1、學(xué)術(shù)講座學(xué)生版tpo22 lecture 3一、 背景介紹：生物學(xué)講座主要涉及到的小學(xué)科有 conservation biology 保護(hù)生物學(xué)， marine 二、分類表格：TPOLecture142244627281101111生物121Biology142154163174184193204213223233241251254262271273282283291302三、生物類考點(diǎn)分析分類部位及特征用途植物習(xí)性動(dòng)物棲息地生殖與其他生物的關(guān)系生存狀況相關(guān)爭(zhēng)辯生物類常見規(guī)律構(gòu)造應(yīng)的例子進(jìn)展證明，期間往往會(huì)有教師的自問自答和已經(jīng)和學(xué)生之間的爭(zhēng)辯。1. 開頭原那么：四、十三大原那么中這節(jié)課會(huì)用到

2、的原那么1. 開頭原那么：2.2. 問答原那么3.3. 舉例原那么4.4.強(qiáng)調(diào)原那么語(yǔ)義的強(qiáng)調(diào)：5.5. 結(jié)尾原那么五、本次課可能用到的筆記法筆記熱身1中文簡(jiǎn)寫2符號(hào)TPO1 Conversation1 筆記六、詞匯，短語(yǔ)及句式英語(yǔ)漢語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)漢語(yǔ)speciessub-speciesgene pool ancestor descend extinction endanger eradicateintroduced animalswildlife reserve sanctuaryrefugehabitat物種亞種祖先 傳承 滅亡 瀕危 滅亡外來(lái)動(dòng)物保護(hù)區(qū)保護(hù)區(qū)棲息地quarantine servi

3、cequarantine serviceparasite insect reptile mammalpollinate檢疫局寄生蟲昆蟲授粉英語(yǔ)vertebratesubsetendangeredhabitat cheetah pronghorn herbivore megafaunaprairie disperse漢語(yǔ)adj. 脊椎動(dòng)物的；有脊椎的n. 脊椎動(dòng)物n. 子集，小團(tuán)體adj. 瀕臨滅亡的，有生命危急的n. 棲息地，產(chǎn)地n. 獵豹n. 叉角羊n. 食草動(dòng)物n. 句型動(dòng)物n. 大草原，牧場(chǎng)v. 分散，使散開adj. 分散的英語(yǔ)漢語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)漢語(yǔ)die outover-huntingfocus

4、 on playarolein滅亡過(guò)度捕食集中于在起作用used toused toadapt tobe different from human interferencemass extinctionnatural selection過(guò)去經(jīng)常，習(xí)慣適應(yīng)不同自然選擇七、文章框架分析a. What is the mass extinction?b. What is the sixth mass extinction, it is the extinction caused by human activity.a.PleistoceneRewilding：theplantorecovertheme

5、gafaunainPleistoceneepoch.b. the goal of Pleistocene Rewilding: 1) to help prevent the extinction of someendangered megafauna; 2) to restore some of the evolutionary and ecological potential that has been lost inNorth America.c. examples: cheetah and pronghornmegafauna and maclura treea. the limitat

6、ions of the Pleistocene RewildingTransplanted megafauna might devastate plants and animals that are native to thewestern United StatesSomemegafaunasarequitedifferentgeneticallyfromtheircounterparts.The climate today is not as cold as it was in the Pleistoceneb. the core problem: Even though the Plei

7、stocene Rewilding is based on goodintention，it belongs to human interference.八、聽力文本Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture in a zoology class.Professor: A mass extinction iswhen numerous species become extinct over a veryshort time period, short, geologically speaking that is,likewhenthedinosaursdiedo

8、ut 65 million years ag.mass extinctioAnd thefossil record, it indicates that in all the time that animals have inhabited Earth, there have been five great mass extinctions, dinosaurs being the most recent. In each of the others up to half of all land animals and up to 95 percent of marine speciesdis

9、appeared.Well, today we are witnessing a sixth mass extinction, but unlike the others, thecurrent loss of bio-diversity can be traced to human to human activity. Since the StoneAge, humans have been eliminating species and altering ecosystems with astounding speed. Countless species disappear due to

10、 over-hunting, habitat destruction andhabitat fragmentation, pollution and other unnaturalhuman causes.此處可出細(xì)節(jié)題，什么緣由導(dǎo)致物種滅亡So, as a way of repairing some of that damage, a group of conservation biologists has proposed an ambitious, or some might say, a radical plan, involving large vertebrates, or , m

11、egafauna. Megafauna include elephants, wild horses, big cats, camels, largeanimals. Eh, actually, the proposalfocuses on a particular subset of megafauna, the kind that lived during the Pleistocene epoch.Ok. The Pleistocene epoch, most commonly known as the Ice Age, stretched from 1.8million to 11,5

12、00 years ago. In the Americas, many megafauna began disappearing bythe end of the Pleistocene. So heres the biologists idea. Take a select group ofanimals, megafauna from places like Africa and Asia, and introduce them into other ecosystems similar to their current homes, beginning in the United Sta

13、tes. They call their plan Pleistocene rewilding. 細(xì)節(jié)可考察，Pleistocene rewilding 的定義Now, the advocates of Pleistocene rewilding cite two main goals. One is to helpprevent the extinction of some endangered megafauna by providing new refuges, new habitats for them. The other is to restore some of the evol

