住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-福建師范大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Whentheclasswasover,theywentbacktotheir（

）dormitories.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.complacent

B.respectable

C.respective

D.respectful

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。complacent意為“自滿的，自鳴得意的”；respectable意為“得體的，值得尊敬的”；respective意為“各自的，分別的”；respectful意為“有禮貌的”。

句意：下課后，他們回到各自的宿舍去了。

2.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingintoChinese.

Beforeyougottheideathateconomicsisrelevantonlyforpoliticsorbusinesses,weshouldmentionthateconomicsfocusesonallthechoicespeoplemakeandthepersonalandsocialconsequencesofthesechoices.

Webelievethatwhenyoufinishthisbook,youwilljoinusintheviewthattheeconomicwayofthinkingoffersvaluableinsightintooureverydayinteractionswithoneanother—producing,consuming,votingandstrivingforthegoodlife.

Oneseemedtoknowlittleaboutthebook,butagreatmanypeopleknewapparentlythat"Peggy"wasatworkonsomethingandthatwasenoughtobringcordial,eveninsistent,recommendationtotheirlips.

Makingamoviecostsmuchmorethancuttinganalbum.Soastheworldbecomericher,therelativemarketshareofHollywoodmovieswillprobablefallmorethantherelativemarketshareofAmericanpopularmusic.

Itisverydifficulttoagreeonthepriceforsharestobeboughtbecausethepurchasingpartywilllackthenecessaryinformationastothefinancialstatusandothercharacteristicsoftheshare-issuingcorporation,andbecausethenetvalueoftheshareswillchangeconstantlyfromthedateoftheagreementtothedateofclosing.

【答案】在你認(rèn)為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)只與政治或企業(yè)相關(guān)之前，我們應(yīng)該指出，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)關(guān)注的是人們所做的所有選擇，以及這些選擇對(duì)個(gè)人和社會(huì)的影響。

我們相信，當(dāng)你讀完這本書時(shí)，你會(huì)跟我們有一樣的觀點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為以經(jīng)濟(jì)的方式來思考會(huì)為人們各種日常交流提供寶貴的洞察力，包括生產(chǎn)、消費(fèi)、選舉和為好生活的奮斗。

一個(gè)人似乎對(duì)這本書知之甚少，但許多人顯然知道“佩吉”在做些什么，這足以給他們帶來熱忱的，甚至是迫切的推薦之言。

制作一部電影比剪輯一張專輯要貴得多。因此，隨著世界變得更加富裕，好萊塢電影的相關(guān)市場(chǎng)股票可能會(huì)比美國流行音樂相關(guān)市場(chǎng)股份下降得更多。

由于購買方缺乏關(guān)于股票的財(cái)務(wù)狀況和股票發(fā)行公司其他特征的必要信息，所以很難就購買股票的價(jià)格達(dá)成一致。而且，由于股票的凈值從交易之日到交易結(jié)束之日是不斷變化的。

3.單選題

Theyconsideritquestionablethatthesedefense-linkedresearchprojectswillaccountforanimprovementinthestandardoflivingor,（

）,domuchtoprotectourdiminishingresources.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.incidentally

B.actually

C.alternatively

D.accordingly

【答案】C

【解析】考查副詞辨析。incidentally意為“偶然，附帶地”；actually意為“實(shí)際上”；alternatively意為“(引出第二種選擇或可能的建議)要不，或者”；accordingly意為“因此，于是”。

句意：他們認(rèn)為這些與國防有關(guān)的研究項(xiàng)目是否能提高人們的生活水平或者能保護(hù)我們?nèi)找鏈p少的資源是值得懷疑的。

4.單選題

Whentrappedindriftingsands,donotstruggle,oryouwillbe（

）indeeper.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.absorbed

B.pushed

C.heaved

D.sucked

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。absorb意為“吸收（液體、氣體等）”；push意為“推，推動(dòng)”；heave意為“舉起”；suck意為“吸取，吸入，卷進(jìn)入”，besuckedin意為“被吸進(jìn)，被卷入”。

句意：當(dāng)被困在流沙中時(shí)，不要掙扎，否則你回被吸進(jìn)去更深。

5.單選題

Theseniorlibrarianatthecirculationdeskpromisedtogetthebookforme（

）shecouldrememberwholastborrowedit.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.eversince

B.muchas

C.eventhough

D.ifonly

【答案】D

【解析】考查詞組辨析。eversince意為“自從”；muchas意為“盡管，雖然”；eventhough意為“即使，縱然”；ifonly意為“只要”。

句意：那個(gè)在借記臺(tái)的年長的圖書管理員答應(yīng)我，只要她記得誰最后借了這本書，就會(huì)把書給我。

6.問答題

Thetroubleis,asIseeit(A),thatheisaperfectionistinhisway(B),andhesaysthat(C)liewillnothavechildrenwhen(D)theycanafforditfinancially.

