住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-中國財政科學(xué)研究院考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

______hegaveupthespeech.

問題1選項

A.Atalossforaword

B.Whileatalossforaword

C.Whenatalossforaword

D.Ifatalossforaword

【答案】A

【解析】考查原因狀語。句意：他想不出一個詞來，只好放棄演講。橫線部分是原因狀語。根據(jù)選項內(nèi)容可知橫線部分不是從句而是短語，句子還原成：Hegaveupthespeechatalossforaword.A選項Atalossforaword符合題意。因此A選項正確。

2.單選題

Workersinthiscountryaregettinghigherwageswhileturningoutpoorproductsthatdonot______thetestofinternationalcompetition.

問題1選項

A.keepupwith

B.standupto

C.complywith

D.attendto

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項keepupwith“趕得上”；B選項standupto“經(jīng)得起；抵抗”；C選項complywith“遵守”；D選項attendto“照料；致力于”。句意：該國工人們拿著更高的工資，但他們生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品卻不能______國際競爭的考驗。根據(jù)語境，B選項standupto“經(jīng)得起；抵抗”搭配test“考驗”比較合理，意指產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量低劣，符合題意。因此B選項正確。

3.單選題

Whilethecompany’sCEOprofessestobeconfidentandurgesthedealforward,itsinvestorsareunlikelytobeso_______aboutitsprospects.Manywereuncomfortableatthewaythecorporationwasforcedtospendmuchofitscapitalinlastyear’sexpansion,andthisnewventureispotentiallyevenmorerisky.

問題1選項

A.apathetic

B.sanguine

C.apprehensive

D.anxious

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項apathetic“無動于衷的；缺乏興趣的”；B選項sanguine“樂觀的，充滿希望的”；C選項apprehensive“憂慮的”；D選項anxious“擔憂的；急切的”。句意：雖然該公司的首席執(zhí)行官聲稱有信心并敦促該交易繼續(xù)進行，但其投資者不太可能對其前景如此_______。根據(jù)while“雖然”，這里指CEO“首席執(zhí)行官”和investors“投資者”態(tài)度相反，sanguine“樂觀的，充滿希望的”和confident“充滿信心”意思相近，搭配unlikelyto符合題意。因此B選項正確。

4.單選題

Moststudentsarriveatcollegeusing“discrete,concreteandabsolutecategoriestounderstandpeople,knowledge,andvalues.”Thesestudentslivewithadualisticview,seeing“theworldinpolartermsofwe-right-goodvs.other-wrong-bad.”Thesestudentscannotacknowledgetheexistenceofmorethanonepointofviewtowardanyissue.Thereisone“right”way.Andbecausetheseabsolutesareassumedbyorimposedontheindividualfromexternalauthority,theycannotbepersonallysubstantiatedorauthenticatedbyexperience.Thesestudentsareslavestothegeneralizationsoftheirauthorities.Aneyeforaneye!Capitalpunishmentisaptjusticeformurder.TheBiblesaysso.

Moststudentsbreakthroughthedualisticstagetoanotherequallyfrustratingstage—multiplicity.Withinthisstage,studentsseeavarietyofwaystodealwithanygiventopicorproblem.However,whilethesestudentsacceptmultiplepointsofview,theyareunabletoevaluateorjustifythem.Tohaveanopinioniseveryone’sright.Whilestudentsinthedualisticstageareunabletoproduceevidencetosupportwhattheyconsidertobeself-evidentabsolutes,studentsinthemultiplisticstageareunabletoconnectinstancesintocoherentgeneralizations.Everyassertion,everypoint,isvalid.Intheirdemocracytheyaredirectionless.Capitalpunishment?Whatsenseisthereinansweringonemurderwithanother?

Thethirdstageofdevelopmentfindsstudentslivinginaworldofrelativism.Knowledgeisrelative:rightandwrongdependonthecontext.Nolongerrecognizingthevalidityofeachindividualideaoraction,relativistsexamineeverythingtofinditsplaceinanoverallframework.Whilethemultiplistviewstheworldasunconnected,almostrandom,therelativistseeksalwaystoplacephenomenaintocoherentlargerpatterns.Studentsinthisstageviewtheworldanalytically.Theyappreciateauthorityforitsexpertise,usingittodefendtheirowngeneralizations.Inaddition,theyacceptorrejectostensibleauthorityaftersystematicallyevaluatingitsvalidity.Inthisstage,however,studentsresistdecisionmaking.Sufferingtheambivalenceoffindingseveralconsistentandacceptablealternatives,theyarealmostoverwhelmedbydiversityandneedmeansformanagingit.Capitalpunishmentisappropriatejustice—insomeinstances.

