住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-湘潭大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據實際調整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

In1979theCatholicChurchfinallyforgivesGalileoforclaimingthattheEarthandotherplanetrevolvedaroundthesun.In1633theexaminersattheMinervaChurchinRomehadfoundGalileoguiltyofheresy,spreadingfalsebeliefs.

Galileowassixty-eightyearsoldatthetimeofhistrialandwasill.Aftertwodaysofcontinuousquestioningandthetreatoftorture,Galileo,confessedtoheresyandkneeledbeforetheexaminers,sayingforalltoherethathistheorieshadbeenwrong.ThejudgecouldhavehadGalileoburnedatthestakeforhisbeliefs,butbecausehehadconfessed,theywerelenientwiththeastronomer.Theysentencedhimtoanunlimitedterminprison,butquicklychangedthesentencetohousearrestinhisownhome,effectivelyendingGalileo’steachingcareer.

ForyearGalileohadbelievedthatearliertheorythatthestartrevolvedaroundtheEarth,wasincorrect,buthekeptoutofrespectfortheChurch.Hehadneverfinishedhisuniversitystudiesinmathematicsbecausehehadrunoutofmoney,buthisbrilliantworkasastudentallowedhimtoteach.Heprovedheuniformeffectofgravityinseriesofbrilliantcalculations,forexample,notbydroppingafeatherandacannonballfromtheLearningTowerofPisa,hishomecity,asiscommonlythought.

In1606,though,Galileolearnedoftheinventionofthetelescope:heredesignedandimprovedhisowntelescopeinoneday.Usingthetelescopetotesthismathematicalcalculations,healsodiscoveredJupiter’smoons,thefeaturesofEarth’smoon,andthestructureoftheMilkyWay.Butwhilewatchingthemovementofsunspots,hebecameconvinced,onceandforall,thattheearlierastronomer,Copernicus,wasright:theEarthandotherplanetsorbitedaroundthesun.TheEarthwanoneofmanyplanets,andnotthecenteroftheuniverse.GalileobegantopressforpermissionfromChurchtowriteabouthistheoriesoftheworldandin1642hereceivedpermission.

Hisgreatestbook,contrastingthetwosystems,waswrittenandpublishedeightyearslater.DialogueConcerningtheTwoWorldSystemswasquicklyseenasalandmarkscientificwork,bothforitsideasanditsfluewriting.ButtheChurchmeantimehaditsownproblemswiththeProtestantReformation.ChurchleadersnowconsideredGalileo’sworkdangerousandrevolutionary.A"document"wasfoundthatcontradictedthepermissionGalileothoughhehadobtainedtowriteabouthistheories.Galileowasthenarrestedandplacedbeforetheinquisition.Galileodiedin1642,blindandstillimprisonedinhisownhome.Heretainedconvincedthathehadalwaysbeenfight.

Thechurch345yearslater,finallyagreedthathehadbeencorrect.ThefindingsofthejudgesatGalileo'strialwerenotreversed,eventhoughtheirprecisefindinghadbeenthattheastronomerwas"Vehementlysuspectofheresy."Thefindingsofanyinquisition,eventheGalileocourtaswellasnotoriousSpanishInquisition―mustbeflowedtostand,atleastpartlybecausetheirfindingsoftenresultedindeathsentencesforpeopleaccusedofheresy.Butin1979,PopeJohnPauladdressedtheAugustPontificalScienceAcademyintheVaticanandofferedapologytoGalileo:"ThegreatnessofGalileo,likethatofEinstein,isknowntoall.Buttheformerhadtosuffergreatly;wecannothideit,fromChurchinstitutionsandmen."

Thepurposeofthispassageisto（

）.

Wecanconcludefromthepassagethat

（

）.

Thepassagesuggeststhat

（

）.

Theauthor’stoneis（

）.

問題1選項

A.discusswhytheCatholicChurchpersecutedGalileo

B.provideashortbiographyofGalileo

C.discussthetwotheoriesofthesolarsystem

D.showhowsciencehasprogressedoverthelastthreehundredyears

問題2選項

A.Galileowasheldprisonerinhishomefornineyears.

B.theCatholicChurchhasnotacceptedGalileo'stheoryofthesolarsystem.

C.Galileoinventedthetelescope.

D.theProtestantsconductedtheInquisition.

問題3選項

A.theCatholicChurchstillbelieverstheEarthisthecenteroftheuniverse.

B.Galileo'stheoryhasbeenprovedincorrectinmodemtimes.

