1Chapter14邏輯連貫2Coherence:

Onthebasisofasituationcommonlyknowntoboththeaddressorandtheaddressee,logicalreasoningisusedtoreachsemanticcoherence.

Itistheintangiblenetworkthatweavesthetextasalogicalwhole.

Itisanimportantfeatureofdiscourse.3Cohesionvs.CoherenceCohesionreferstothelinguisticdevicesbywhichthespeakercansignaltheexperientialandinterpersonalcoherenceofthetext,andisthusatextualphenomenon.Coherence,ontheotherhand,isinthemindofwriterandreader:itisamentalphenomenonandcannotbeidentifiedandqualifiedinthesamewayascohesion.(Thompson,1996:7,IntroducingFunctionalGrammar)

4Coherence–3Types1)MorphemicCoherence(詞素連貫)詞素連貫不僅要求詞素與詞素之間能構(gòu)成有效的形式和語(yǔ)義連貫,而且還要求這一語(yǔ)義連貫?zāi)芡母拍钏傅膶?shí)物、行為或特征之間構(gòu)成有效的語(yǔ)義關(guān)聯(lián)。

5Coherence–3Types2)Inter-wordsCoherence(詞際連貫)詞際連貫,即小句之內(nèi)詞與詞之間的搭配,不僅要求它們之間能構(gòu)成有效的形式連貫,而且要求這一連貫?zāi)芡母拍钏傅膶?shí)物、行為或特征之間構(gòu)成有效的語(yǔ)義關(guān)聯(lián)。詞際連貫受制于語(yǔ)法規(guī)則語(yǔ)義規(guī)則和語(yǔ)義規(guī)則。6Coherence–3Types3)Inter-sentencesCoherence(句際連貫)句際連貫指(小)句與(小)句之間的連貫,要求它們之間不僅要有結(jié)構(gòu)上的連接,而且還要有深層的語(yǔ)義和語(yǔ)用關(guān)聯(lián),也就是說(shuō)要文通理順。句際連貫的范圍可以是鄰近句之間的近距連貫,也可以是非鄰近句的遠(yuǎn)距連貫,乃至跨章跨節(jié)的超遠(yuǎn)距連貫。7Exercise

Workingroupsandstudysomeparagraphstakenfromanessay.Canyouarrangetheparagraphsbackintoacompleteessay?

Tourism–problemsandsolutions

8Coherence–AMajorProblemThisrelatesto:Subjectivityvs.ObjectivityManvs.Nature9AnotherPoint:RepetitionChinese:curvedwayofthinkinground-aboutrepetitiveEnglish:linearwayofthinkingstraightforwardnon-repetitive10ExampleAnalysisMayorZhangGuangning’sspeechattheJointPressConferenceoftheOCAandGuangzhouAsianGamesBidCommittee11OneMoreExample這個(gè)問(wèn)題啊，在廣東來(lái)講，要懲治腐敗，要建設(shè)廉潔的政府，這個(gè)和全國(guó)的任務(wù)是一樣的。我認(rèn)為，并不因?yàn)閺V東省是處在我們國(guó)家的邊緣或者在門口而更嚴(yán)重一些。我不認(rèn)為這樣。但是呢，我認(rèn)為我們決不能少看這項(xiàng)工作。這要兩方面來(lái)看，情況并不認(rèn)為我們這里一定那么嚴(yán)重，但這項(xiàng)工作我們和全國(guó)一樣都在重視。

12OneMoreExampleWearedoingthesametaskastherestofChinaofpunishingcorruptionandbuildingacleananduprightgovernment.IdonotbelievetheprobleminthisprovinceismoreseriousthanotherpartsofChinaalthoughwearethegatewayofChina,andbut,wewouldneverslackenourefforts.Andinfact,weshouldpaydueattentiontothesettlementofsuchproblem．