Inthefinalstagestudentsmanagediversitythroughindividualcommitment.Studentsdonotdenyrelativism.Rathertheyassertanidentitybyformingcommitmentsandassumingresponsibilityforthem.Theygatherpersonalexperienceintoacoherentframework,abstractprinciplestoguidetheiractions,andusetheseprinciplestodisciplineandgoverntheirthoughtsandactions.Theindividualhaschosentojoinaparticularcommunityandagreestolivebyitstenets.Theaccusedhashadthebenefitofdueprocesstoguardhiscivilrights,ajuryofpeershasfoundhimguilty,andthestatehastherighttoendhislife.ThisisaprinciplemycommunityandIendorse.

31.Studentswhoare“dualistic”thinkersmaynotbeabletosupporttheirbeliefsconvincinglybecause________.

32.Whichoneofthefollowingassertionsissupportedbythepassage?

33.Inparagraphtwo,theauthorstatesthatintheir“democracy”studentsinthemultiplicitystagearedirectionless.Thewriterdescribesmultiplicitystudentsasbeingina“democracy”because________.

34.WhichoneofthefollowingkindsofthinkingisNOTdescribedinthepassage?

35.Whichoneofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthemessage?

問題1選項

A.mostoftheirbeliefscannotbesupportedbyarguments

B.theyhaveacceptedtheir“truths”simplybecauseauthoritieshavesaidthesethingsare“true”

C.theyhalf-believeandhalf-disbelievejustabouteverything

D.theirteachersalmostalwaysthinkthat“dualistic”thinkersarewrong

問題2選項

A.Committedthinkersarenotverysureoftheirpositions.

B.Relativisticthinkershavelearnedhowtomakesenseoutoftheworldandhavechosentheirownpositionsinit.

C.Multiplicitythinkershavedifficultyunderstandingtherelationshipsbetweendifferentpointsofview.

D.Dualisticthinkershavethoughtoutthereasonsfortakingtheirpositions.

問題3選項

A.therearesomanydifferentkindsofpeopleinademocracy

B.inan“ideal”democracy,allpeopleareconsideredequal;byextension,soaretheiropinions

C.Democratsgenerallydonothaveagoodsenseofdirection

D.inademocracytheindividualhasultimateauthorityoverhimself,notthestate

問題4選項

A.Peoplewhoassurethatthereisnorightorwronginanyissue.

B.Peoplewhomakeunreasonedcommitmentsandstickbythem.

C.Peoplewhobelievethatrightorwrongdependsonthesituation.

D.Peoplewhothinkthatallbehaviorcanbeaccountedforbycauseandeffectrelationships.

問題5選項

A.Fourmethodsofthoughtarecomparedandcontrasted.

B.Itisshownhoweachoffourtypesofthoughtevolvedfromeachother.

C.Fourmethodsofthoughtarepresented,andeachisshowntocomplementtheother.

D.Theevolutionofthoughtthroughfourstagesispresented,andeachstageisillustratedbyhowitviewscapitalpunishment.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】31.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第一段第五、六句Andbecausetheseabsolutesareassumedbyorimposedontheindividualfromexternalauthority,theycannotbepersonallysubstantiatedorauthenticatedbyexperience.Thesestudentsareslavestothegeneralizationsoftheirauthorities.（因為這些絕對的東西是由外部權(quán)威假定或強加給個人的，不能被個人經(jīng)驗證實或驗證。這些學(xué)生被權(quán)威所概括的東西奴隸。），可知持二元論的人所認為的真理是權(quán)威灌輸?shù)?，不能被個人經(jīng)驗證實或驗證，所以可能無法令人信服，B選項“他們視這些東西為‘真理’，僅僅是因為權(quán)威說這些是‘真實的’”正確。A選項“他們的大多數(shù)信仰都沒有論據(jù)支持”：根據(jù)第二段第五句studentsinthedualisticstageareunabletoproduceevidencetosupportwhattheyconsidertobeself-evidentabsolutes（處于二元論階段的學(xué)生無法提供證據(jù)來支持他們認為是不言而喻的絕對真理），可知二元論拿不出論據(jù)支持，而不是大多數(shù)信仰沒有論據(jù)支持，故錯誤。C選項“他們對任何事情都是將信將疑”和D選項“他們的老師幾乎總是認為‘二元’思想是錯誤的”文章沒有提到，故錯誤。因此B選項正確。

