1、PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanashorteasyontheimportanceofwritingabilityandhowtodevelopit.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.PartReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredto

2、selectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices,Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmor

3、ethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Sincethe1940s,southernCaliforniahashadareputationforsmog.Thingsarenotasbadastheyoncewerebut,accordingtotheAmericanLungAssociation,LosAngelesisstilltheworstcityintheUnitedStatesforlevelsof(26)_GazingdownonthecityfromtheGettyCenter,anartmuseuminth

4、eSantaMonicaMountains,onewouldfindtheviewofthePacificOceanblurredbythehaze霾(）.Noristhestatesbadair(27)_toitssouth.Fresno,inthecentralvalley,comestopofthelistinAmericaforyear-roundpollution.Residentsheartsandlungsareaffectedasa(28)_.Allofwhich,combinedwithCaliforniasreputationasthehomeoftechnological

5、(29)_,makestheplaceidealfordevelopingandtestingsystemsdesignedtomonitorpollutionin(30)_AndthatisjustwhatAclima,anewfirminSanFrancisco,hasbeendoingoverthepastfewmonths.Ithasbeentryingoutmonitoringstationsthatare(31)_toyieldminute-to-minutemapsof(32)_airpollution.Suchstationswillalsobeabletokeepaneyeo

6、nwhatishappeninginsidebuildings,includingoffices.Tothisend,Aclimahasbeen(33)_withGooglesStreetViewsystem.DavidaHerzl,Aclimasboss,saystheyhaverevealedpollutionhighsondayswhenSanFranciscostransitworkerswenton2018年6月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)真題試題二(完滿版)第1頁(yè)共10頁(yè)strikeandthecitys(34)_wereforcedtousetheircars.Conversely,“cycle

7、totheirjobby(35)_pollutionlows.A)assistedB)collaboratingC)consequenceD）consumersE)creatingF)detailG)domesticH)frequentlyI)inhabitantsJ)innovationK)intendedL)outdoorM)pollutantsN)restrictedO)sumSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontai

8、nsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.SomeCollegeStudentsAreAngryThatTheyHavetoPaytoDoTheirHomeworkADigitallearnin

9、gsystemsnowchargestudentsforaccesscodesneededtocompletecoursework,takequizzes,andturninhomework.Asuniversitiesgodigital,studentsarecomplainingofanewhittotheirfinancesthatsreplacing一andsometimesjoiningexpensivetextbooks:priceyonlineaccesscodesthatarerequiredtocompletecourseworkandsubmitassignments.BT

10、hecodeswhichtypicallyrangeinpricefrom$80to$155percoursegivestudentsonlineaccesstosystemsdevelopedbyeducationcompanieslikeMcGrawHillandPearson.Thesecompanies,whichlongreapedbigprofitsastextbookpublishers,haveboastedthattheirnewonlineofferings，whenpushedtostudentsthroughuniversitiestheypartnerwith，rep

11、resentthefutureoftheindustry.CButcriticssaythedigitalaccesscodesrepresentthesameprofit-seekingethos觀(念)ofthetextbookbusiness,andareevenharderforstudentstooptoutof.Whiletheycouldoncebuysecond-handtextbooks,orsharecopieswithfriends,thedigitalsystemsareessentiallyimpossibletoavoid.D“Whenwetalkaboutacce

12、sscodeweseeitasthenewfaceofthetextbookmonopoly壟斷(），anew2018年6月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)真題試題二(完滿版)第2頁(yè)共10頁(yè)waytolockstudentsaroundthissystem，”saidEthanSenack，thehighereducationadvocatefortheU.S.PublicInterestResearchGroup,toBuzzFeedNews.“Ratherthan$250(foraprinttextbooyou，repaying$120，”saidSenack.Butbecause，itsalldigital

13、iteliminatestheusedbookmarketandeliminatesanysharingandbecausehomeworkandtestsarethroughanaccesscode,iteliminatesanyabilitytooptout.ESannaHarper,a19-year-oldstudentatVirginiaTech,wasfacedwithatoughdilemmawhenshefirststartedcollegein2015payrentorpaytoturninherchemistryhomework.ShetoldBuzzFeedNewsthat

