support for unorthodox ms of action and labor”是最后一句中作者的Gibson 的之處，但是總體上作者對Gibson 是正評價，所以E 正確。3.The author of the passage bevest the Neuromancer trilogy would have been improved had GibsonA.B.C.D.E.chosen to focus less on the limits on the traditio

12、nal view of the body as a laboring devicetreated in greater depth thestemological systems of laborers whom he admiresrepresented alternative ms of labor without qualifying them with costsused characters who succeed in realizing how they are marked by machineryelaborated more fully concerning the ms

13、of labort are dominant over his current ms最后一句作者了Gibson 作品中的遺憾：“Gibson does not wholeheartedly chion these alternativems of labor and agency over their dominant countarts”，所以，如果這一點得到改善，Neuromancer就會改善。所以正確是 C 選項。Questions 7 to 9 are based on the following reading passage.One reason why a sheep, a le

14、ss wel derstood experimental subject n the laboratory mouse, should have proved easier to clone may stem from differen in the initial stages of the two species embryonic development. After reaching maturity in the ovary of the mother, the unfertilized eggs of all mammals accumulate a supply of prote

15、ins, and the means of producing fresh protein. In this way, the mammalian egg brings with it a larder for the embryo to make use of until its own genes activate and supply this requirementthemselves. The sheep embryo dis es of its store properly and need not depend on its own genes until thesixteen-

16、cell stage, four cell divicsive to fertilization, while in contrast, the mouse embryo commenthis pros more precociously,ing reliant on the activity of its own genes after just thediviwhenthe fertilized egges two cells.Therefore, a foreign nucleusroducedo a sheep egg exploits a respitein its hosts bi

17、ological development, allowing it to adapt to its new roefore aming genetic control.itantly, a nucleusroducedo a mouse egg must acclimatize quickly for its genes to be able todirect embryonic development within a single cell divi, so perhaps there is insufficient time for the extensivere-programming

18、 of compulsory gene activity. The human embryo is thought to rely on its own genes after threecellular divis, whiight or might not provide time enough for a foreign nucleus to acclimate. However,were scientists to comprehend the nature of the indispensable re-programming then there is every likeliho

19、odtboth mice and humans could be cloned.Despite the long-standing availability of this technology, there has until recently been littleerest in it. Some people suffering from infertility as a result of rare hereditary diseases could produce offspring, blonedindividuals may be at risk given scientist

20、s limited knowledge of the long term effects of allowing an “old” adultcell nucleus to commence life again in an egg. The nucleus of a skin cell could have accumulated a multitude ofgenetic mistakes of no consequence to its rolehe skin, but the same cell could prove deleterious in other ties,or imme

21、nsely increase the probability of the affliction with cancer. The threat to general human healthed bycloning, as oped to the individual, is difficult to determine, but the risks are almost certainly lowern thoseencounteredhe effective inbreeding of consanguine marriages, and thus there are no scient

22、ific grounds per sefor banning cloning. Like othdeemed undesirable on moral or soractiinconsequential to the physical well being of humanity, but generallyl grounds, the prohibition of human cloning will ultimay rest with only asimple pragmatic deci.為什么羊，一個并不像實驗鼠那樣被很好的了解的試驗品，會更容易被克隆，其中一個原因來源于兩個物種胚胎發(fā)

23、育初期階段的差異。在中達(dá)到成熟之后，所有動物的卵都會積累蛋白質(zhì)的供給以及產(chǎn)生蛋白質(zhì)的方法。用這種方法，哺乳動物的卵自身就攜帶了可供胚胎利用的儲藏室直到胚胎的激活并能供給自身的營養(yǎng)需求。綿羊的胚胎很好的安排了自己的營養(yǎng)儲備，并不需要依賴胚胎自身的直到 16 細(xì)胞階段，即后連續(xù)四次細(xì)胞之后的階段，相比之下，老鼠的胚胎更早的開始了這一過程，在卵僅僅一次變?yōu)閮蓚€細(xì)胞之后，胚胎就開始依賴自身的行為。所以，一個引入綿羊的外來細(xì)胞核可以充分利用新環(huán)境。的生物發(fā)育特點，在發(fā)揮的控制作用前很好的去適應(yīng)它的與此同時，引入老鼠的細(xì)胞核必須迅速適應(yīng)環(huán)境以使得細(xì)胞核的能夠在一次細(xì)胞內(nèi)就引導(dǎo)胚胎的發(fā)育，所以，也許沒有足夠