32.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第四句themultiplistviewstheworldasunconnected,almostrandom,therelativistseeksalwaystoplacephenomenaintocoherentlargerpatterns.（多元論者認為世界是不相連的，幾乎是隨機的，相對主義者總是試圖將現(xiàn)象置于連貫的更大模式中。），可知多元論者不把各個觀點聯(lián)系在一起，所以C選項“多樣性思考者很難理解不同觀點之間的關(guān)系”正確。A選項“承諾性思想家不太確定自己的立場”：根據(jù)第四段第一句Inthefinalstagestudentsmanagediversitythroughindividualcommitment.（在最后階段，學(xué)生們通過個人承諾來管理多樣性。）和倒數(shù)第三句Theindividualhaschosentojoinaparticularcommunityandagreestolivebyitstenets.（個人選擇加入一個特定的社區(qū)，并同意按照它的原則生活。），可知承諾性思想家有自己的立場，故錯誤。B選項“相對主義思想家已經(jīng)學(xué)會了如何在這個世界上有意義，并選擇了他們自己的立場”：根據(jù)第三段第三句Nolongerrecognizingthevalidityofeachindividualideaoraction,relativistsexamineeverythingtofinditsplaceinanoverallframework.（相對主義者不再承認每個個體的想法或行動的有效性，他們檢查每一件事，以在整體框架中找到它的位置。），可知相對主義者沒有特定的立場，故錯誤。D選項“二元論的思考者已經(jīng)考慮了堅定他們立場的原因”：根據(jù)第一段倒數(shù)第四句Thesestudentsareslavestothegeneralizationsoftheirauthorities.（這些學(xué)生是他們權(quán)威所概括的東西的奴隸。），二元論者的觀點是被灌輸?shù)模麄儧]有想過為什么有這樣的立場，故錯誤。因此C選項正確。

33.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第四句Tohaveanopinioniseveryone’sright.（發(fā)表意見是每個人的權(quán)利。）和第六句Everyassertion,everypoint,isvalid.（每一個斷言，每一個觀點，都是有效的。），可知在多元論中，每個人每個觀點都一樣受到尊重，所以B選項“在‘理想的’民主中，所有的人都被認為是平等的；推而廣之，他們的觀點也是如此”正確；沒有強調(diào)人和觀點的多樣，故A選項“民主主義允許存在不同種類的人”錯誤。C選項“民主黨人通常沒有很好的方向感”：根據(jù)第二段倒數(shù)第三句Intheirdemocracytheyaredirectionless.（在他們的民主中，他們是沒有方向的。），這里指的是思想的方向，而非物理方向，故錯誤。D選項“在民主政體中，個人對自己擁有最高權(quán)力，而不是國家”：這里的民主講的是思想，而非政治，故錯誤。因此B選項正確。

34.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。A選項“確信任何問題都沒有對錯之分的人”：根據(jù)第二段倒數(shù)第四句，持多元論的人認為Everyassertion,everypoint,isvalid.（每一個斷言，每一個觀點，都是有效的。），符合文章意思，故錯誤。B選項“做出不合理承諾并堅守承諾的人”：根據(jù)第一段第五、六句，持二元論的人盲目聽從theseabsolutesareassumedbyorimposedontheindividualfromexternalauthority（由外部權(quán)威假定或強加給個人的絕對的東西），繼而areslavestothegeneralizationsoftheirauthorities（被權(quán)威所概括的東西奴隸），符合文章意思，故錯誤。C選項“相信對錯取決于情況的人”：根據(jù)第三段第二句rightandwrongdependonthecontext（對與錯取決于語境），符合文章意思，故錯誤。D選項“認為所有行為都可以用因果關(guān)系來解釋的人”：文章沒有提及，不符合文章意思，因此D選項正確。

35.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】主旨大意題。文章層層遞進講解了學(xué)生思想發(fā)展的四個階段，每個階段用對死刑的看法進行具體的說明和區(qū)分，所以D選項“通過四個階段的思想演變，每一個階段都是通過它如何看待死刑來說明的”正確。A選項“比較和對比了四種思維方法”：概括不全面，故錯誤。B選項“展示了四種類型的思想是如何相互演化的”和C選項“提出四種思維方式，并且每一種方法都是相輔相成的”：文章沒有提到這四種思維方式的具體關(guān)系如相互演化或相輔相成，故錯誤。因此D選項正確。

5.單選題

Tobesure,thatisnotwhatmanysee.FederalReserveBoardChairmanBenBernankeandothershaveblamedthefinancialcrisisof2008onaglobalsavingsglut,whichfueledflowsofmoneyfromhigh-savingsemerging-marketeconomies—especiallyinAsia—thatrunchronicbalance-of-paymentssurpluses.Accordingtothisschoolofthought,excessivesavingspushedlong-terminterestratesdowntorock-bottomlevels,leadingtoassetbubblesintheUnitedStatesandelsewhere.

