1、時態(tài)和語態(tài)1 八種基本時態(tài)：1 .一般現(xiàn)在時 2 .一般過去時3 .現(xiàn)在進行時 4 .過去進行時5 .現(xiàn)在完成時 6 .過去完成時 7 .一般將來時 8 .過去將來時兩種語態(tài)1 .主動語態(tài) 2 .被動語態(tài)2 一般現(xiàn)在時 do/does 一般過去時 did 一般將來時 shall / will + do 過去將來時 would / should + do 現(xiàn)在進行時 am / is / are + doing 過去進行時 was / were + doing 現(xiàn)在完成時 have / has + done 過去完成時 had + done 現(xiàn)在完成進行時 have been doing 將來進行

2、時 will be doing 將來完成時 will have done3 一般現(xiàn)在時、表示目前或現(xiàn)在存在的狀態(tài)或特征.、表示客觀存在及普遍真理。、表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常和習慣性發(fā)生的動作，常與 sometimes,often,usually,always,every等時間裝于連用。、在時間狀語從句中表示將來發(fā)生的動作。、一些表示方向位移的動詞，可用于一般現(xiàn)在時，表示按時刻表安排要發(fā)生的動作。這樣的動詞常見的有：arrive ,be , begin , come , close , end , go , leave, open , return , sail , start , stop等。例如： Th

3、e train leaves at 10:05 a.m. 這列火車上午十點另五分開。 The plane from Hainan arrives at 6 p.m. 從海南來的飛機下午六點到。4現(xiàn)在進行時 1. 某些動詞的進行體與 always, often, forever, constantly 連用時，表示贊揚、埋怨、生氣和批評。 He is always thinking of others , not of himself . （表示贊許）他總是為他人著想，而不為自己。 She is often doing well at school. （表示滿意）她在學校學習挺不錯的。2. 表示

4、來、去、開始、終結(jié)、離開、到達等意義的瞬間動詞用進行時表示即將發(fā)生的動作。如：go , come , leave ,arrive , see , have , lunch( 吃午飯 ) , return, dine ( 進餐，尤指晚餐 ) , work , sleep , stay , play , do , wear( 穿，戴 ) 等。例如： Im dinning out with my friends this evening. 今晚我將和朋友在外面吃飯。 An American professor is giving a lecture this afternoon. 今天下午一位美國教

5、授要來作報告。5感知或感覺的動詞：hear, see, seem, smell, sound, look, feel等。表示心理或情感的動詞：like, love, hate, prefer, wish等。表示狀態(tài)存在的動詞：be, exist, remain, stay, 等。表示占有或存屬關(guān)系動詞：have, own, belong, contain等。表示思考、理解等心理活動的動詞：believe, doubt, forget, know, remember, understand等。下列幾類動詞不用進行時時態(tài)6 一般將來時1）shall / will + 動詞原形(事先沒有考慮過，說話

6、時臨時想到的）I shall / will not be free tomorrow .我明天沒空。2) be( am / is / are ) + going +to do sth例如： A) He is going to spend his holidays in London . 他打算在倫敦度假。 B) It is going to rain soon .馬上要下雨了。3) be( am / is / are ) + to do sthA)按計劃沒有意外一定要發(fā)生的動作，這個動作發(fā)生的時間一般不會很遠； B)要求或命令他人做某事。例如：A) The new bridge is to o

7、pen to traffic in three days. 新橋三天后通車。 B) You are not to bring any mobile communication means into the exam-room . 任何移動通訊工具都不得帶入考場。4)be about to do 表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接時間狀語。 例如： I was about to leave when an unexpected visitor came.7現(xiàn)在完成時 關(guān)于現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語問題: A. 凡是“完成時態(tài)”都表示，不知道也不管動作發(fā)生的具體時間, 所以在使用現(xiàn)在完成時的句子里，不可以帶

8、有表示具體過去時間的狀語，如：yesterday , last week ( month , year , etc. ) , two weeks ago , in 1999等；但常和有些副詞連用，如： just , before , already , often , never , ever , notyet , always等等。 B. 在以when提問的特殊疑問中不能用現(xiàn)在完成時。另外，ago不能用于現(xiàn)在完成時的句子里，因為它表示從現(xiàn)在算起的以前某個時間，屬于表示具體過去時間的狀語。但是可以用before來表示以前的意義，因為它只表示以前，而不知什么時候的以前。 C. 如果是不表示連續(xù)性

9、的動詞用于現(xiàn)在完成時的句子，不可以和以for表示的一段時間的狀語連用。在這種情況下，應該用It has been since的句式來表達。如： He has joined the army for five years. （錯誤） It has been five years since he joined the army. （正確）8現(xiàn)在完成時還可以用于下列句子結(jié)構(gòu)：1.It is/has been +some time+since-clause2.That/This/It is the first time that3.That/This/It is the only4.That/Thi

10、s/It is the best/finest/most interesting,etce.g: This is the first time that I have heard her sing. This is the only party that I have ever really enjoyed in my life. Its one of the most interesting books that I have ever read.9現(xiàn)在完成進行時表示，發(fā)生在過去的某個動作延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在剛剛完成，或許還要繼續(xù)延續(xù)；這種時態(tài)側(cè)重于這個動作的連續(xù)性，或者說不間斷性。當謂語動詞是be時

11、，用現(xiàn)在完成時就可以表示現(xiàn)在完成進行時。 例如： Ive been waiting for you for the whole morning. 整個上午我一直在等你。 It has been raining for three days. 雨連續(xù)下了三天。10將來完成時將來完成時表示的是到將來的某點時間為止將已經(jīng)完成了某個動作。We will have learned three chapters by the end of this term.I will have prepared the meal when my mother come back.11將來進行時將來進行時表示的是在將來

12、的某一點時間，將正在做某事。We will be taking an English exam this time tomorrow afternoon.I will be waiting for you at the school gate at five oclock tomorrow morning.12典型例題1.Before the first non-stop flight made in 1949, it _ necessary for all planes to land for refueling. a. would be b. has been c. had been d.

13、 would have been7.My train arrives in New York at eight oclock tonight. The plane I would like to take from there _ by then. a. would leave b. will have left c. has left d .had left21.On his next birthday he _ married for ten years. a. has been b. will be c. will have been d. would have been 13典型例題5

14、.While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television _ the newspaper completely. a. replaced b. have replaced c. replace d. will replace15.In this experiment, they are wakened several times during the night, and asked to report what they _. a. have just bee

15、n dreaming b. are just dreamingc. had just been dreaming d. had just dreamed25.When it rained, a football match _ in the sports ground. a. was being held b. was held c. had been held d. was holding 14 動詞的語態(tài) 主動態(tài)和被動態(tài) 15主動形式表示被動意義：1.feel.look.smell,taste,sound等系動詞后面接形容詞時2.cut,read,sell,wear,write,wash,

16、cook,shut,dry,drink等表示某種 性質(zhì)時且?guī)в袪钫Z修飾時 e.g:The book sells very well. These cups clean easily. The stone weighs two tons. The jacket washes easily.3.want,require,need,worth后面的動名詞用主動形式表示被動意義 e.g:These flowers want/require/need watering. These books are worth reading.4.在“be+adj.+to do”中，不定式的邏輯賓語是句子的主語，用主動 代被動。 e.g:This apple isnt fit to eat. He isnt easy to get along with.16被動形式表示主動意義：be seated,be hidden,be lost,be drunk,be dressed,be devoted be, determined