【答案】試題答案：D;until

【解析】考查固定句型。not...until意為“直到……才”，因此將when改為until。

7.單選題

He’sdonestupidthingsbefore,buttolookfortheescapinggaswithamatchreallywasthe（

）silliness.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.ultimate

B.unanimous

C.triumphant

D.trivial

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。ultimate意為“最好（或壞、偉大、重要等）的，最后的”；unanimous意為“全體一致的”；triumphant意為“成功的”；trivial意為“瑣碎的，無價(jià)值的”。

句意：他以前做過愚蠢的事，但用火柴去尋找什么地方煤氣漏氣實(shí)在是最傻的事了。

8.單選題

Oncethevice-chancellorofauniversityis（

）,hebeginshistermofoffice.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.launched

B.commenced

C.inaugurated

D.initiated

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。launch意為“發(fā)射”；commence意為“開始，著手”；inaugurate意為“為（某人）舉行就職典禮，啟動(dòng)，開創(chuàng)”；initiate意為“開始，發(fā)起”。

句意：大學(xué)副校長就職典禮一旦舉行，他就開始了任期。

9.單選題

JimFixhadbeenaheavysmokerandweighed214poundswhenhetookuprunninginthe1960s.Hesoon_51_thebenefitsfromrunning.Hisweightdecreasedby60poundsbythetimehisbookTheCompleteBookofRunningwaspublished.Hisbook_52_millionsofpeople.Inhisbookandontelevisiontalkshows.Hepraisedthebenefitsofphysicalexerciseandhowit_53_andincreasedtheaveragepeople’slifeexpectancy.Hisreadersandaudiencebecamemorehealth-conscious.However,totheirshock,Fixdiedattheageof52afterhisdailyrun.Manywhoopposedhisbeliefssaidthiswas_54_thatrunningwasharmful.However,hissupporters_55_thattherealcauseofFix’sdeathwasaheartattack.Hecamefromafamilywheremenhadpoorhealthstories.Hisfather_56aheartattackattheageof35anddiedofoneat42.GivenFix’sunhealthylifestyleuntilhetookuprunning,manyarguedthatrunningaddedmanyyearstohislife.

“Runningdoeshaveitsshortcomings,”_57_heartspecialistPaulThomas,inarecentmedicaljournal.“The_58_canbehardonyourknees.Runnersaremoreatriskduringtheirtraining,_59_iftheyrunmarathons._60_,thenewsforrunnersisn’tallbad.Evidencesuggestsinspiteofitsshortcomings,moderateamountofrunningexercisecanactuallyresultinalonger,improvedlife.”

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.praised

B.favored

C.reaped

D.applied

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.inspired

B.disappointed

C.awarded

D.rewarded

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.compatibly

B.disappointed

C.awarded

D.rewarded

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.endurance

B.evidence

C.supplement

D.allowance

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.rewrote

B.revised

C.reversed

D.revealed

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.obtained

B.sustained

C.suffered

D.surpassed

問題7選項(xiàng)

A.acknowledges

B.pledges

C.communicates

D.apologizes

問題8選項(xiàng)

A.consequence

B.impact

C.weight

D.press

問題9選項(xiàng)

A.explicitly

B.particularly

C.commonly

D.singularly

問題10選項(xiàng)

A.However

B.Furthermore

C.Moreover

D.Also

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:D

第6題:C

第7題:A

第8題:B

第9題:B

第10題:A

【解析】51.考查邏輯關(guān)系。由前面句意“JimFix在20世紀(jì)60年代開始跑步時(shí)，曾是一名煙民，體重214磅”和后面句意“他的體重減少了60磅”可知此處表示跑步帶來的好處，因此填reap（取得（成果），收獲）。

52.考查邏輯關(guān)系。由前面可知JimFix在出版書時(shí)，通過跑步體重減少了60磅，這是一件正面積極的事，可知此處表示他的書鼓勵(lì)了其他人，因此選A。

53.考查邏輯關(guān)系。由空格后的andincreasedtheaveragepeople’slifeexpectancy（并提高人的平均壽命）可知D選項(xiàng)最為恰當(dāng)，表示“運(yùn)動(dòng)是怎樣回報(bào)人的，以及增加人均壽命”。