Thealternativetheory—ofaglobalcreditglut—gainedmoregroundwiththereleaselastweekoftheFinancialStabilityBoard’sreportonshadowbanking.TheFSBreportcontainsstartlingrevelationsaboutthescaleofglobalshadowbanking,whichitdefinesas“creditintermediationinvolvingentitiesandactivitiesoutsidetheregularbankingsystem”.

Thereport,whichwasrequestedbyG20leadersattheirsummitinSeoullastNovember,foundthatbetween2002and2007,theshadowbankingsystemincreasedby$33trillion,morethandoublinginassetsizefrom$27trillionto$60trillion.Thisis8.5timeshigherthanthetotalUScurrent—accountdeficitof$3.9trillionduringthesameperiod.

Theshadowbankingsystemisestimatedatroughly25%-30%oftheglobalfinancialsystem($250trillion,excludingderivatives)andathalfoftotalglobalbankingassets.Thisrepresentsahugeregulatory“blackhole”atthecenteroftheglobalfinancialsystem,hithertonotcloselymonitoredformonetaryandfinancialstabilitypurposes.Itsimportancewasexposedonlybyanalysisofthekeyrolesplayedbystructuredinvestmentvehicles(SIVs)andmoney-marketfunds(MMFs)inthe2008meltdown.

Theshadowbankingsystemiscomplex,becauseitcomprisesamixofinstitutionsandvehicles.InvestmentfundsotherthanMMFsaccountfor29%oftotal,andSIVsmakeup9%,buttheshadowsystemalsoincludespublicfinancialinstitutions(suchasthegovernment-backedmortgagelenderFannieMaeintheUS).Theyaresomeofthelargestcounterpartieswiththeregularbankingsystem,andtheircombinedcreditcreationandproprietarytradingandhedgingmayaccountformuchofthegloballiquidityflowsthatmakemonetaryandfinancialstabilitysodifficulttoensure.

Thetroubleisthat,by2010,theshadowbankingsystemwasaboutthesamesizeasitwasjustbeforethe2007marketcrash,whereastheregulatedglobalbankingsystemwas18%largerthanin2007.ThatiswhytheFSBreportpinpointstheshadowbankingsystem,togetherwiththelargeglobalbanks,assourcesofsystemicrisk.Buttheglobalproblemislikelytobemuchlargerthanthesumofitsparts.Specifically,globalcreditcreationbytheregularandshadowbankingsystemsislikelytobesignificantlylargerthanthesumofthecreditcreationcurrentlymeasuredbynationalstatistics.

21.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?

22.ThegloballiquidityflowsincludethefollowingEXCEPT________.

23.AccordingtothereportrequestedbyG20leaders,howmuchmoneyintotalfortheshadowbankingsystembefore2008meltdown?

24.Asthepassageindicates,whatistheroughfigureforthetotalglobalbankingassetsjustbeforethe2007marketcrash?

25.Thewords“proprietarytrading”couldbestbereplacedbywhichofthefollowing?

問題1選項

A.CreditGlutorSavingGlut

B.ThecomingGlobalCreditGlut

C.TheRegularandShadowBankingSystems

D.MonetaryandFinancialStability

問題2選項

A.money-marketfunds(MMFs)

B.structuredinvestmentvehicles(SIVs)

C.thecombinedcreditcreation

D.proprietarytradingandhedgingfund

問題3選項

A.$17.4trillion

B.$27trillion

C.$3.9trillion

D.$60trillion

問題4選項

A.$250trillion

B.$5.4trillion

C.$33trillion

D.$120trillion

問題5選項

A.haircut

B.carrytrade

C.usingthefirm’sowncapital

D.highfrequencytrading(HFT)