C.theInquisitionseldomdealtharshlywithpeoplewhocamebeforeit.

D.theCatholicChurchwasmoreconcernedwithmaintainingthestatusquointhe17thcenturythanthetruthaboutGalileo'stheory.

問題4選項

A.negative

B.objective

C.sarcastic

D.satirical

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

【解析】主旨大意題。文章主要講述了伽利略為“日心說”做出的努力以及遭受的追害，所以B選項“對伽利略的人生經歷進行了簡要的介紹”正確;A選項“討論天主教迫害伽利略的原因”是對文章細節(jié)的表述；C選項“對兩種不同的太陽系理論進行討論”和D選項“表明在過去的三百年中科學是怎樣發(fā)展的”沒有在文章中提及。

細節(jié)事實題。根據文章第一段和第二段第四句“Theysentencedhimtoanunlimitedterminprison,butquicklychangedthesentencetohousearrestinhisownhome,effectivelyendingGalileo’steachingcareer.”“他們將其判以終生監(jiān)禁，但很快就改判為軟禁家中，如此結束了伽利略的教學生涯”可知伽利略于1633年被軟禁在家中，然后根據文章第五段的倒數第二句“Galileodiedin1642,blindandstillimprisonedinhisownhome”“伽利略于1642年在家中與世長辭，那時他仍處在軟禁期間”可知伽利略被軟禁在自己家中長達9年，所以A選項正確。根據文章第六段第一句“Thechurch345yearslater,finallyagreedthathehadbeencorrect.”“345年后，天主教終于承認伽利略日心說的正確性”確定B選項“天主教沒有接受伽利略的日心說”表述錯誤；根據第四段第一句“In1606,though,Galileolearnedoftheinventionofthetelescope:heredesignedandimprovedhisowntelescopeinoneday.”確定C選項“伽利略發(fā)明了望遠鏡’錯誤；D選項“新教徒執(zhí)行審訊”沒有在文章中提及。

細節(jié)事實題。根據文章第六段第一句“Thechurch345yearslater,finallyagreedthathehadbeencorrect.”“345年后，天主教終于承認伽利略日心說的正確性”確定A選項“天主教仍然相信地球是宇宙的中心”錯誤；B選項“在現代，伽利略的理論被證明是錯誤的”沒有在文章中體現并且根據常識也可以判斷該選項是錯誤的；根據文章最后一段第三句“...atleastpartlybecausetheirfindingsoftenresultedindeathsentencesforpeopleaccusedofheresy”“部分原因是因為那些被指控為異端邪說的人最終都被判以死刑”確定C選項“審訊很少對被指控的人處以殘酷的刑罰”表示錯誤；根據文章對伽利略經歷的介紹可知在17世紀時天主教為了維護現狀，不承認伽利略的理論，所以D選項正確。

觀點態(tài)度題。作者客觀地介紹了伽利略為“日心說”所付出的努力和天主教的態(tài)度和做法，所以B選項“客觀的”正確。

2.單選題

YourParadiseusedtobeafinemagazine,butnowthatitthetasteofacompletelydifferentreadingpublicit（

）hasgonedowninquality.

問題1選項

A.deflectsfrom

B.flirtswith

C.catersto

D.hingeson

【答案】C

【解析】動詞短語詞義辨析題。A選項deflectfrom“從……偏斜”；B選項flirtwith“同…調情；不認真考慮”；C選項caterto“迎合…口味；為…服務”；D選項hingeon“取決于……；以……為轉移”。根據句意‘你們的《天堂》雜志本應該是一本優(yōu)秀的期刊，但是現在卻來滿足完全不同的公眾閱讀口味，從而導致明顯下降的質量?！芍@里表示迎合公眾閱讀的口味，C選項正確。

3.單選題

TheChinese,whobegansystematicastronomicalandweatherobservationsshortlyaftertheancientEgyptians,wereassiduousrecord-keepers,andbecauseofthis,canclaimhumanity’slongestcontinuous（

）ofnaturalevents.

問題1選項

A.defiance

B.documentation

C.maintenance

D.domination

【答案】B

【解析】名詞辨析。A選項“挑釁，蔑視”；B選項“文件編制，文檔”；C選項“維持，保養(yǎng)”；D選項“支配，統治”；根據句意‘繼古埃及人之后旋即展開了有系統的天文與氣候觀察的中國人可謂是勤勉不輟的文獻記錄者，并且基于這一原因，中國人可聲稱擁有人類歷史上對自然事件最悠久連續(xù)的文獻記載。’確定B選項正確。

4.單選題

Unfortunately,hisdamagingattacksontheramificationsoftheeconomicpolicyhavebeen（

）byhiswholeheartedacceptanceofthatpolicy’sunderlyingassumptions.