14、herfreshmanchemistryclassrequiredhertouseConnect,asystemprovidedbyMcGrawHillwherestudentscansubmithomework,takeexamsandtracktheirgrades.Butthecodetoaccesstheprogramcost$120abigsumforHarper,whohadalreadyputdown$450fortextbooks,andhadrentdayapproaching.FShedecidedtowaitforhernextwork-studypaycheck,whi

15、chwastypically$150-$200,topayforthecode.Sheknewthatherchemistrygrademaytakeadiveasaresult.“Itsabalancinga“CanIreallyaffordtheseaccesscodesnow?”Shedidnthandinherfirsttwoassignmentsforchemistry,whichstartedheroutintheclasswithafailinggrade.GTheaccesscodesmaybeanotherfinancialheadacheforstudents,butfor

16、textbookbusinesses,theyrethefuture.McGrawHill,whichcontrols21%ofthehighereducationmarket,reportedinMarchthatitsdigitalcontentsalesexceededprintsalesforthefirsttimein2015.Thecompanysaidthat45%ofits$140millionrevenuein2015“wasfromderiveddigitalproducts”.HAPearsonspokespersontoldBuzzFeedNewsthat“digita

17、lmaterialsarelessexpensiveandagoodinvestment”thatoffernewfeatures,likeaudiotexts,personalizedknowledgechecksandexpertvideos.Itsdigitalcoursematerialssavestudentsupto60%comparedtotraditionalprintedtextbooks,thecompanyadded.McGrawHilldidntrespondtoarequestforcomment,butitsCEODavidLevintoldtheFinancial

18、TimesinAugustthat“inhighereducation,theeraoftheprintedokisnowtextboover”.IThetextbookindustryinsiststheonlinesystemsrepresentabetterdealforstudents.“Thesedigital2018年6月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)真題試題二(完滿版)第3頁(yè)共10頁(yè)productsarentjustmechanismsforstudentstosubmithomework,theyofferallkindsoffeatures,nDavidAnderson,theexecutiv

19、edirectorofhighereducationwiththeAssociationofAmericanPublishers,toldBuzzFeedNews.wIthelpsstudentsunderstandinawaythatyoucantdowithprinthomeworkassignments.”JDavidHunt,anassociateprofessorinsociologyatAugustaUniversity,whichhasrolledoutdigitaltextbooksacrossitsmathandpsychologydepartments,toldBuzzFe

20、edNewsthatheunderstandstheutilityofusingsystemsthatrequireaccesscodes.Buthedoesntrequirehisstudentstobuyaccesstoalearningprogramthatcontrolstheclassassignments.“Itrytomakethingsasinexpensiveaspossible,”saidHunt,whousesfreedigitaltextbooksforhisclassesbutdesignshisowncurriculum.“Theonlinesystemsmayma

21、kemylifealoteasierbutIfeellikeImgivingupcontrol.Thediscussionsarethethingswheremyexpertisecanbenefitthestudentsmost.”KA20-year-oldjunioratGeorgiaSouthernUniversitytoldBuzzFeedNewsthatshenormallyspends$500-$600onaccesscodesforclass.Inonecase,theprofessordidntrequirestudentstobuyatextbook,justanaccess

22、codetoturninhomework.Thisyearshesaidshespent$900onaccesscodestobooksandprograms.“Thatstwomonthsofrent,”shesaid.“Youitbackant.Withsellaanyoftraditionaltextbookyoucansellitfor$30-$50andthathelpstopayforyournewsemestersbooks.Withanaccesscode,youreoutofthatmoney.LBenjaminWolverton,a19-year-oldstudentatt

23、heUniversityofSouthCarolina,toldBuzzFeedNewsthat“itsridiculousthatafterpayingtensofthousandsintuitionwehavetopayforalltheseaccesscodestodoourhomework”?Manyoftheaccesscodeshespurchasedhavebeenrequiredsimplytocompletehomeworkorquizzes.“Oftenitsonly10%ofyourgradeinclass，”hesaid.“Yourepayingsomuchmoneyf