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】21.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段第一句aglobalcreditglut—gainedmoreground（全球信貸過?！玫搅烁嗟闹С郑笪膶Υ苏归_討論，根據(jù)文章最后一句Specifically,globalcreditcreationbytheregularandshadowbankingsystemsislikelytobesignificantlylargerthanthesumofthecreditcreationcurrentlymeasuredbynationalstatistics.（具體來說，常規(guī)銀行和影子銀行系統(tǒng)在全球創(chuàng)造的信貸很可能遠遠大于目前國家統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)所衡量的信貸創(chuàng)造總量。），可知文章在預(yù)測全球信貸過剩，所以B選項“即將到來的全球信貸過?！闭_。A選項“信貸過剩還是儲蓄過?！保哼@只是文章開頭的不同觀點來引入主題，不是主要內(nèi)容，故錯誤。C選項“常規(guī)銀行系統(tǒng)和影子銀行系統(tǒng)”和D選項“貨幣和金融穩(wěn)定”：都是主要內(nèi)容的部分內(nèi)容，故錯誤。因此B選項正確。

22.語義推測題。根據(jù)第五段第二句InvestmentfundsotherthanMMFsaccountfor29%oftotal,andSIVsmakeup9%（除MMFs之外的投資基金占總數(shù)的29%，SIVs占9%），可知B選項“結(jié)構(gòu)性投資工具（SIVs）”包含在內(nèi)，故錯誤。根據(jù)第五段最后一句andtheircombinedcreditcreationandproprietarytradingandhedgingmayaccountformuchofthegloballiquidityflows（它們的信貸創(chuàng)造、自營交易和對沖交易可能是全球流動性流動的主要原因），可知C選項“聯(lián)合信貸創(chuàng)造”和D選項“自營交易和對沖基金”包含在內(nèi)，故錯誤。A選項“貨幣市場基金”沒有提到，因此A選項正確。

23.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段第一句between2002and2007,theshadowbankingsystemincreasedby$33trillion,morethandoublinginassetsizefrom$27trillionto$60trillion（2002年至2007年間，影子銀行體系增加了33萬億美元，資產(chǎn)規(guī)模從27萬億美元增至60萬億美元，增加了一倍多），可知D選項“60萬億美元”正確。A選項“17.4萬億美元”，B選項“27萬億美元”和C選項“3.9萬億美元”錯誤。因此D選項正確。

24.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第四段第一句Theshadowbankingsystemisestimatedatroughly25%-30%oftheglobalfinancialsystem($250trillion,excludingderivatives)andathalfoftotalglobalbankingassets.（據(jù)估計，影子銀行體系約占全球金融體系的25%-30%（250萬億美元，不包括衍生品），占全球銀行業(yè)總資產(chǎn)的一半。），可知全球銀行業(yè)總資產(chǎn)應(yīng)為250*25%*2=125，所以D選項“120萬億美元”正確。A選項“250萬億美元”，B選項“5.4萬億美元”和C選項“33萬億美元”錯誤。因此D選項正確。

25.詞義辨析題。proprietarytrading意思為自營交易，C選項“使用公司自己的資本”符合意思，所以正確。A選項“發(fā)型”，B選項“套利交易”和D選項“高頻交易（HFT）”錯誤。因此C選項正確。

6.單選題

Hecameallthewaytohelpher______thatshehaddrownedherselfinawell.

問題1選項

A.onlytofind

B.tofind

C.inordertofind

D.soastofind

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：他一路趕來幫助她，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)她投井自盡了。A選項onlytofind“結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)”；B選項tofind“發(fā)現(xiàn)”；C選項inordertofind“為了發(fā)現(xiàn)”；D選項soastofind“以便發(fā)現(xiàn)”。根據(jù)語境，A選項onlytofind“結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)”符合題意。因此A選項正確。

7.單選題

Wemovedtothenewhouseinthesuburbssothatthekidswouldhaveagarden______.

問題1選項

A.inwhichtoplay

B.toplaywith

C.toplay

D.wheretoplay

【答案】A

【解析】考查定語從句。句意：我們搬到了郊區(qū)的新房子，這樣孩子們就有一個可以玩耍的花園。橫線部分是修飾garden的定語從句，根據(jù)詞組playinagarden確定有介詞in，根據(jù)花園用來玩的目的確定有to，A選項inwhichtoplay符合題意。D選項wheretoplay引導(dǎo)地點狀語從句，garden本身表示地點，故錯誤。因此A選項正確。

8.翻譯題

(36)Formany,theglobalfinancialandeconomiccrisishasconfirmedexistinganti-globalizationsentimentsandisbeingreflectedinoppositiontomoreliberalizedtrade.Underthedislocationcausedbythefinancialcrisis,manycountriesareattemptingtocurtailimportsorimposeotherrestrictionsontrade.AtboththeG-20Leaders’Summitandthemeetingsoffinanceministersandcentralbankgovernors,participantsagreedtofightallformsofprotectionismandmaintainopentrade.However,inMarch2009,WorldTradeOrganizationDirector-GeneralPascalLamystatedthatmembersoftheWTOwereshowinga“worryingtendencytowardincreasedtradeprotectionismasaresultofthedeepeningglobaleconomiccrisis.”