14、utionary and ecological potential that has been lost in North America. 考察考生是否了解 Pleistocenerewilding的主要目的。1 重塑進(jìn)化過(guò)程；2 幫助阻擋某些大型動(dòng)物物種的滅亡。24題細(xì)節(jié)題已考察What do I mean by restore evolutionary potential? Well as youknow the evolution of any species is largely influenced by its interactions with other species. S

15、o during the Pleistocene epoch lets take the now extinct Americancheetah, for instance. We believe it played a pivotal role in the evolution of thepronghorn antelope, the antelopes amazing speed, to be exact, because naturalselection would favor those antelope that could outrun a 考察考生是否明白是影響羚羊速度進(jìn)展的重

16、要因素，作為細(xì)節(jié)題已在 25 When theAmerican cheetahs disappeared, their influence on the evolution of pronghorn andpresumably on other prey animals stopped. So it is conceivable that the pronghornantelope would have continued to evolve, get faster maybe, if the cheetahs were still around. Thats whats meant by e

17、volutionary potential.Importing African cheetahs to the western United States could, in theory, put the pronghorn back onto its uh,natural evolutionary trajectory according to these biologists.Another example is the interaction of megafauna with local flora, in particular, plants that rely on animal

18、s to disperse their seeds. Like Pleistocene rewilding could spark there-emergence of large seeded American plants, such as the maclura tree. rewilding”能夠幫助重恢復(fù)削減的植物物種。此題已作為Many types of maclura used to grow in North American, but today, one variety remains and it is found in only two states. In the d

19、istant past, largeherbivores like mastodons dispersed maclura seeds, each the size of an orange in their droppings. Well, there arent any mastodons left, but there are elephants, whichdescended from mastodons. Introduce elephants into that ecosystem and they mightdisperse those large maclura seeds,

20、like their ancestors did. Get the idea? Restoringsome of the former balance to the ecosystem?But as I alluded to earlier, Pleistocene rewilding is extremely controversial. A bigworry is that these transplanted megafauna might devastate plants and animals that arenative to the western United States.I

21、n the years since the Pleistocene epoch, native species have adapted to the changing environment there, plants, smaller animals, theyhave been evolving without megafauna for millennia. (考察學(xué)生是否明白為什么professor 會(huì)提到植物和小型動(dòng)物的進(jìn)化問題, 由于本地物種自從更世時(shí)期后自以professor提到植物和小型動(dòng)物的進(jìn)化主要為了指出Pleistocene rewilding 可能會(huì)帶來(lái)的問題, 已考

22、察) Also, animal species that went extinct 11,000 years ago, uh,somearequitedifferentgeneticallyfromtheirmodern-daycounterparts,likeelephants dont havethickcoastsliketheirmastodonancestorsdowhentheygrazethe prairies of the America West during the Ice Age. Granted, the climate today is not as cold as

23、it was in the Pleistocene. But winters on the prairie can still get pretty harshtoday. And there are many more considerations. Well, you see how complex this is. Ifyou think about it though, the core problem with this sixth mass extinction is human interference. Pleistocene rewilding is based on goo

24、d intentions, but you know, it just be more of the same thing. Pleistocenerewilding 注：太簡(jiǎn)潔而沒有提升。第一小節(jié)學(xué)生復(fù)述學(xué)生猜考點(diǎn)結(jié)合筆記法，帶著學(xué)生逐句聽，該小節(jié)進(jìn)展完之后綜合聽一遍，保證學(xué)生每句話都聽明白了再進(jìn)展下一小節(jié)第一段筆記：其次小節(jié)+記筆記回憶之前的內(nèi)容學(xué)生猜考點(diǎn)結(jié)合筆記法，帶著學(xué)生逐句聽，該小節(jié)進(jìn)展完之后綜合聽一遍，保證學(xué)生每句話都聽明白了再進(jìn)展下一小節(jié)其次段筆記：第三小節(jié)+記筆記回憶之前的內(nèi)容學(xué)生猜考點(diǎn)結(jié)合筆記法，帶著學(xué)生逐句聽，該小節(jié)進(jìn)展完之后綜合聽一遍，保證學(xué)生每句話都聽明白了再進(jìn)展下一小

25、節(jié)第三段筆記：全部小節(jié)進(jìn)展完之后，讓學(xué)生全文一起綜合聽一遍Whatisthe lecturemainly about?A proposal to identify all the animals that became extinct during the PleistoceneepochA strategy for reintroducing native plants to an ecosystemA process for identifying alternative habitats for large animalsA proposal to re-create features

26、of ecosystems of the Pleistocene epochAnswer:Answer:According to the professor, what are the two main goals of Pleistocenerewilding?Clickon2answersTo restore some evolutionary processes that ended during the Pleistocene epochTo help prevent the extinction of certain species of mega faunaTo increase

27、populations of native animal species in the western United StatesTo create a living laboratory where animal interactions can be observedAnswer:Answer:According to the professor, how did the American cheetah influence thepronghornantelopeduringthePleistoceneepoch?The cheetah prevented the antelope”s

28、population from growing too large.The cheetah was a factor in the development of the antelope”s speed.The cheetah dispersed the seeds of plants that the antelope needed to survive.The cheetah caused the antelope to migrate out of the western United States.Answer:Answer:Whatpointdoestheprofessormakewhenshediscussesthemacluratree?The feeding habits of large animals could help revive some diminishin