1、1995-2017年英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)八級(jí)改錯(cuò)真題及答案（文字/答案校對(duì)版）2017年改錯(cuò)真題The ability to communicate is the primary factor that distinguishes humanbeings from animals. And it is the ability to communicate well which 1._distinguishes one individual from another.The fact is that apart from the basic necessities, one needs tobe equip

2、ped with habits for good communication skills, thus this is 2._what will make one a happy and successful social being.In order to develop these habits, one needs to first acknowledgethe fact that they need to improve communication skills from time to time.They need to take stock of the way how they

3、interact and the direction 3._in which their work and personal relations are going. The only constantin life is change, the more one accepts ones strengths and works 4._towards dealing with their shortcomings, specially in the area of 5._communication skills, the better will be their interactions an

4、dthe more their social popularity.The dominated question that comes here is: How to improve 6._communication skills? The answer is simple. One can findplenty of literature on this. There are also experts, who conductworkshops and seminars based on communication skills of men and women. In fact, a la

5、rge number of companies are bringing intrainers to regularly make sessions on the subject, in order to 7._help their work force maintain better interpersonal work relations.Today effective communication skills have become a predominant factor even while recruiting employees. While interviewing candi

6、dates,most interviewers judge them on the basis of the skills they communicate with.They believe that some skills can be improvised on the job; but ability to 8._communicate well is important, as every employee becomes therepresenting face of the company.There are trainers, who specialized in delive

7、ring custom-made 9._programs on the subject. Through the sessions they not only facilitatebetter communication skills in the workplace, but also look intothe problems in the manner of being able to convey messages effectively. 10._2016年改錯(cuò)真題All social units develop a culture. Even in two-person relat

8、ionships, a culture develops in time. In friendship and romantic relationships, 1._for example, partners develop their own history, shared experiences, language patterns, habits, and customs give that relationship a special 2._charactera character that differs it in various ways from 3._other relati

9、onships. Examples might include special dates, places, songs, or events that come to have a unique and important symbolic meaning for the two individuals. Thus, any 4._social unitwhether a relationship, group, organization, orsocietydevelops a culture with the passage of time. While the definingchar

10、acteristicsof each culture are unique, all cultures share certain same functions. The relationship between 5._communicationand culture is a very complex intimate one. 6._Cultures are created through communication; that is, communication isthe means of human interaction, through it cultural character

11、istics 7._are created and shared. It is not so much that individuals set out to create a culture when they interact in relationships, groups, organizations, or societies,but rather than that cultures are a natural by-product of social interaction.8._In a sense, cultures are the “residue” of social c

12、ommunication. Withoutcommunication and communication media, it would be impossible tohave and pass along cultural characteristics from one place and time to 9._another. One can say, furthermore, that culture is created, shaped, 10._transmitted, and learned through communication.2015年改錯(cuò)真題WhenIwasinmy

13、earlyteens,Iwastakentoaspectacularshowonicebythemotherofafriend.Lookedroundattheluxuryofthe 1. _rink,myfriendsmotherremarkedonthe“plush”seatswehadbeengiven.Ididnotknowwhatshemeant,andbeingproudofmy2._vocabulary,Itriedtoinferitsmeaningfromthecontext.“Plush”wasclearlyintendedasacomplimentary,apositive

14、evaluation;that3. _ muchIcouldtellitfromthetoneofvoiceandthecontext.SoI 4._startedtousetheword.Yes,Ireplied,theycertainlyareplush,andsoaretheicerinkandthecostumesoftheskaters,arentthey?Myfriendsmotherwasverypolitetocorrectme,butIcouldtellfromher 5. _ expressionthatIhadnotgotthewordquiteright.Oftenwe

15、canindeedinferfromthecontextwhatawordroughlymeans,andthatisinfactthewaywhichweusuallyacquireboth 6._newwordsandnewmeaningsforfamiliarwords,speciallyinour7._ownfirstlanguage.Butsometimesweneedtoask,asIshouldhaveaskedforplush,andthisisparticularlytrueinthe 8._aspectofaforeignlanguage.Ifyouarecontinual

16、lysurroundedby9_speakersofthelanguageyouarelearning,youcanaskthemdirectly, butoftenthisopportunitydoesnotexistforthelearnerofEnglish.Sodictionarieshavebeendevelopedtomendthegap. 10._2014年改錯(cuò)真題There is widespread consensus among scholars that second languageacquisition (SLA) emerged as a distinct fiel

17、d of research from the late 1950s toearly 1960s.There is a high level of agreement that the following questions 1._havepossessedthemostattentionofresearchersinthisarea: 2._Is it possible to acquire an additional language in thesame sense one acquires a first language? 3._What is the explanation for