54.考查名詞辨析。endurance意為“忍耐力，耐久力”；evidence意為“證據(jù)，跡象”；supplement意為“補(bǔ)充”；allowance意為“津貼，補(bǔ)貼”。此處表示很多反對(duì)他的人說他的死是證明跑步有害的證據(jù)，因此選B。

55.考查動(dòng)詞辨析。rewrite意為“重寫，改寫”；revise意為“修改（意見或計(jì)劃），修訂（書刊）”；reverse意為“顛倒，使反轉(zhuǎn)”；reveal意為“揭示，顯示”。此處表示“他的支持者揭示出他的真正死因是心臟病”，因此選D。

56.考查動(dòng)詞辨析。obtain意為“獲得，得到”；sustain意為“維持，保持”；suffer意為“遭受”；surpass意為“超過”。此處表示“他的父親在35歲時(shí)遭受心臟病”，因此選C。

57.考查動(dòng)詞辨析。acknowledge意為“承認(rèn)”；pledge意為“保證，誓言”；communicate意為“溝通，交流”；apologize意為“道歉，認(rèn)錯(cuò)”。此處表示“PaulThomas承認(rèn)跑步的不足之處”，因此選A。

58.考查名詞辨析。consequence意為“結(jié)果，成果”；impact意為“影響”；weight意為“重量”；press意為“壓，按”。此處表示“對(duì)膝蓋的影響會(huì)比較大”，因此選B。

59.考查副詞辨析。explicitly意為“明白地，明確地”；particularly意為“特別，尤其”；commonly意為“通常地”；singularly意為“非常地”。此處表示“跑步的人在訓(xùn)練中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更大，尤其是如果他們跑馬拉松的話”，因此選B。

60.考查邏輯關(guān)系。由空格后的thenewsforrunnersisn’tallbad（對(duì)于跑步者來說，這個(gè)消息并不全是壞消息）以及空格前提到跑步的不好之處，可知此處表示對(duì)比，因此選A，however意為“然而”，可表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。

10.單選題

Asawisemanoncesaid,weareallultimatelyalone.ButanincreasingnumberofEuropeansarechoosingtobesoatanevenearlierage.Thisisn’tthestuffofgloomyphilosophicalcontemplations,butafactofEurope’sneweconomiclandscape,embracedbysociologists,real-estatedevelopersandadexecutivesalike.Theshiftawayfromfamilylifetosololifestyle,observesaFrenchsociologist,ispartofthe“irresistiblemomentumofindividualism”overthelastcentury.Thecommunicationsrevolutiontheshiftfromabusinesscultureofstabilitytooneofmobilityandthemassentryofwomenintotheworkforcehavegreatlywreakedhavocon（擾亂）European’sprivatelives.

Europe’sneweconomicclimatehaslargelyfosteredthetrendtowardindependence.Thecurrentgenerationofhome-alonerscameofageduringEurope’sshiftfromsocialdemocracytothesharper,moreindividualisticclimateofAmerican-stylecapitalism.Raisedinaneraofprivatizationandincreasedconsumerchoice,today’stech-savvy（精通技術(shù)的）workershaveembracedafreemarketinloveaswellaseconomics.ModernEuropeansarerichenoughtoaffordtolivealone,andtemperamentallyindependentenoughtowanttodoso.

Onceuponatime,peoplewholivedalonetendedtobethoseoneithersideofmarriage—twentysomethingprofessionalsorwidowedseniorcitizens.Whilepensioners,particularlyelderlywomen,makeupalargeproportionofthoselivingalone,thenewestcropofsinglesarehighearnersintheir30sand40swhoincreasinglyviewlivingaloneasalifestylechoice.Livingalonewasconceivedtobenegativedarkandcold,whilebeingtogethersuggestedwarmthandlight.Butthencamealongtheideaofsingles.Theywereyoung,beautifulandstrong!Now,youngpeoplewanttolivealone.

Theboomingeconomymeanspeopleareworkingharderthanever.Andthatdoesn’tleavemuchroomforrelationships.PimpiArroyo,a35-year-oldcomposerwholivesaloneinahouseinParis,sayshehasn’tgottimetogetlonelybecausehehastoomuchwork.“Ihavedeadlineswhichwouldmakelifewithsomeoneelsefairlydifficult.”O(jiān)nlyanidealwomanwouldmakehimchangehislifestyle,hesays.Kaufrnann,authorofarecentbookcalled“TheSingleWomanandPrinceCharming,”thinksthisfiercenewindividualismmeansthatpeopleexpectmoreandmoreofmates,sorelationshipsdon’tlastlongiftheystartatall.EppendorfablondBerlinerwithadeeptan,teachesgradeschoolinthemornings.Intheafternoonshesunbathesorsleeps,restingupforgoingdancing.Justshyof50,shesaysshe’dneverhavewantedtodowhathermotherdidgiveupacareertoraiseafamily.Instead,“I’vealwaysdonewhatIwantedtodo:liveaself-determinedlife.”