(37)Theovertformsofprotectionismorbeggar-thy-neighborpoliciesarelimitedbyrulescountrieshaveagreedtoasmembersoftheWTO.However,thereisamplescope,forincreasesintradebarriersthatareconsistentwithWTOrulesandobligations,includingincreasesinappliedtariffstohigherboundlevels.IfallWTOmembersraisedtheircurrentlyappliedtarifftotoday’sWTOboundrates,tariffsworldwidewoulddouble.TheWTOhassaidthatsuchincreasesintradebarrierscouldcauseworldtradetoshrinkbyupto8%andreduceglobalwelfarebyupto$350billion.

Almostanygovernmentinterventionintoeconomicactivityaffectsinternationaltradeandcapitalflows.Sincegovernmentinterventiongenerallyisinfluencedbypoliticalconsiderationsandmayinvolvetaxdollars,itusuallyfavorsdomesticconstituenciesattheexpenseofforeignconstituencies.(38)Adangerintheprocessofrecoveringfromtheglobalfinancialcrisisisthatcountriesmaytrytocapturealargershareofadecliningvolumeofinternationaltraderatherthanattempttoinducerecoveryintradeflowsbyhelpingtheirmacro-economiesreturntohealth.IntheUnitedStates,the“BUYAmerican”provisionintheFebruary2009stimuluspackagehasbeencharacterizedbysomeasastepdowntheslipperyslopeleadingtoprotectionismandasign,worryingtomany,thattheUnitedStatesmaynotbealeaderofthefree-tradeinitiativesintheyearsahead.TheEuropeanUnionhasraisedquestionsaboutwhetheritsprovisionsarecompatiblewithU.S.internationaltradecommitmentseventhoughtheprovisionappliesonlytosteel,iron,andmanufacturedgoodsusedinconstructionprojectsandlanguagewasincludedthattheprovision“shallbeappliedinamannerconsistentwithUnitedStatesobligationsunderinternationalagreements.”(39)Thecriticismfromothernationsofthisprovisionappearstobebasedonbothitspresumedeffectsandthefearthatevenarelativelysmall“BuyAmerican”provisionatthistimecouldsetaprecedentthatcouldopenthefloodgatesandprovidetheexcuseforacycleof“creepingprotectionism”byothernations.

【答案】36.對許多人來說，全球金融和經(jīng)濟危機證實了現(xiàn)有的反全球化情緒，并且反映在反對更加自由化的貿(mào)易。在金融危機造成的混亂下，許多國家正試圖減少進口或施加其他貿(mào)易限制。

37.對世貿(mào)組織成員國而言，公開形式的保護主義或以鄰為壑的政策受限于他們所同意的規(guī)則。然而，符合世貿(mào)組織規(guī)則和義務(wù)的貿(mào)易壁壘仍有很大的增加空間，包括將適用關(guān)稅提高到更高的上限。

38.在從全球金融危機中復(fù)蘇的過程中，一個危險在于，各國可能會試圖從不斷下降的國際貿(mào)易量中分得更大的份額，而不是試圖通過幫助其宏觀經(jīng)濟恢復(fù)健康來促進貿(mào)易流動的復(fù)蘇。2009年2月，美國發(fā)布經(jīng)濟刺激計劃，其中包括“購買美國貨”的條款，有的人把這視為導(dǎo)致保護主義的滑坡路，也是一個令許多人擔心的跡象，這表明美國在以后可能不再領(lǐng)導(dǎo)自由貿(mào)易計劃。

39.其他國家對這一條款的批評似乎是基于其假定影響和人們的擔心，即使是目前規(guī)模相對較小的“購買美國貨”條款也可能開創(chuàng)先例，進而打開閘門，為其他國家的“漸進式保護主義”循環(huán)提供借口。

9.單選題

Nowhereinnatureisaluminumfoundfree,owingtoitsalways_____withotherelements,mostcommonlywithoxygen.

問題1選項

A.combined

B.havingcombined

C.combine

D.beingcombined

【答案】D

【解析】考查非謂語動詞。句意：在自然界中找不到游離的鋁，因為鋁總是和其他元素結(jié)合在一起，最常見的是和氧結(jié)合在一起，。根據(jù)owingtoits確定用名詞形式，根據(jù)語境確定動名詞應(yīng)該是被動形式，表示狀態(tài)，D選項beingcombined符合題意。因此D選項正確。

10.單選題

Blackpeoplearebynomeans______whitepeople.