18、the fact adults have 4._more difficulty in acquiring additional languages than children have?What motivates people to acquire additional languages?What is the role of the language teaching in the 5._acquisition of an additional language?What socio-cultural factors, if any, are relevant in studying t

19、helearning of additional languages?From a check of the literature of the field it is clear that all 6._the approaches adopted to study the phenomena of SLA so far haveone thing in common: The perspective adopted to view the acquiringof an additional language is that of an individual attempts to do 7

20、._so. Whether one labels it “l(fā)earning” or “acquiring” an additionallanguage, it is an individual accomplishment or what is under 8._focus is the cognitive, psychological, and institutional status of an individual. That is, the spotlight is on what mental capabilities areinvolving, what psychological

21、 factors play a role in the learning 9._or acquisition, and whether the target language is learnt in theclassroom or acquired through social touch with native speakers. 10._2013年改錯(cuò)真題Psycho-linguisticsisthenamegiventothestudyofthepsychologicalprocesses involvedinlanguage.Psycholinguisticsstudyunderst

22、anding, productionandrememberinglanguage,andhenceareconcerned 1._with listening,reading,speaking,writing,andmemoryforlanguage.Onereasonwhywetakethelanguageforgrantedisthatitusually 2._happenssoeffortlessly,andmostoftime,soaccurately. 3._Indeed,whenyoulistentosomeonetospeaking,orlookingatthispage, 4.

23、_younormallycannothelpbutunderstandit.Itisonlyinexceptional circumstanceswemight becomeawareof5._thecomplexityinvolved:ifwearesearchingforawordbutcannotrememberit; ifarelativeorcolleaguehashadastrokewhichhas 6._influenced theirlanguage;ifweobserveachildacquirelanguage; 7._if wetrytolearnasecondlangu

24、ageourselvesasanadult;or ifwearevisuallyimpairedorhearing-impairedorifwemeetanyoneelse 8._whois.Asweshallsee,alltheseexamples ofwhatmightbecalled“l(fā)anguageinexceptionalcircumstances” revealagreatdealabouttheprocessesevolvedinspeaking,listening,writingandreading.But 9._giventhatlanguageprocesses weren

25、ormallysoautomatic,wealso 10._needtocarryoutcarefulexperimentstogetatwhatishappening. 2012年改錯(cuò)真題Thecentralproblemoftranslatinghasalwaysbeenwhethertotranslateliterallyorfreely.Theargumenthasbeengoingsinceatleast 1._thefirstcenturyB.C.Uptothebeginningofthe19thcentury,manywritersfavoredcertainkindof“fre

26、e”translation:thespirit,notthe 2._letter;thesensenottheword;themessagerathertheform;thematter 3._notthemanner.Thisistheoftenrevolutionarysloganofwriterswho 4._wantedthetruthtobereadandunderstood.Thenintheturnof 5._19thcentury,whenthestudyofculturalanthropologysuggestedthatthelinguisticbarrierswerein

27、superableandthatthelanguagewas 6._entirelytheproductofculture,theviewtranslationwasimpossible 7._gainedsomecurrency,andwithitthat,ifwasattemptedatall,itmust 8._beas literalaspossible.Thisviewculminatedthestatementofthe 9._extreme“l(fā)iteralists”WalterBenjaminandVladimirNobokov.Theargumentwastheoretical

28、:thepurposeofthetranslation,thenatureofthereadership,thetypeofthetext,wasnotdiscussed.Toooften,writer, translatorandreaderwereimplicitlyidentifiedwitheachother.Now,thecontexthaschanged,andthebasicproblemremains. 10._2011年改錯(cuò)真題From a very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, I knew that when I g

29、rew I should be a writer. Between the ages 1._of aboutseventeen and twenty-four I tried to abandon this idea, but I did so with the conscience that I was outraging my 2._true nature and that soon or later I should have to settle down 3._and write books. I was the child of three, but there was a gap

30、of five years on either side, and I barely saw my father 4._before I was eight. For this and other reasons I was somewhat lonely, and I soon developeddisagreeing mannerisms which 5._made me unpopular throughout myschooldays. I had the lonely childs habit of making up stories and holding conversation

31、s with imaginative persons, and I think from the 6._very start my literal ambitions were mixed up with the feeling 7._of being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facility with wordsand a power of facing in unpleasant facts, and I 8._felt that this created a sort of private world which I c

32、ould get 9._my own back for my failure in everyday life. Therefore, the 10._volume of serious i.e. seriously intended writing which I produced all through my childhood and boyhood would not amount to half a dozen pages. I wrote my first poem at the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to di

33、ctation. 2010年改錯(cuò)真題Sofaraswecantell,allhumanlanguagesareequally completeandperfectasinstrumentsofcommunication:thatis, everylanguageappearstobewellequippedasanyothertosay 1_thethingstheirspeakerswanttosay. 2_Theremayormaynotbeappropriatetotalkaboutprimitive3_peoplesorcultures,butthatisanothermatter.C