24、的時間給強(qiáng)制行為進(jìn)行大量的重新編程。人們認(rèn)為人類的胚胎在三次細(xì)胞后開始依賴于自身的，這可能會也可能不會給外來細(xì)胞核足夠的時間去適應(yīng)新環(huán)境。然而，如果科學(xué)家理解了不可缺少的再編程的過程性質(zhì)，那么，老鼠和人類都極有可能被克隆。盡管這項技術(shù)長期以來具有可用性，直到最近人們對它也一直沒什么。一些由于罕見的遺傳疾病而不能的人能夠擁有后代，但是，考慮到科學(xué)家對于讓一個“老的”成人細(xì)胞核在一顆中重新產(chǎn)生生命這種做法的長期影響的知識還很有限，克隆的也許會存在風(fēng)險。皮膚細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞核能夠，但是同樣的細(xì)胞在其他組織中是有害的，積累起各種錯誤，這些錯誤在皮膚細(xì)胞中不會帶來也可能會增加患的可能性?？寺淼膶τ谡麄€人類

25、健康的，不同于對于某個，是很難決定的，但是這種風(fēng)險肯定比近親結(jié)婚帶來的同系繁殖造成的風(fēng)險要低，所以，目前還沒有科學(xué)的依據(jù)去禁止克隆。就像其他對于人類身體健康無關(guān)緊要，但是由于道德或社會背景而被認(rèn)為不合理的行為一樣，克隆人最終將取決于一個簡單實用的決定。4.his passage, the author is primarily concerned withA.advancing an argument against human cloning based on evidence from cloning experiments performed onlower life formsB.C.

26、D.E.measuring the technical limiions of the embryonic cloning prosammalsrefuting arguments against human cloning through the use of hard scientific evidenceilluminating the critical ethical distinctions in pros betn human cloning and sheep cloningdescribing how the ethical iembryonic developmentes i

27、n the quest for human cloning have given rise to new ms ofA.文章只說了克隆技術(shù)目前的一些技術(shù)上的，并沒有克隆人，第三段第四句也闡述“there areno scientific grounds per se for banning cloning”，所以 A 不正確。1,2 段闡述克隆過程中外來細(xì)胞核能否快速適應(yīng)新環(huán)境以實現(xiàn)克隆，3 段主要闡述克隆技術(shù)未知的危險性，這都可以認(rèn)為是在衡量克隆技術(shù)在技術(shù)上的限制，所以 B 選項正確。B.C.D.E.文中沒有給出“hard scientific evidence”去駁斥對于克隆人的。只有最后

28、一句涉及了ethical 方面的內(nèi)容，所以 illuminating the critical distinction 不是文章的。與 D 選項類似，Ethical ie 不會成為文章的主旨。For the following questions, consider each of the choiseparay and select allt apply.5.Which of the following does the author suggest concerning the cloning pros?A.The sheep was chosen as an ideal subject

29、because of its genetic development, not for its precedence as aresearch subject.B.C.The earr the foreign nucleus ames genetic control of the embryo, the more sucsful it will likely be.The unfertilized sheep egg acquires a limitlespply of protein from the mothers ovary.A.文章第一句說：“為什么羊，一個并不像實驗鼠那樣被很好的了解