問題1選項

A.inferiorover

B.moreinferiorthan

C.inferiorto

D.moreinferiorto

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞用法。A選項inferiorover錯誤，inferior不和over連用；B選項moreinferiorthan“更低劣的”，黑人和白人都不低劣，用比較級不符合語境；C選項inferiorto，beinferiortosb./sth.“較差的”，符合題意；D選項moreinferiorto用法錯誤。句意：黑人一點也不比白人低劣。因此C選項正確。

11.單選題

Bytheyearof2025,scientistsprobably______acureforcancer.

問題1選項

A.willbediscovering

B.arediscovering

C.willhavediscovered

D.havediscovered

【答案】C

【解析】考查將來完成時。句意：到2025年，科學(xué)家們可能已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了治療癌癥的方法。根據(jù)語境，可知這個句子的時態(tài)是將來完成時，在這里表示將來完成時表示在將來某一時間以前已經(jīng)完成的動作，其結(jié)構(gòu)是will（第二、三人稱）+have+過去分詞（done），C選項willhavediscovered符合題意。因此C選項正確。

12.單選題

Shamanismisthebeliefinaspiritualworldinwhichalllivingthingsareconnected.ItistheoldestformofsystematicbeliefinhumanhistoryasthereisevidenceofshamanismexistinginNeolithictimesthousandsofyearsago.PeopleinmostancientculturespracticedShamanisminsomeformduringtheirhistories.Whilesomefeaturesarecommontothepracticeofshamanism,mostculturesaddedtheirownuniqueaspects.Overtime,however,organizedreligionsbegantospringupinancientcivilizations,soshamanismwaseithersuppressedordisappearedentirely.Inmoderntimes,eventhoughsomepeoplepracticeit,mainstreamsocietymostlyviewsitskeptically.

Theriseofshamanisminancienttimescanbeattributedtomankind’sdesiretounderstandhowtheworldaroundhimworked.Lackingmodernscientificmethodsaswellastheknowledgetounderstandtheworld,peopleinancienttimescametobelievetherewasaspiritualconnectionbetweenman,animals,plants,themoon,thesunandthecosmosinitsentirety.Someculturesattributedthisspiritualpowertoadeityorpantheonofdeitieswhileotherscreditedittonatureasawhole.Overtime,someculturescreatedelaboratesetsofbeliefsandrituals—nowcalledshamanism—concerningthisspiritworld.Centraltothesebeliefsinmostcultureswasthenotionthatanindividualwithadeepconnectiontothespiritworld—ashaman—couldactasaguideandadvisortoothers.

Inmostcultures,shamansweremenwhoheldpositionsofprominence,butwomencouldbeshamansinsomeinstances.Ashaman’srolevariedfromculturetoculture,butsomeaspectsofitwerenearlyuniversal.Amongthemweretheperceivedabilitiestocommunicatewiththespiritualworld,totraveltothatworld,toseethefuture,tohealthesick,andtoguidethedeadtotheirfinalrestingplace.Shamansweretypicallycalledupontoactasadvisorsforagroup’sleaders,tousetheirskillstoaskforhelpduringtimesofneed,andtobethekeepersoftheircommunities’oralhistoryandtraditions,whichtheywouldpassontothenextgeneration.Typically,shamansworeelaboratecostumesthatreflectedtheirroleinsociety.AnimalmotifsintheiroutfitswerecommontoshamansinIndiantribesintheAmericas,yettheirgarbdifferedinotherregions.

Shamansusedavarietyofmethodstocalluponthespiritualworldforguidanceorassistancewiththesick.Theyemployedmusic,singing,andchanting,andtheysometimestookplantsthatinducedpsychedelictrances.Mostshamanswereskilledatrecognizingwhichplantswereusefulasmedicines,sothisaidedthemintheirrolesashealers.Mostshamanisticpracticesandskillswerekeptsecretfromoutsiders—evenfromothertribesinthesameculture—andshamansleftnowrittenrecords,soitisdifficultformodernanthropologiststounderstandmanyaspectsofshamanisminancientcultures.Eveninmoderntimes,manyprimitivetribesthatpracticeshamanism,suchasthoseintheAmazonRainforest,arereluctanttodivulgetheirsecretstooutsiders.