24、orsomethingthathardlyaffectsyourgrade一butifyoudidnthaveit，itwouldaffectyourgradeenough.ItwouldbebadtostartoutataBorC.nWolvertonsaidhespent$500onaccesscodesfordigitalbooksandprogramsthissemester.MHarper,apoultry(家禽）sciencemajor,istakingchemistryagainthisyearandhadtobuyanewaccesscodetohandinherhomewor

25、k.Sherentedhereconomicsandstatisticstextbooksforabout$20each.Butheraccesscodesforhomework,whichcantberentedorboughtsecond-hand,wereher2018年6月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)真題試題二(完滿版)第4頁(yè)共10頁(yè)mostexpensivepurchases:$120and$85.NShestillremembersthestingofherfirstexperienceskippinganassignmentduetothehighprices.“Wedontreallyhave

26、amissedassignmentpolicy，”shesaid.“Ifyou，missyouitjustmissit.Ijustgotzerosonacoupleoffirstassignments.Imanagedtopulleverythingbackup.Butasascaredfreshmanlookingattheirgrades，itsnotfun.”36.Astudentsyearlyexpensesonaccesscodesmayamounttotheirrentfortwomonths.37.Theonlineaccesscodesmaybeseenasawaytotiet

27、hestudentstothedigitalsystem.38.Ifastudenttakesacourseagain,theymayhavetobuyanewaccesscodetosubmittheirassignments.39.McGrawHillaccountsforoverone-fifthofthemarketshareofcollegetextbooks.40.Manytraditionaltextbookpublishersarenowofferingonlinedigitalproducts,whichtheybelievewillbethefutureofthepubli

28、shingbusiness.41.Onestudentcomplainedthattheynowhadtopayforaccesscodesinadditiontothehightuition.42.Digitalmaterialscancoststudentslessthanhalfthepriceoftraditionalprintedbooksaccordingtoapublisher.43.Onestudentdecidednottobuyheraccesscodeuntilshereceivedthepayforherpart-timejob.44.Onlinesystemsmayd

29、epriveteachersofopportunitiestomakethebestuseoftheirexpertisefortheirstudents.45.Digitalaccesscodesarecriticizedbecausetheyareprofit-drivenjustlikethetextbookbusiness.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefou

30、rchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Forthousandsofyears,peoplehaveknownthatthebestwaytounderstandaconceptistoexplainit2018年6月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)真題試題二(完滿版)第5頁(yè)共10頁(yè)

31、tosomeoneelse.Whileweteach，welearn，”saidRomanphilosopherSeneca.Nowscientistsarebringingthisancientwisdomup-to-date.Theyredocumentingwhyteachingissuchafruitfulwaytolearn,anddesigninginnovativewaysforyoungpeopletoengageininstruction.Researchershavefoundthatstudentswhosignuptotutorothersworkhardertound

32、erstandthematerial,recallitmoreaccuratelyandapplyitmoreeffectively.Studentteachersscorehigheronteststhanpupilswhorelearningonlyfortheirownsake.Buthowcanchildren,stilllearningthemselves,teachothers?Oneanswer:Theycantutoryoungerkids.Somestudieshavefoundthatfirst-bornchildrenaremoreintelligentthantheir

33、later-bomsiblings(兄弟姐妹）.ThissuggeststheirhigherIQsresultfromthetimetheyspendteachingtheirsiblings.Noweducatorsareexperimentingwithwaystoapplythismodeltoacademicsubjects.Theyengagecollegeundergraduatestoteachcomputersciencetohighschoolstudents,whointurninstructmiddleschoolstudentsonthetopic.Butthemos

34、tcutting-edgetoolunderdevelopmentisthe“teachableagent”acomputerizedcharacterwholearns,tries,makesmistakesandasksquestionsjustlikeareal-worldpupil.Computerscientistshavecreatedananimated(動(dòng)畫(huà)的）figurecalledBettysBrain,whohasbeen“taught”environmentalsciencebyhundredsofmiddleschoolstudents.Studentteachers

35、aremotivatedtohelpBettymastercertainmaterials.Whilepreparingtoteach,theyorganizetheirknowledgeandimprovetheirownunderstanding.Andastheyexplaintheinformationtoit,theyidentifyproblemsintheirownthinking.Feedbackfromtheteachableagentsfurtherenhancesthetutorslearning.Theagentsquestionscompelstudenttutors