30、的試驗品，會更容易被克隆，其中一個原因來源于兩個物種胚胎發(fā)育初期階段的差異?！倍跗陔A段的差異就是指的的激活。所以選擇羊是因為它的1,2 闡述的內(nèi)容說明外來特點，而不是因為它作為試驗品的優(yōu)勢。所以A 正確。B.要在胚胎開始依靠自身之前發(fā)揮作用，克隆才可能成功，所以，外來越早控制胚胎，克隆越容易成功，所以 B 正確。C.第一段第四句闡述“哺乳動物的卵自身就攜帶了可供胚胎利用的儲藏室直到胚胎的給自身的營養(yǎng)需求”所以，卵得到的營養(yǎng)供給不是無限的。所以 C 錯誤。激活并能供6.Which of the following hypothetical scientific discoveries, if

31、made, would weaken the authors argumentsconcerning the risks of human cloning?A.B.C.Through careful anded study, cloning proves to be less riskyn consanguineous breeding.A laboratory pros for reducing the number of stageshe cell divipros is developed.A non-cloning method for curing human fertility i

32、s discovered, thereby reducing the need to rely uponcloning.D.E.A procedure for easing the acclimation of a foreign nucleushe embryonic host is established.A means of assessing genetic mistakes in a foreign nucleus before its implemeniondevised.o a clone is最后一段第三句闡述了人類克隆的性，即外來細(xì)胞的錯誤會對其他組織造成危害，而如果能夠評估

33、A.錯誤的性，就可以避免這宗危害，從而降低人類克隆的性，所以選項正確。比近親結(jié)婚的性低并不能降低人類克隆的性，性依然存在，作者考慮的是人類克隆的性，而不是比較人類克隆和其他行為的性，所以選項不能削弱作者的結(jié)論。B.C.D.E.文中沒有闡述減少細(xì)胞過程的階段與人類克隆的性，所以選項無關(guān)。減少了對克隆的依賴不代表降低了克隆過程的風(fēng)險，所以選項無關(guān)。文中沒有闡述外來細(xì)胞核在胚胎中的累計與錯誤導(dǎo)致的風(fēng)險之間的關(guān)系，所以錯誤。正確。Question 10 is based on the following reading passage.In each of the past five years, B

34、arralands prison population has increased. Yet, according to offilernment sistics, for none of those years has there been either an increasehe number of criminal casesbrought to trial, or an increase in the rate at which convictions have been obtained. Clearly, therefore, thepercentage of people con

35、victed of crimes who are being given prison sentenis on the increase.Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?In Barraland the range of punishmentst can be imed instead of a prison sentence is wide.Over the last ten years, overcrowding in the prisons of Barraland has esse

36、ntially been eliminated as a result of an ambitious program of prison construction.C.Ten years ago, Barraland reformed its criminal justiystem, iming longer minimum sentenforthose crimes for which a prison sentence had long been mandatory.Barraland has been supervising convicts on parole more closel

37、y in recent years, with the resultD.t paroleviolations havee significantly less frequent.E.The number of people in Barraland who feelit was five years ago.t crime is on the increase is significantly greater nownMany microanismrvive such environmental stresses as heat, cold and desiccation not by rar

38、atesof mitosis, but by producing spelized cells designed to persist in a dormant se in hostile environments. Most fungi, for exle, yield single-celled spores, which, through wind distribution, can survive for long periodsof time before germinating and sprouting fungal filaments of their own. Other t

39、ypes of bacteria produce aspel type of spore called an endospore, capable of withstanding such extremes as boiling and freezingtemperatures, and even ultraviolet radiation.Though research results remaenive, several factors may protect endospores from environmental stress:they have a low water conten

40、t, unusual proteins and a tough spore coat absentature bacterial cells. Whengarden fruits and vegetables, which may contain botulism endospores, are pby canning at boilingtemperatures, we knowgenerate the botulism toxt these spores survive the heat and sprout in the food, and as a result, the bacter