問題1選項

A.supplemented

B.undermined

C.diverted

D.redeemed

【答案】B

【解析】動詞詞義辨析。A選項的supplement“增補，補充”；B選項的undermine“漸漸破壞，授掘地基”；C選項的divert“使轉向，使繞道，轉移（某人）的注意力，使分心”；D選項的redeem“履行，補償，贖回”。根據句意‘不幸的是，他對這個經濟政策后果的致命攻擊被破壞了，因為他完全接受了這個政策暗含的假設’確定B選項正確。

5.單選題

Althoughtheintellectualandartisticachievementsofthisancientcivilizationwere,evenbymodemstandards,extraordinarily（

）,itsleveloftechnicalandmechanical

developmentwasbynomeans（

）tothatofmodemtechnology.

問題1選項

A.primitive...superior

B.parable

C.primeval...equivalent

D.influential...subordinate

【答案】D

【解析】形容詞辨析題。A選項primitive“原始的，非常的”；superior“出眾的，優(yōu)秀的”;B選項sophisticated“復雜的，精致的”;comparable“可比的”;C選項primeval^原始的”；equivalent

“等價的”；D選項influential“有影響力的”;subordinate“次要的，從屬的”。根據句意‘雖然這個古代文明的知識和藝術成就即使按現代的標準也相當有影響力，但是它的技術和機械的發(fā)展絕不遜色于現代技術。’D選項正確。

6.單選題

Politicians,environmentalistsandbusinessmenfromallovertheworldassembledtodiscussthewayof（

）atmospherepollution.

問題1選項

A.cuttingup

B.cuttingdown

C.cuttingoff

D.cuttingout

【答案】B

【解析】動詞短語辨析。根據句意‘來自世界各地的政治家、環(huán)保人士和商人們都聚集在一起來討論減少大氣污染的方法?！芍颂幨侵敢懻摐p少大氣污染的方法，因此應填表示“減少”的含義，A選項cutup“切碎”;B選項cutdown“砍倒，減少”；C選項cutoff“切斷，隔絕”；D選項cutout“切斷，刪掉”。B選項正確。

7.單選題

Somepeopleviewlifeasa(n)（

）conflictbetweentheforcesofgoodandevil.

問題1選項

A.external

B.internal

C.maternal

D.eternal

【答案】A

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析題。根據句意‘一些人把生活看作是正義力量與惡勢力之間的一種外部沖突?！芍菍⑸羁醋魇且环N外部沖突。A選項external“外部的，外部”;B選項internal“內部的”；C選項maternal“母性的”；D選項eternal“永恒的”。A選項正確。

8.單選題

Oneofthemostalarmingthingsaboutthecrisisintheglobalfinancialsystemisthatthewarningsignshavebeenoutthereforsometime,yetnooneheededthem.Exactly10yearsago,ahedgefundcalledLong-TermCapitalManagement(LTCM)failedtoconvinceinvestorsthatitcouldrepayitsdebts,therebybringingtheworldtothebrinkofasimilar“l(fā)iquiditycrisis”totheonewenowsee.Disasterwasavertedthenonlybecauseregulatorsmanagedtoputtogetheramulti-billion-dollarbailoutpackage.

LTCM’scollapsewasparticularlynotablebecauseitsfoundershadsetgreatstorebytheiruseofstatisticalmodelsdesignedtokeeptabsontherisksinherentintheirinvestments.Itsfallshouldhavebeenawake-upcalltobanksandtheirregulatorysupervisorsthatthemodelswerenotworkingaswellashoped-inparticularthattheywereignoringtherisksofextremeeventsandtheconnectionsthatsendsucheventsreverberatingaroundthefinancialsystem.Instead,theycarriedonusingthem?

Nowthatdisasterhasstruckagain,somefinancialriskmodelers-the"quant’s"whohavewieldedsomuchinfluenceovermodembanking-aresayingtheyknowwherethegapsintheirknowledgeareandarepromisingtofillthem.Shouldwetrustthem?

Theirtrackrecorddoesnotinspireconfidence.Statisticalmodelshaveprovedalmostuselessatpredictingthekillerrisksforindividualbanks,andworsethanuselesswhenitcomestoriskstothefinancialsystemasawhole.Themodelsencouragedbankerstothinktheywereplayingahigh-stakescardgame,whenwhattheywereactuallydoingwasmoreakintolininguparowofdominoes.