1.MoreandmoreyoungEuropeansremainsinglebecause（

）.

2.WhatissaidaboutEuropeansocietyinthepassage?

3.AccordingtoParagraph3,thenewestgroupofsinglesare

（

）.

4.TheauthorquotesEppendorftoshowthat

（

）.

5.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.theyaredrivenbyanoverwhelmingsenseofindividualism

B.theyhaveenteredtheworkforceatamuchearlierage

C.theyhaveembracedabusinesscultureofstability

D.theyarepessimisticabouttheireconomicfuture

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Ithasfosteredthetrendtowardssmallfamilies.

B.ItisgettingclosertoAmericanstylecapitalism.

C.Ithaslimitedconsumerchoicedespiteafreemarket.

D.Itisbeingthreatenedbyirresistibleprivatization.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.warmandlightheated

B.oneithersideofmarriage

C.negativeandgloomy

D.healthyandwealthy

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.somemodernwomenpreferalifeofindividualfreedom

B.thefamilyisnolongerthebasicunitofsocietyinpresent-dayEurope

C.someprofessionalpeoplehavetoomuchworktodotofeellonely

D.mostEuropeansconceivelivingasinglelifeasunacceptable

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Toreviewtheimpactofwomenbecominghighearners.

B.Tocontemplatethephilosophyunderlyingindividualism.

C.Toexaminethetrendofyoungpeoplelivingalone.

D.Tostresstherebuildingofpersonalrelationships.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第一段中的Theshiftawayfromfamilylifetosololifestyle,observesaFrenchsociologist,ispartofthe"irresistiblemomentumofindividualism"overthelastcentury.（一位法國社會(huì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為，從家庭生活到獨(dú)處生活方式的轉(zhuǎn)變，是上個(gè)世紀(jì)“不可抗拒的個(gè)人主義勢(shì)頭”的一部分）可知A選項(xiàng)“他們受到強(qiáng)烈的個(gè)人主義的驅(qū)使”符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第二段中的Thecurrentgenerationofhome-alonerscameofageduringEurope'sshiftfromsocialdemocracytothesharper,moreindividualisticclimateofAmerican-stylecapitalism.（在歐洲從社會(huì)民主向更尖銳、更個(gè)人主義的美國式資本主義轉(zhuǎn)變的過程中，當(dāng)代的獨(dú)居者逐漸成熟）可知B選項(xiàng)“歐洲社會(huì)越來越接近美國式的資本主義”符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第三段中的thenewestcropofsinglesarehighearnersintheir30sand40swhoincreasinglyviewlivingaloneasalifestylechoice....Theywereyoung,beautifulandstrong!（最新一批單身人士是三四十歲的高收入者，他們?cè)絹碓秸J(rèn)為獨(dú)居是一種生活方式的選擇……他們年輕，漂亮，強(qiáng)壯?。┛芍狣選項(xiàng)“健康和富有”符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章最后一段中I'vealwaysdonewhatIwantedtodo:liveaself-determinedlife.（我總是做我想做的事：過一種自主的生活）可知A選項(xiàng)“一些現(xiàn)代女性更喜歡個(gè)人自由的生活”符合題意。

5.主旨大意題。文章第一段講述了越來越多的歐洲人選擇在年輕時(shí)保持單身；第二段講述了歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展促進(jìn)了獨(dú)立趨勢(shì)，使人們具有獨(dú)立生活的能力；第三段講述了越來越多的高收入者選擇獨(dú)居生活；第四段舉例人們選擇單身的原因與個(gè)人事業(yè)發(fā)展有關(guān)。本文一直都是圍繞單身這個(gè)主題來展開闡述，已經(jīng)成為一種趨勢(shì)，因此C選項(xiàng)“研究年輕人獨(dú)居的趨勢(shì)”符合題意。

11.單選題

Allanimals,especiallythesmallkind,appeartofeelanxiety.Humanshavefeltitsincethedaystheysharedtheplanetwithsaber-toothedtigers.Butweliveinaparticularlyanxiousage.TheinitialshockofSept.11haswornoff,andthefearhaslifted,butmillionsofAmericanscontinuetoshareakindofgeneralizedmassanxiety.ArecentTIME/CNNpollfoundthateightmonthsaftertheevent,nearlytwo-thirdsofAmericansthinkabouttheterrorattacksatleastseveraltimesaweek.Anditdoesn’ttakemuchforalltheoldfearstocomerushingback.Whatwassurprisingabouttherecentdrumbeatofterrorwarningswashowquicklyittriggeredtheanxietysomanyofusthoughtwehadputbehindus.