36、tothinkandexplainthematerialsindifferentways,andwatchingtheagentsolveproblemsallowsthemtoseetheirknowledgeputintoaction.Aboveall，itstheemotionsoneexperiencesinteachingthatfacilitatelearning.Studenttutorsfeelupsetwhentheirteachableagentsfail，buthappywhenthesevirtualpupilssucceedastheyderiveprideandsa

37、tisfactionfromsomeoneelsesaccomplishment.Whatareresearchersrediscoveringthroughtheirstudies?A)Senecasthinkingisstillapplicabletoday.B)Betterlearnerswillbecomebetterteachers.C)Humanintelligencetendstogrowwithage.D)Philosophicalthinkingimprovesinstruction.2018年6月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)真題試題二(完滿版)第6頁(yè)共10頁(yè)Whatdowelearnabo

38、utBettysBrain?A)Itisacharacterinapopularanimation.B)Itisateachingtoolunderdevelopment.C)Itisacutting-edgeappindigitalgames.D)Itisatutorforcomputersciencestudents.Howdoesteachingothersbenefitstudenttutors?A)Itmakesthemawareofwhattheyarestrongat.B)Itmotivatesthemtotrynovelwaysofteaching.C)Ithelpstheml

39、earntheiracademicsubjectsbetter.D)Itenablesthemtobetterunderstandtheirteachers.49.Whatdostudentsdototeachtheirteachableagents?A)Theymotivatethemtothinkindependently.B)Theyaskthemtodesigntheirownquestions.C)Theyencouragethemtogivepromptfeedback.D)Theyusevariouswaystoexplainthematerials.50.Whatistheke

40、yfactorthateasesstudenttutorslearning?A)Theirsenseofresponsibility.B)Theiremotionalinvolvement.C)Thelearningstrategyacquired.D)Theteachingexperiencegained.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Anewbatchofyoungwomenmembersoftheso-calledMillennial(千禧的)generationhasbeenenteringtheworkf

41、orceforthepastdecade.Atthestartinglineoftheircareers,theyarebettereducatedthantheirmothersandgrandmothershadbeenorthantheiryoungmalecounterpartsarenow.Butwhentheylookahead，theyseeroadblockstotheirsuccess.Theybelievethatwomenarepaidlessthanmenfordoingthesamejob.Theythinkitseasierformentogettopexecuti

42、vejobsthanitisforthem.And2018年6月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)真題試題二(完滿版)第7頁(yè)共10頁(yè)theyassumethatifandwhentheyhavechildren,itwillbeevenharderforthemtoadvanceintheircareers.Whilethepublicseesgreaterworkplaceequalitybetweenmenandwomennowthanitdid20-30yearsago,mostbelievemorechangeisneeded.AmongMillennialwomen,75%saythiscountryne

43、edstocontinuemakingchangestoachievegenderequalityintheworkplace,comparedwith57%ofMillennialmen.Evenso,relativelyfewyoungwomen(15%)saytheyhavebeendiscriminatedagainstatworkbecauseoftheirgender.AsMillennialwomencomeofagetheysharemanyofthesameviewsandvaluesaboutworkastheirmalecounterparts.Theywantjobst

44、hatprovidesecurityandflexibility,andtheyplacerelativelylittleimportanceonhighpay.Atthesametime,however,youngworkingwomenarelesslikelythanmentoaimattopmanagementjobs:34%saytheyreinterestednotinbecomingabossortopmanager；only24%ofyoungmensaythesame.Thegendergaponthisquestionisevenwideramongworkingadult

45、sintheir30sand40s,whenmanywomenfacethetrade-offsthatgowithworkandmotherhood.ThesefindingsarebasedonanewPewResearchCentersurveyof2,002adults,including810Millennial(ages18-32)，conductedOct.7-27,2013.Thesurveyfindsthat,inspiteofthedramaticgainswomenhavemadeineducationalattainmentandlaborforceparticipationinrecentdecades,youngwomenviewthisasamansworldjustasmiddle-agedandolderwomendo.51.WhatdowelearnfromthefirstparagraphaboutMillennialwomenstartingtheirca