41、iahat can lead to food poisoning proof of their magnificent resince.很多微生物能夠在熱、冷以及干燥等環(huán)境壓力下生存，不是依靠快速的有絲，而是靠產(chǎn)生一種專門的細(xì)胞在惡劣的環(huán)境中持續(xù)處于一種休眠狀態(tài)。比如說大多數(shù)真菌，產(chǎn)生一種單細(xì)胞的孢子，這種孢子通過風(fēng)，能夠在發(fā)芽并且長出自己的菌絲之前存活很長時間。另一種細(xì)菌產(chǎn)生一種很特別的叫做內(nèi)生孢子的特別孢子，能夠抵御諸如的沸騰和冰凍的溫度，甚至是紫外線輻射。盡管研究結(jié)果還是暫定的，有幾種能夠在環(huán)境壓力下保護(hù)內(nèi)生孢子：內(nèi)生孢子的低含水量，特殊蛋白質(zhì)和成細(xì)菌細(xì)胞不具備的結(jié)實的孢子殼。當(dāng)果園中含

42、有肉毒內(nèi)孢子的水果和蔬菜在煮沸溫度下通過罐頭保存時，知道這些孢子在加熱過程中生存了下來，并且在植物中發(fā)芽，結(jié)果細(xì)菌產(chǎn)生了導(dǎo)致食物毒毒素，這證明了細(xì)菌超群的抵抗力。8.The authors primary purehe passage is toA.B.C.D.E.describe the limits of biologists understanding of the phenomenon of cellular dormancyexplain how certainanisms have adapted to withstand environmental adversitycontra

43、st the survival techniques of twoexplain why endospores are so adepanisms which use dormancy to survive hostile environmentssurviving the traditional canning prossuggest whiethods are effective for killing endospores at which are notA.文章重點不是闡述科學(xué)家對細(xì)胞休眠的理解的局限性，而是闡述細(xì)菌靠特殊細(xì)胞在環(huán)境壓力下如何生存。所以不對。B.C.D.E.特定組織如何

44、承受環(huán)境壓力，這是文章的。單細(xì)胞孢子和內(nèi)生孢子只是作者為了說明微生物抵御環(huán)境壓力舉得兩個例子，并沒有對比這兩者。內(nèi)生孢子只是文章的局部內(nèi)容，不是文章的主旨。沒有談到 killing endospore。For the following question, consider each of the choiseparay and select allt apply.9.Which of the following have been mentionedhe passage as environmental stressest can be survived bymicroanismst pra

45、ctice cellular dormancy?A.B.C.Low temperatures Ultraviolet radiationHigh temperatures第三句中分別列舉了幾種細(xì)菌能夠克服的環(huán)境壓力，正確是ABC。10.It may be inferred from the passaget, in contrast to their present view, microbiologists once bevedtA.B.C.D.E.only a single feature of endospore biology was responsible for their suc

46、spotentially, a canning pros could be developedt was capable of destroying all endosporesultraviolet radiation was asible means of destroying microanismst practice cellular dormancycellular mitosis was the root cause of the resince of the microanisms under discusonly single-celledanisms, like those

47、of fungal spores, could practice cellular dormancy文章第一句說：“很多微生物能夠在熱、冷以及干燥等環(huán)境壓力下生存，不是依靠快速的有絲，而是靠產(chǎn)生”，可以推測曾經(jīng)的觀點認(rèn)為微生物是靠有絲抵御環(huán)境壓力的，所以 D 正確。Endospore, cellular dormancy 都是目前研究的內(nèi)容，文章中沒有闡述之前的生物學(xué)家對 endospore 和cellular dormancy 的以其他選項都比較容易排除。Section 2Questions 5 and 6 are based on the following reading passage

48、.Crosbys recent study of American historical demography is blithely based on the reconstitution of therecords of single parish, a methodt often excludes migrants. Moreover, it is troublesome for historians toobtain information on the birthdates of people who relocated to the parish, and equally diff

49、icult to follow those whohad migrated tplaof residence. Thus, the excluof migrants also followed from the way spatialunits were once conceived by the parishioners themselves, a stable and unchanging pre-modern countryside oferchangeable towns unlike “modern” flows to cities.As a result, migration wa