13Exercise

Wearegoingtolistentoaveryincoherentspeech.Whileyoulisten,takesomenotes.Youwillbeaskedtoreproducethetextbasedonyourunderstandingandreorganizationofit.14ExamplesAnalysisOpportunitiesbroughtaboutbyglobalizationcanonlybegraspedbypeople.Peopletalkingtoeachother,exchangingideasandexperiences.Andthatiswhatweareheretodaytodo.全球化帶來(lái)的機(jī)遇必須由人來(lái)把握：人們之間相互交談、交流看法和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。我們今天濟(jì)濟(jì)一堂，就是要相互交談、交流看法，把握機(jī)遇。15ExamplesAnalysisAstheformulationofmacro-economicpoliciesofthemajordevelopedcountriesandthepolicycoordinationamongthemhavecriticalandextensiveimpactondevelopingcountries,theinterestsofthelattermustbetakenintofullconsideration.主要發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的制定和發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家之間的政策協(xié)調(diào)，對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家有著重大和廣泛的影響，必須充分顧及發(fā)展中國(guó)家的利益。16ExamplesAnalysisThecurrentslumphastodatebeenasevereoneinEnglandasawhole,butthingsareworseinthenorthandworstaroundNewcastle.對(duì)整個(gè)英格蘭來(lái)說(shuō)，這次經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退是一次很嚴(yán)重的衰退；英格蘭北部的情況更壞，而在紐卡斯?fàn)栆粠В闆r最為糟糕。17ExamplesAnalysisWeadvocatemoremajorityvotingintheCouncilandencouragegovernmentstousetheirvetoonlyinexceptionalcasesandthentoproduceadetailedexplanationwhytheyhaddoneso.我們主張?jiān)诶硎聲?huì)內(nèi)更多采用多數(shù)表決方法，鼓勵(lì)各國(guó)政府只在異常情況下行使否決權(quán)，而且，要作出詳細(xì)解釋，說(shuō)明為什么行使否決權(quán)。18ExamplesAnalysis任何人不得將個(gè)人利益置于國(guó)家利益和社會(huì)利益之上。Nobodyshallplacehisowninterestsabovethoseofthestateandthesociety.19ExamplesAnalysis南北問(wèn)題尖銳地?cái)[在我們的面前，解決發(fā)展問(wèn)題與解決和平問(wèn)題同等迫切重要。TheNorth-Southrelationshaveeanacuteissue.Toseekdevelopmentandpeaceareequallyurgentandimportanttasks.20ExamplesAnalysis由于霸權(quán)主義的做法和強(qiáng)權(quán)政治的使用是國(guó)際形勢(shì)動(dòng)亂的根源，中國(guó)反對(duì)霸權(quán)主義和強(qiáng)權(quán)政治。Chinaisopposedtohegemonismandpowerpolitics,whicharetherootcauseofturmoilintheinternationalsituation.21ExamplesAnalysis中國(guó)一貫主張裁軍，反對(duì)一切軍備競(jìng)賽，既反對(duì)常規(guī)軍備競(jìng)賽，更反對(duì)核軍備競(jìng)賽；既反對(duì)地面上的軍備競(jìng)賽，也反對(duì)在太空進(jìn)行的軍備競(jìng)賽。Chinaconsistentlystandsfordisarmamentandisopposedtoallkindsofarmsrace,whetheritisconventionalornuclear,onthegroundorinouterspace.22ExamplesAnalysis發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家中多數(shù)國(guó)家不愿意戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，其中包括西歐和東歐國(guó)家。這些國(guó)家經(jīng)歷過(guò)兩次世界大戰(zhàn)，自然它們的政府和人民都希望和平。Mostofthedevelopedcountries,includingthoseinbothWesternandEasternEurope,opposewar.Theirgovernmentsandpeopleshopeforpeacebecauseoftheirexperiencesinthetwopreviousworldwars.23ExamplesAnalysis近年來(lái)亞太地區(qū)的合作和發(fā)展越來(lái)越引人注目。的確，亞太地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展迅速、潛力巨大。CooperationanddevelopmentintheAsia-Pacificregionhaveattractedmoreandmoreattentioninrecentyears.Thisregionisindeedmakingrapideconomicprogressandhastremendouspotentials.24ExamplesAnalysis美國(guó)當(dāng)局和臺(tái)灣領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的會(huì)晤不是一件平常的小事。對(duì)這樣一個(gè)嚴(yán)重事情，想要大事化小、小事化了，是絕對(duì)不行的。ThemeetingbetweenU.S.governmentofficialswiththeTaiwanauthorityisbynomeansatrivialmatter.Tominimizetheseriousconsequenceofsuchamatterisabsolutelynotacceptable.25ExamplesAnalysis我們注意到，有些國(guó)外媒體對(duì)中國(guó)發(fā)生的事情往往有時(shí)而過(guò)分樂(lè)觀、時(shí)而過(guò)分悲觀的評(píng)價(jià)。其實(shí)過(guò)高的期望和過(guò)分的失望，都是由于對(duì)中國(guó)還不夠了解。中國(guó)在前進(jìn)的道路上，既不是遍地鮮花，也不是滿目荊棘，中國(guó)一直按照自己的邏輯堅(jiān)忍不拔地向前發(fā)展。26ExamplesAnalysisWehavenotedthatsomeforeignmediahaveoverestimatedorunderestimatedChina’achievementseverynowandthen.This,I’mafraid,isduetotheirlackofknowledgeaboutChina.Theroadaheadofusisneitherpavedwithflowers,norfilledwiththorns.Chinahasbeenpressingaheadinitsownway.27SomeFurtherThoughts1)多余用詞