Howcouldsomanysmartpeoplehavegottenitsowrong?Onereasonisthattheirfaithintheirmodel’spredictivepowerledthemtoignorewhatwashappeningintherealworld.Financeoffersenormousscopefordissembling:almostanyfailurecanbeexplainedawaybyajudiciouschoiceoflanguageanddata.Wheninvestorsdonotbehaveliketheself-interestedhomoeconomicsthateconomistssupposethemtobe,theyaredescribedasbeing"irrationallyexuberant"orblindedbypanic.Analternativeview-thatinvestorsarereactinglogicallyinthefaceofuncertainty-israrelyconsidered.Similarly,extremeeventsaredescribedashappeningonly"onceinacentury"-eventhoughthereisinsufficientdataonwhichtobasesuchanassessment.

Thequant’s'modelsmightsuccessfullypredictthemovementofmarketsmostofthetime,butthebankerswhorelyonthemhavefailedtorealizethattheoccasionsonwhichthemarketsdeviatefromnormalityaremuchmoreimportantthanthosewhentheycomply.Theeventsofthepastyearhavedriventhishomeinaspectacularfashion:bysomeestimates,thebankingindustryhaslostmoremoneyinthecurrentcrisisthanithasmadeinitsentirehistory.

1.Whathappenedadecadeagointhefinancialworld（

）.

2.ThestatisticalmodelsusedbyLTCM

（

）.

3.Whatdoestheauthorthinkisthemajorcauseofthecurrentfinancialcrisis?

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatriskcontrolofthefinancialmarket（

）.

問題1選項

A.wasapredictoroftoday’ssituation

B.has,asamatteroffact,repeateditself

C.resultedfrominvestors'ignoranceofpotentialdanger

D.showedthenecessityofgovernmentintervention

問題2選項

A.hadaninfluenceontheentirefinancialsector

B.onlydealtwithriskswithinthescopeofthefund

C.wereappliedtodifferentfinancialoperations

D.hadinherentflawsknowntotheirusers

問題3選項

A.Thedecision-makerswerenotawareoftheriskofextremeevents.

B.Designersofthemechanismstopreventfinancialdisasterswereself-absorbed.

C.Relyingonthestatisticalmodels,bankerswereboldintheirbusinessoperations.

D.Riskmanagersfailedtoseetheweaknessinthesystemintime.

問題4選項

A.shouldbefocusedonunexpectedchanges

B.hasbeensupervisedbythosewhoareoptimistic

C.becomeseffectiveonlywithbank'scompliancewithgeneralmarketrules

D.isinadequateifitisonlydesignedforwhatmayhappeninahundredyears

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:C

【解析】1.推理判斷題。題目提問‘十年前在金融界發(fā)生的事情怎樣？’根據第一段第一句“Oneofthemostalarmingthingsaboutthecrisisintheglobalfinancialsystemisthatthewarningsignshavebeenoutthereforsometime,yetnooneheededthem.全球金融體系危機最令人擔憂的事情之一是，警告信號已經出現了一段時間，但沒有人注意到它們?！焙偷谌蔚谝痪洹癗owthatdisasterhasstruckagain現在災難又來了”。確定A選項“是今天情況的預兆”正確。

2.細節(jié)事實題。題目提問‘LTCM使用的數據模型怎么了？’根據第二段中“LTCM’scollapsewasparticularlynotablebecauseitsfoundershadsetgreatstorebytheiruseofstatisticalmodelsdesignedtokeeptabsontherisksinherentintheirinvestments.LTCM的倒閉尤其引人注目，因為它的創(chuàng)始人非常重視使用統計模型來跟蹤他們投資中所固有的風險。”可知他們注重于自己的投資中固有的風險，所以B選項“只處理基金范圍內的風險”正確。

3.細節(jié)事實題。題目提問‘作者認為導致當前經濟危機的主要原因是什么？’根據倒數第二段第二句“Onereasonisthattheirfaithintheirmodel'spredictivepowerledthemtoignorewhatwashappeningintherealworld.原因之一是，他們對模型預測能力的信心導致他們忽視了現實世界中發(fā)生的事情?！笨芍麄冞^于信賴這個模型導致這一后果，所以C選項“因為依賴統計模型，銀行家在他們的商業(yè)運作中很大膽”正確。