50、s improperly amed to be irrelevant because the smalitshe countrysidewereerchangeable and migrantso a parish could thus stand as a proxy for those who had left. In any case,it was thoughtt migrationhe countryside was repetitive and occurred only in response to life course events,such as finding a spo

51、use, and thus, like the parishioners themselves, Crosby complacently equates thedemographics of migrants to those of more sedimentary populations.Crosby 最近關(guān)于歷史統(tǒng)計學(xué)的研究輕松地基于對單個教區(qū)的的還原，這種方法將排除在外。另外，歷史學(xué)家要獲得那些遷移到教區(qū)的的出生日期是非常麻煩的，追蹤那些到新地方的也同樣麻煩。這樣，對于的排除也延續(xù)了教區(qū)自己對于區(qū)域的看法，即，區(qū)域是一個穩(wěn)定不變的現(xiàn)代化之前的由可互換的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)組成的郊區(qū)，不同于遷向城市的“現(xiàn)

52、代”人群。結(jié)果，由于郊區(qū)的小的是可以互換的，并且遷入一個教區(qū)的就可以因此代替那些遷出的人，遷移被不合理的認(rèn)為是不相關(guān)的。在任何情況下，鄉(xiāng)村的遷移都被認(rèn)為是重復(fù)進(jìn)行的，并且往往是對于生活過程中事件的反應(yīng)，比如說尋找配偶等，因此，就像教區(qū)人民本身，Crosby 很得意地將遷移的統(tǒng)計特征等同于那些的統(tǒng)計特征。he passage, the author is primarily concerned withsummarizing the findings of a studyplacing new research within its historical contextC.D.E.evaluat

53、ing the methodology of a historian comparing various demographical techniquesestablishing categories本文是一片評述型文章，評價 Crosby 在研究中忽略度。的這種研究方法，并對 Crosby 的這種方法給出負(fù)態(tài)A.B.C.D.E.文章沒有闡述 Crosby 的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么，所以錯誤。將一個新的研究置于歷史環(huán)境中，沒有出現(xiàn) historical context 方面的內(nèi)容，B 錯誤。評價學(xué)者的研究方法，正確。文中只出現(xiàn)了忽略不相關(guān)，易排除這法，沒有比較不同的統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法。2.According

54、 to the passage, Crosby has made which of the following ademography?mptions concerning means of historicalA.Migration isost cases diced by life course events as oped to the economic factorst contributeto the development of cities.Population growth tends not to affect the availability of proxies for

55、replacing emigrants from population centers.B.C.D.E.Sedimentary populations are more historically significantn nomadic or migratory ones.It is permissible to rely upon a single source of information in studying population characteristics. Migration can be disregarded as a demographic pattern in hist

56、orical contexts prior to the development of large cities.文章中沒有提到 economic factors 和contribution to the development of cities，A 不對。沒提到 population growth。沒有對比 sedimentary population 和 nomadic population 對于歷史的意義。文章第一句說：“based on the reconstitution of the records of single parish”，所以 Crosby 假設(shè)這種方法是合理的，是

57、 permissible 的。所以D 正確。沒有提到 disregard 以及 development of large cities。Question 7 is based on the following reading passage.Tiger beetles are such fast runnerst they can capture virtually any nonflying insect. However, whenrunning toward an insect, the beetlesermittently stop, and then, a moment later,

58、 resume their attack. Perhaps theycannot maaheir pace and must pause for a moments rest; butternative hypothesis ist while runningtiger beetles are unable to prostop.s the resulting raly changing visual information, and so quickly go blind and3.Which of the following, if discovered in experiments us

59、ing artifiof the two hypotheses and undermine the other?lly moved prey insects, would support oneA.When a prey insect is moved directly toward a beetles been chasing it, the beetle immediay turnsand runs away without its usualermittent stop.B.In pursuing a moving insect, the beetles usually respond

60、immediay to changeshe insects direction,and pause equally frequently whether the chase is up or down an incline.C.The beetles maain a fixed timeerval betn pauses, although when an insectt had beensionary begins to flee, the beetle increases its speed after its next pause.D.If, when a beetle pauses,