34、ertainly,notall groupsofpeopleareequallycompetentinnuclearphysicsor psychologyorthecultivationofrice.Whereasthisisnotthe 4_faultoftheirlanguage.TheEskimos,itissaid,canspeakaboutsnowwithfurthermoreprecisionandsubtletythanwecanin 5_English,butthisisnotbecausetheEskimolanguage(oneofthose sometimesmisca

35、lledprimitive)isinherentlymorepreciseand subtlethanEnglish.Thisexampledoesnotcometolightadefect 6_inEnglish,ashowofunexpectedprimitiveness.ThepositionissimplyandobviouslythattheEskimosandtheEnglishliveinsimilar 7_environments.TheEnglishlanguagewillbejustasrichinterms 8_fordifferentkindsofsnow,presum

36、ably,iftheenvironmentsinwhichEnglishwashabituallyusedmadesuchdistinctionasimportant. 9_Similarly,wehavenoreasontodoubtthattheEskimolanguage couldbeaspreciseandsubtleonthesubjectofmotormanufacture orcricketifthesetopicsformedthepartoftheEskimoslife. 10_For obvious historical reasons, Englishmen in th

37、e nineteenth century could not talk about motorcars with the minute discrimination which is possible today: cars were not a part of their culture. But they had a host of terms for horse-drawn vehicles which send us, puzzled, to a historical dictionary when we are reading Scott or Dickens. How many o

38、f us could distinguish between a chaise, a landau, a victoria, a brougham, a coupe, a gig, a diligence, a whisky, a calash, a tilbury, a carriole, a phaeton, and a clarence?2009年改錯(cuò)真題Theprevioussectionhasshownhowquicklyarhymepassesfromoneschoolchildtothenextandillustratesthefurtherdifference1._betwee

39、nschoolloreandnurserylore.Innurseryloreaverse,learntinearlychildhood,isnotusuallypassedonagainwhenthelittle listener 2._hasgrownup,andhaschildrenoftheirown,orevengrandchild 3._Theperiodbetweenlearninganurseryrhymeandtransmittingitmaybesomethingfromtwentytoseventyyears.Withtheplaygroundlore, 4._there

40、fore,arhymemaybeexcitedlypassedonwithintheveryhouritis5._learnt;andinthegeneral,itpassesbetweenchildrenofthesameage,6._ornearlyso,sinceitisuncommon forthedifferenceinagebetweenplaymatestobemorethanfiveyears.If,therefore,aplaygroundrhymecanbeshowntohavebeencurrentlyforahundredyears,orevenjust7._forfi

41、fty,itfollowsthatithasbeenretransmittedoverandover;very 8._possiblyithaspassedalongachainoftwoorthreehundredyounghearersandtellers,andthewonderisthatitremainsliveaftersomuch9._handling,toletalonethatitbearsresemblancetothe 10._2008年改錯(cuò)真題Thedesiretouselanguageasasignofnationalidentityisaverynaturalone

42、,andinresultlanguagehasplayedaprominent 1._partinnationalmoves.Menhaveoftenfelttheneedtocultivate 2._agivenlanguagetoshowthattheyaredistinctivefromanother 3._racewhosehegemonytheyresent.AtthetimetheUnitedStates 4._splitofffromBritain,forexample,therewereproposalsthatindependenceshouldbelinguisticall

43、yacceptedbytheuseofa 5._differentlanguagefromthoseofBritain.Therewasevenone 6._proposalthatAmericansshouldadoptHebrew.OthersfavouredtheadoptionofGreek,though,asonemanputit,thingswouldcertainlybesimplerforAmericansiftheystuckontoEnglish 7._andmadetheBritishlearnGreek.Attheend,aseveryone 8._knows,thet

44、wocountriesadoptedthepracticalandsatisfactorysolutionofcarryingwiththesamelanguageasbefore. 9._Sincenearlytwohundredyearsnow,theyhaveshowntheworld 10._thatpoliticalindependenceandnationalidentitycanbecompletewithoutsacrificingtheenormousmutualadvantagesofacommonlanguage.2007年改錯(cuò)真題Fromwhathasbeensaid,

45、itmustbeclearthatnoonecan makeverypositivestatementsabouthowlanguageoriginated. Thereisnomaterialinanylanguagetodayandintheearliest 1._recordsofancientlanguagesshowuslanguageinanewand 2._emergingstate.Itisoftensaid,ofcourse,thatthelanguage 3._originatedincriesofanger,fear,painandpleasure,andthe 4._n