4.推理判斷題。題目提問‘從文章中可以推斷出，金融市場的風險控制怎樣？’根據文章最后一段中“Thequant’s'modelsmightsuccessfullypredictthemovementofmarketsmostofthetime,butthebankerswhorelyonthemhavefailedtorealizethattheoccasionsonwhichthemarketsdeviatefromnormalityaremuchmoreimportantthanthosewhentheycomply.定量分析師的模型可能在大多數情況下都能成功預測市場的走勢，但依賴模型的銀行家們卻沒有意識到，市場偏離常態(tài)的情況要比市場順應常態(tài)的情況重要得多。”確定C選項“只有在銀行服從一般市場規(guī)則的情況下才有效”正確。

9.單選題

Givethepreviouslyexpressedinterestandtheambitioustoneofherrecentspeeches,thesenator’sattempttoconvincethepublicthatsheisnotinterestedinrunningforasecondtermis（

）.

問題1選項

A.laudable

B.sincere

C.authentic

D.futile

【答案】D

【解析】形容詞辨析題。A選項laudable“值得贊賞的”；B選項sincere“真誠的，真摯的”；C選項authentic“真正的，真實的”；D選項futile“無用的，無效的”。根據句意‘她在先前的演講中已經表現出興趣和勃勃雄心，這位參議員試圖說服公眾相信她對競選連任不感興趣的做法是毫無用處的?！疍選項正確。

10.單選題

Extraordinarycreativeactivityhasbeencharacterizedasrevolutionary,flyinginthefaceofwhatisestablishedandproducingnotwhatisacceptablebutwhatwillbecomeaccepted.Accordingtothisformulation,highlycreativeactivitytranscendsthelimitsofanexistingformandestablishesanewprincipleoforganization.However,theideathatextraordinarycreativitytranscendsestablishedlimitsismisleadingwhenitisappliedtothearts,eventhoughitmaybevalidforthescience.Differencesbetweenhighlycreativeartandhighlycreativescienceariseinpartfromadifferenceintheirgoals.Forthesciences,anewtheoryisthegoalandendresultofthecreativeactInnovativescienceproducesnewpropositionsintermsofwhichdiversephenomenacanberelatedtooneanotherinmorecoherentways.Suchphenomenaasabrilliantdiamondoranestingbirdarerelegatedtotheroleofdata,servingasthemeansforformulatingortestinganewtheory.Thegoalofhighlycreativeartisdifferent:thephenomenonitselfbecomesthedirectproductofthecreativeact.Shakespeare'sHamletisnotatractaboutthebehaviorofindecisiveprincesortheusesofpoliticalpower,norisPicasso'spaintingGuernicaprimarilyapropositionalstatementabouttheSpanishCivilWarortheevilsoffascism.Whathighlycreativeactivityproducesisnotanewgeneralizationthattranscendsestablishedlimits,butratheranaestheticparticular.Aestheticparticularsproducedbythehighlycreativeartistextendorexploitratherthantranscendthatform.

Thisisnottodenythatahighlycreativeartistsometimesestablishesanewprincipleoforganizationinthehistoryofanartisticfield;thecomposerMonteverdi,whocreatedmusicofthehighestaestheticvalue,comestomind.Moregenerally,however,whetherornotacompositionestablishesanewprincipleinthehistoryofmusichasnobearingonitsaestheticworth.Becausetheyembodyanewprincipleoforganization,somemusicalworks,suchastheoperasoftheFlorentineCamerata,areofsignalhistoricalimportance,butfewlistenersormusicologistswouldincludetheseamongthegreatworksofmusic.Ontheotherhand,Mozart’sTheMarriageofFigaroissurelyamongthemasterpiecesofmusiceventhoughitsmodestinnovationsareconfinedtoextendingexistingmeans.IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.Rather,hewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimits—therules,forms,andconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozart,HandelandBachinstrikingoriginalways.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,distinctionsbetweenthoseengagedinthecreativeartsandinnaturalsciencescaninpartbeexplainedby(

).

2.WhyisBeethovenratedamonghighlycreativeartists,fromtheauthor’spointofview?

3.Thepassageimpliesthatanoriginalcontributioninscienceisonethat(

).

4.Whichofthefollowingwouldmostlikelyfollowthefinalsentenceofthepassage?