Whileshamanismprevailedduringprehistorictimes,itwentintoalongdeclinethathaslastedforthousandsofyears.TheriseofcivilizationandtheestablishingofstrongcentralgovernmentsinMesopotamianandEgyptwerethefirstinaseriesofstepsthatledtothefoundingoforganizedreligionandtherepressingofshamanism.ThedevelopmentofChristianityandthespreadofEuropeanbeliefsandculturearoundtheworldfurtherhelpedcontinuethetrendofshamanismbecomingirrelevant.Forinstance,theEuropeansoftenforciblyconvertednativesinNorthandSouthAmericantoChristianityandmadethemabandontheirshamanisticpractices.

Shamanismneverdiedoutentirelydespitesomepeople’sbesteffortstomakethishappen.Infact,manytribesresistedeffortstostampitoutandcontinuedobservingtheirbeliefsinprivate.Today,shamanismhasbecomemoreaccepted,anditispracticedopenlyinnumerousplacesaroundtheworld,includinginmodernsocietiesinNorthAmerica,SouthAmericaandAsia.Forexample,theHmongpeopleofsoutheastAsiabroughtshamanismtotheUnitedStateswhentheymigratedthereinlargenumbersinlate1900s.Still,despitethisslightrenewalinshamanisticbeliefs,manypeopleregarditassuperstitionfromamoreprimitiveage.

16.Instatingthatorganizedreligionsbegantospringup,theauthormeansthattheorganizedreligions________.

17.Theauthor’sdescriptionofshamanisminparagraph1mentionsallofthefollowingEXCEPT________.

18.Thewordperceivedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto________.

19.Accordingtoparagraph4,anthropologistshaveproblemsunderstandingshamanismbecause________.

20.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthefinalparagraphofthepassage?

問題1選項

A.gainedpopularity

B.wereestablished

C.inspiredpeople

D.causedproblem

問題2選項

A.Manyculturesaroundtheworldoncepracticedsomeformofshamanism

B.Shamanismhasexistedasahumanbeliefsystemforseveralmillennia

C.Itwastheinspirationforanumberoforganizedreligionsthatwerefounded

D.Certainaspectsofshamanismtendtobedifferentfromculturetoculture

問題3選項

A.innate

B.supposed

C.invaluable

D.imaginary

問題4選項

A.fewbooksthatshamansrecordedtheirknowledgeinhavebeenfound

B.itisdifficulttounderstandthemindsofshamansfromthepast

C.theknowledgethatpastshamanspossessedwasneverrecorded

D.mostshamanstodayareunwillingtoimparttheirknowledgetoothers

問題5選項

A.TheonlyplacesonEarthwhereshamanismcontinuestosurvivearetheAmericasandAsia.

B.Thereareseveralcontinentswhereshamanismispracticedintheopenwithoutfearofrepression.

C.Evenintheworld’smostmodernsocieties,somepeopleareopen-mindedenoughtoacceptshamanism.

D.Thankstopeopleonsomecontinents,shamanismhasnotbeenforgottenbutisstillpracticedtoday.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】16.語義推測題。springup的意思是“出現(xiàn)”，根據(jù)第一段第二句Itistheoldestformofsystematicbeliefinhumanhistory（薩滿教是人類歷史上最古老的系統(tǒng)信仰形式）和五句Overtime,however,organizedreligionsbegantospringupinancientcivilizations,soshamanismwaseithersuppressedordisappearedentirely.（然而，隨著時間的推移，有組織的宗教開始在古代文明中涌現(xiàn)，所以薩滿教要么被壓制，要么完全消失。），可知在這之前其他宗教沒有出現(xiàn)，推測這里指其他宗教被建立，所以B選項“被建立”符合題意。A選項“得到普及”，C選項“鼓舞人們”和D選項“引起問題”語義不符，故錯誤。因此B選項正確。

17.事實細節(jié)題。A選項“世界上許多文化都曾經(jīng)存在過某種形式的薩滿教”：根據(jù)第一段第三句PeopleinmostancientculturespracticedShamanisminsomeformduringtheirhistories.（在大多數(shù)古代文化中，人們在他們的歷史中都以某種形式信奉薩滿教。），可知許多文化都存在過某種形式的薩滿教，故錯誤。B選項“薩滿教作為人類的信仰體系已經(jīng)存在了幾千年”：根據(jù)第一段第二句thereisevidenceofshamanismexistinginNeolithictimesthousandsofyearsago（有證據(jù)表明，薩滿教存在于幾千年前的新石器時代），可知薩滿教已存在幾千年，故錯誤。D選項“各文化薩滿教在某些方面