46、ecessaryevidenceisentirelylacking:therearenoremote tribes,noancientrecords,providingevidenceof alanguagewithalargeproportionofsuchcries 5._thanwefindinEnglish.Itistruethattheabsence ofsuchevidencedoesnotdisprovethetheory,butinothergrounds 6._toothetheoryisnotveryattractive. Peopleofallracesandlangua

47、gesmakerathersimilar noisesinreturntopainorpleasure.Thefactthat 7._suchnoisesaresimilaronthelipsofFrenchmen andMalaysianswhoselanguagesareutterlydifferent, servestoemphasizeonthefundamentaldifference 8._betweenthesenoisesandlanguageproper.Wemaysaythatthecriesofpainorchortlesofamusement arelargelyref

48、lexactions,instinctivetolargeextent, 9._whereaslanguageproperdoesnotconsistofsignsbutofthesethathavetobelearntandthatare whollyconventional. 10._2006年改錯(cuò)真題Weuselanguageprimarilyasameansofcommunicationwithotherhumanbeings.Eachofusshareswiththecommunityinwhichweliveastoreofwordsandmeaningsaswellasagree

49、ingconventionsas 1._tothewayinwhichwordsshouldbearrangedtoconveyaparticular 2._message:theEnglishspeakerhasinhisdisposalvocabularyanda 3._setofgrammaticalruleswhichenableshimtocommunicatehis 4._thoughtsandfeelings,inavarietyofstyles,totheotherEnglish 5._speakers.Hisvocabulary,inparticular,boththatwh

50、ichheusesactivelyandthatwhichherecognises,increasesinsizeashegrowsoldasaresultofeducationandexperience. 6._But,whetherthelanguagestoreisrelativelysmallorlarge,thesystem remainsnomorethanapsychologicalrealityfortheindividual,unlesshehasameansofexpressingitintermsabletobeseenbyanother 7._ memberofhisl

51、inguisticcommunity;hehastogivethesystemaconcretetransmissionform.Wetakeitforgrantedthetwomost 8._commonformsoftransmission-bymeansofsoundsproducedbyourvocalorgans(speech)orbyvisualsigns(writing).Andtheseare 9._amongmoststrikingofhumanachievements. 10._2005年改錯(cuò)真題TheUniversityasBusinesAnumberofcolleges

52、anduniversitieshaveannouncedsteeptuitionincreasesfornextyearmuchsteeperthanthecurrent,verylowrateofinflation.Theysaytheincreasesareneededbecauseofalossinvalueofuniversityendowmentsheavilyinvestingincommonstock.Iamskeptical.1._Abusinessfirmchoosesthepricethatmaximizesitsnetrevenues,irrespectivefluctu

53、ationsinincome;andincreasinglytheoutlookof 2._universitiesintheUnitedStatesisindistinguishablefromthoseof 3._businessfirms.Theriseintuitionsmayreflectthefacteconomic 4._uncertainty increasesthedemandforeducation.Thebiggestcostofbeingintheschoolisforegoingincomefromajob(thisisprimarilya 5._factoringr

54、aduateandprofessional-schooltuition);thepooronesjobprospects, themoresenseitmakesto 6._reallocatetimefromthejobmarkettoeducation,inordertomakeoneselfmoremarketable. Thewayswhichuniversitiesmakethemselvesattractivetostudents7._includesoftmajors,studentevaluationsofteachers,givingstudents agovernancer

55、ole,andeliminaterequiredcourses.Sky-hightuitions8._havecauseduniversitiestoregardtheirstudentsascustomers.Justasbusinessfirmssometimescolludetoshortentherigorsofcompetition,9._universitiescolludetominimizethecosttothemoftheathleteswhomtheyrecruitinordertostimulatealumnidonations,sothebest athletesno

56、woftenbypasshighereducationinordertoobtainsalariesearlierfromprofessionalteams.Anduntiltheywerestoppedbytheantitrustauthorities, theIvyLeagueschoolscolludedtolimitcompetitionforthebeststudents,byagreeingnottoawardscholarshipsonthebasisofmeritratherthanpurelyofneedjustlikebusinessfirmsagreeingnottogi

57、vediscountsontheirbestcustomer. 10_2004年改錯(cuò)真題One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S. Congress is the power to investigate. The power is usually delegtated to committees either stading committees, special committees set for a specific purpose, 1._or joint committees consisted o

58、f members of both houses. 2._Investigations are held to gather information on the need for Future legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed,to inquire into the qualification and performance of members and officials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, to lay the 3._groun

59、dwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently, committees rely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings 4._and to make out detailed studies of issues. 5._There are important corallaries to the investigative power.One is the power to publicize investigations and its results. 6._

60、most committee hearings are open to public and are reported 7._widely in the mass media. Congressional investigation nevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakes 8._to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issuses.9._Congressional committees also have the