問題1選項

A.thedifferentobjectivesofthoseinvolvedintheserespectivepursuits

B.thedifferentmethodstheyemployincollectingdatatosupporttheirtheories

C.thedifferentwaysinwhichtheyattempttoextendacceptedconventionalforms

D.thedifferentprinciplesoforganizationthattheyutilizeinordertocreatenewworks

問題2選項

A.Becausehesoughttobecometheonlycomposerofhistimetochallengeacceptedmusicalconventions.

B.Becauseheadoptedanewprincipleoforganizationinhisworkbyutilizinginnovativestrategies.

C.Becausehecreativelymanipulatedtheacceptedrulesandformsgoverningmusicalcomposition.

D.Becausehesynthesizedatranslationbetweentheolderstylisticconventionandthenewermusicalform.

問題3選項

A.isoftenquotedintheworkofotherscientists

B.iscarefulnottomakeavaluejudgmentabouttheuseofdata

C.isapplaudedbyalldistinguishedexperimentalists

D.generatesanovelandwell-foundedgeneralization

問題4選項

A.Inthesimilarmanner,severalmodecomposerssuccessfullyestablishedmusicalconventions.

B.Similarly,thesucceedinggenerationofcomposersmanipulatedacceptedmusicalforms.

C.IncontrasttoBeethoven,however,evengreatmodemcomposerslikeBelaBartokdidnotattempttoalteracceptedmusicalconventions.

D.Musicologistsarecontinuingtostudythecompositionalstylesofcomposersinordertodeterminewhethertheircontributionshavebeeninnovative.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:A

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。本題詢問在從事藝術創(chuàng)作和自然科學之間的差別。根據原文“Differencesbetweenhighlycreativeartandhighlycreativescienceariseinpartfromadifferenceintheirgoals.Forthesciences,anewtheoryisthegoalandendresultofthecreativeact.極富創(chuàng)意的藝術和極具創(chuàng)意的科學之間的差異來自于自己的目標的差異。對于科學，新理論是創(chuàng)造性行為的目的和歸宿?！笨芍獌烧咧g的差異是在它們的目的不同，A選項正確。

2.細節(jié)事實題。根據最后一段內容"IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.Rather,hewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimits—therules,forms,andconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozart,HandelandBach—instrikingoriginalways.有關貝多芬，人們稱他推翻了種種規(guī)則，將音樂從傳統的令人窒息的范圍中解放出來。然而，對他音樂作品一番細致的研究會揭示出貝多芬根本沒有推翻任何規(guī)則。實質上，他是一個無以倫比的謀略家。善于以令人矚目的獨特方式利用各種局限從諸如海頓和莫扎特、亨德爾和巴赫這些前輩那里繼承而來的各種規(guī)則、形式和傳統?？芍狣選項‘他綜合了新舊音樂形式之間的轉換’正確。

3.細節(jié)事實題。根據原文第一段最后一句“Whathighlycreativeactivityproducesisnotanewgeneralizationthattranscendsestablishedlimits,butratheranaestheticparticular.Aestheticparticularsproducedbythehighlycreativeartistextendorexploitratherthantranscendthatform.高度創(chuàng)造的藝術活動所創(chuàng)造的，不是一種全新的、超越既已確立之局限的普遍性原則，而是一種美學上的獨特之物。由高度創(chuàng)造性的藝術家所創(chuàng)造的美學上的獨特事物，以一種富予創(chuàng)新的方式，拓寬或利用既存形式的局限，而不是超越那種形式本身?！笨芍?，這種科學方面的原始貢獻是具有創(chuàng)新性的東西，所以D選項“生成一種新穎的、有根據的概括”符合題意。

4.推理判斷題。根據最后一段的內容“ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.Rather,hewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimits—therules,forms,andconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozart,HandelandBach—instrikingoriginalways.”“然而，對他音樂作品一番細致的研究會揭示出貝多芬根本沒有推翻任何規(guī)則。實質上，他是一個無以倫比的謀略家。善于以令人矚目的獨特方式利用各種局限——即他從諸如海頓和莫扎特、亨德爾和巴赫這些前輩那里繼承而來的各種規(guī)則、形式和傳統。以及本段中的論點：從另一方面來說，莫扎特的《費加羅的婚禮》無疑屬于音樂的典范之作，雖然其樸素的創(chuàng)新僅限于將既存的創(chuàng)作手法予以拓展而已。”可知最后一句提到了從這些前輩繼承而來的各種規(guī)則和傳統，因此A選項“通過同樣的方法，這些模板作曲家成功地建立了音樂的規(guī)則”符合題意。

11.單選題

Exposuretolow-intensitygammaradiationslowstherateofgrowthofthespoilageofmicro-organismsinfoodinmuchthesamewaythatthelowheatusedinpasteurization（

）thespoilageactionofthemicro-organismsinmilk.

問題1選項

A.facilitates

B.initiates

C.inhibits

D.purifies

【答案】C

【解析】動詞辨析題。A選項facilitates“促進，幫助，使容易”；B選項initiates“開始，創(chuàng)始，發(fā)起，倡議”；C選項inhibits“抑制，約束”；D選項purifies“凈化，使純凈”。根據句意‘暴露于低強度的伽馬電磁輻射下可以放緩食物中腐敗微生物的生長速度，正如以極為相同的方式，在巴氏滅菌法中，低熱會遏制住牛奶中微生物的腐敗作用。’C選項正確。

12.翻譯題

Despitetheweb,wewatchmoretelevisionthanever.

Inthechaosoftoday’smediaandtechnologybrawl-iPodvs.Zune,Googlevs.Yahoo,Windowsvs.Linux,Intelvs.AMD-wecandeclareoneunlikelywinner.Standingtallinafieldofnewtechwonders,it’sageezertechnologythatareinventedinthe1920sandcommercializedinthe1940s,andit’sstillmorepowerfulthananythingcreatedsince.

Asyoutrytofigureoutwhereconsumerinfo-techisgoing,andwhatitmeansforsociety,rememberthisbig,centralreality:Peoplejustwantmoretelevision.

Ifyoudoubtit,lookattoday’sbiggestnewsintech.Itcontinuallycentersonnewwaystobringconsumersthethingtheycraveaboveallelse.SonyfloodedtherecentConsumerElectronicsShowwithproductsthatputinternetvideoonyourTVset,asdidalmosteveryotherconsumerelectronicscompany.AtthesimultaneousMacworldExpo,ApplechiefSteveJobsintroducedAppleTV,whichdoesthesamething.VerizonsaiditwillsoonofferliveTVoncellphonescreens.Itwillalsosellfull-lengthprogramsforviewingwheneveryouwant.Putitalltogether,andwehaveachievedanirvanathatdidn’texistevenayearago:unlimitedtelevisionavailable24/7oneveryscreenyouown.

It’snosurprise,ofcourse.

Eversincethebasicfactsofsteadilymultiplyingprocessorpowerandbandwidthbecameapparent,seershaveconfidentlypredictedthisday.Theyjustasconfidentlypredictedwhatitwouldmean:traditionaltelevision’sdemise.OncetheWorldWideWebappearedinthemid-1990s,thefuturelookedveryclear.BoringoldTV,thescheduledprogramsthatcometoyouthroughacoaxialcableorsatellitedishorantenna,wouldfadeaway.

Whichisexactlytheoppositeofwhathashappened.DespitemanyNetAgealternatives,weAmericanstodaywatchmoreboringoldTVthanever,whichissayingsomething.Howcanthatbe?MytheoryistheTwo-LiterCokePrinciple.TheCoca-ColacompanydiscoveredlongagothatifitcouldgetpeopletobringhomebiggerbottlesofCoke,thosepeoplewoulddrinkmorethantheyusedto.JustgettingmoreCokeinfrontofthemincreasedtheirconsumption.ItseemstobethesamewithTV.Putmoreofitinfrontofpeople—over100channelsinmanyhomes—andpeoplewillwatchmore.

Seenfromthisperspective,thelatestannouncementsofnewTV-relatedtechnologylooksimplylikeadditionalwaystoputmoreTVinfrontofAmericanconsumer.ThesupposedthreatfromtheInternetwasthatwe’dcutbackonTVaswespentmoretimeonMySpaceorinSecondLife.WemaywellspendmoretimeonsuchnewNetattractions,butwe’reunlikelytotakethattimeawayfromvideoviewing.We’remorelikelytocutbackonthingsweconsiderlessimportant,likesleep.

NoonehasevaluatedTVbetterthanthegreatNewYorkeressayistE.BWhite,whoin1938wrote,“Weshallstandorfallbytelevision,ofthatIamsure.”Westilldon’tknowwhichitwillbe,buthisassessmentlookstruerthanever.

【答案】當你試圖弄清楚消費者信息技術的發(fā)展方向，以及它對社會的意義時，請記住一個重要的中心事實:人們只是想看更多的電視節(jié)目。

索尼在最近的消費電子展上推出了大量可以在電視機上播放互聯網視頻的產品，幾乎所有其他消費電子產品公司都是如此。

自從處理器功率和帶寬穩(wěn)步增長的基本事實變得明顯以來，預言家們就自信地預測到了這一天。

而事實恰恰相反。盡管有許多網絡時代的替代品，但是我們美國人今天比以往任何時候都看更多無聊的老電視，這說明了一些問題。

沒有人比偉大的紐約客散文家E，B懷特更好地評估了電視，他在1938年寫到“我確信我們的成敗將系于電視”。

13.單選題

Somepeopleviewlifeasa(n)（

）conflictbetweentheframesofgoodandevil.

問題1選項

A.external

B.eternal

C.central

D.internal

【答案】B

【解析】形容詞辨析。A選項“外部的；表面上的；（藥物）外用的”；B選項“不朽的，永恒的，無休止的”；C選項“中心的；主要的；中樞的”；D選項“內部的，內在的”；根據句意‘一些人將生活看作善惡勢力之間永恒的沖突’確定B選項正確。

14.單選題

Natural’senergyefficiencyoften（

）humantechnology:despitetheintensityofthelightfirefliesproduce,theamountofheatisnegligible;onlyrecentlyhavehumansdevelopedchemicallight-producingsystemswhoseefficiency（

）thefirefly’ssystem.

問題1選項

A.engenders;manipulates

B.reflects;simulates

C.outstrips;rivals

D.inhibits;matches

【答案】C

【解析】動詞辨析。首先看第一個空，engender“產生，引起（某種感覺或情況）”；reflect“反映，反射（聲、光、熱等）”；outstrip“超過，勝過”；inhibit“禁止，抑制”，根據句意第一個空應該填“outstrip”；再看第二個空，manipulate“（暗中）控制，（熟練地）操作”；reflect“表明，顯示”；rival“堪比某人/某物競爭，比得上某人/某物”；match“相配，與……不相上下”；根據句意‘自然界的能量效率常常超過人類的技術：盡管瑩火蟲所發(fā)出的光亮極為強烈，但其熱量卻微乎其微。人類也是在近期才研制出能量效率能與螢火蟲的發(fā)光體系相媲美的化學發(fā)光系統?！钸m合填入第二個空的是“rival”，C選項正確。

15.單選題

Thesaleusuallytakesplaceoutsidethehouse,withtheaudience（

）onbenches,chairsorboxes.

問題1選項

A.havingseated

B.seated

C.seating

D.havingbeenseated

【答案】B

【解析】考查非謂語動詞的用法。現在分詞通常強調動作的主動語態(tài)，而過去分詞強調狀態(tài)，強調被動語態(tài)或已經發(fā)生過的，根據句意‘促銷通常在戶外進行，人們坐在長凳、椅子或盒子上’確定B選項的seated表示坐的狀態(tài)，正確。

16.單選題

TheChinese,whobegansystematicastronomicalandweatherobservationshortlyaftertheancientEgyptians,wereassiduousrecord-keepersandbecauseofthiscanclaimhumanity'slongestcontinuous（

）ofnaturalevents.

問題1選項

A.defiance

B.documentation

C.maintenance

D.domination

【答案】B

【解析】名詞詞義辨析。A選項的defiance“挑戰(zhàn)，挑釁，蔑視”；B選項的documentation“文件”；C選項的maintenance“維持，維修，保養(yǎng)”；D選項的domination“支配，統治”。根據句意‘中國人繼古埃及人之后旋即展開了有系統的天文與氣候觀察，可謂是勤勉不輟的文獻記錄者，基于這一原因，中國人可聲稱擁有人類歷史上對自然事件最漫長悠久、持之以恒的文獻記載’確定B選項正確。

17.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish.

研究表明，與20年前相比，盡管社交媒體越來越受人們歡迎，但是青少年的朋友卻日益減少。一份歷時12年、涵蓋20萬高中生的研究發(fā)現，雖然年輕人的朋友越來越少，但是他們更多交友的意向并無增多。該研究認為，經濟變化在促使個人主義增長的同時，可能導致人們交友興趣減弱，使人們更多轉向自立、增強自尊、減少孤獨感。

【答案】Despitethegrowingpopularityofsocialmedia,teenagershavefewerfriendsthantheydid20yearsago.Asurvey,carriedoutfor12years,ofmorethan200,000UShighschoolstudentsfoundthatyoungpeoplehadfewerfriends,butlessdesireformakingmorefriends.Thestudyhasshownthateconomicchangesleadtoincreasedindividuality,whichcouldl