Thisisoneofthemysteriesofanxiety.Whileitisanormalresponsetophysicaldanger—andcanbeausefultoolforfocusingthemindwhenthere’sadeadlinelooming―anxietybecomesaproblemwhenitpersiststoolongbeyondtheimmediatethreat.Sometimesthere’sanobviouscause,aswiththeshell-shockedsoldiersofWorldWarIortheterror-scarredciviliansoftheWorldTradeCentercollapse.Othertimes,wedon’tknowwhywecan’tstopworrying.

Anxietydisorder—whichiswhathealthexpertscallanyanxietythatpersiststothepointthatitinterfereswithone’slife—isthemostcommonmentalillnessintheU.S.Initsvariousforms,rangingfromveryspecificphobiastogeneralizedanxietydisorder,itafflicts19millionAmericans(see“AreYouTooAnxious?”).

Inrecentyears,however,researchershavemadesignificantprogressinnailingdowntheunderlyingscienceofanxiety.Injustthepastdecade,theyhavecometoappreciatethatwhateverthefactorsthattriggeranxiety,itgrowsoutofaresponsethatishardwiredinourbrains.Theyhavelearned,amongotherthings:

—Thereisageneticcomponenttoanxiety;somepeopleseemtobebornworriers.

—Brainscanscanrevealdifferencesinthewaypatientswhosufferfromanxietydisordersrespondtodangersignals.

—Duetoashortcutinourbrain’sinformation-processingsystem,wecanrespondtothreatsbeforewebecomeawareofthem.

—Therootofananxietydisordermaynotbethethreatthattriggersitbutabreakdowninthemechanismthatkeepstheanxietyresponsefromcareeringoutofcontrol.

Beforewedelveintothelatestresearch,let’sdefineafewterms.Thoughweallhaveourownintuitivesenseofwhatthewordsstressandfearmean,scientistsusethesewordsinveryspecificways.Forthem,stressisanexternalstimulusthatsignalsdanger,oftenbycausingpain.Fearistheshort-termresponsesuchstressesproduceinmen,womenorlabrats.Anxietyhasalotofthesamesymptomsasfear,butit’safeelingthatlingerslongafterthestresshasliftedandthethreathaspassed.

Ingeneral,sciencehasahardtimepinningdownemotionsbecausetheyarebynaturesoslipperyandsubjective.Evenmostpeopleareascluelessaboutwhytheyhavecertainfeelingsastheyareabouthowtheirlungswork.Butfearistheonceaspectofanxietythat’seasytorecognize.Ratsfreezeinplace.Humansbreakoutinacoldsweat.Heartbeatsrace,andbloodpressurerises.Thatgivesscientistssomethingtheycancontrolandmeasure.

Indeed,alotofwhatresearchershavelearnedaboutthebiologyofanxietycomesfromscaringratsandthencuttingthemopen.Theresearchersdestroysmallportionsoftherats’brainstoseewhateffectthathasontheirreactions(anexperimentthatwouldbeimpossibletoconductinhumans).Bypainstakinglymatchingthedamagedareaswithchangesinbehavior,scientistshave,bitbybit,createdaroadmapoffearasittravelsthroughtherat’sbrain.

Thejourneybeginswhenarat(we’llgettohumanslater)feelsthestress,inthiscaseanelectricshock.Therat’ssensesimmediatelysendamessagetothecentralportionofitsbrain,wherethestimulusactivatestwoneuralpathways.Oneofthesepathwaysisarelativelylong,circuitousroute(迂回路徑)throughthecortex(腦皮層)wherethebraindoesitsmostelaborateandaccurateprocessingofinformation.Theotherrouteisakindofemergencyshortcutthatquicklyreachesanalmond-shapedclusterofcellscalledtheamygdala(扁桃體).

What’sspecialabouttheamygdalaisthatitcanquicklyactivatejustabouteverysysteminthebodytofightlikethedevilorrunlikecrazy.It’snotdesignedtobeaccurate,justfast.Ifyouhaveevergonehikingandbeenstartledbyasnakethatturnedouttobeastick,youcanthankyouramygdala.

Butwhiletheamygdalaisbusytellingthebodywhattodo,italsofiresupanearbycurvedclusterofneuronscalledthehippocampus(大腦側(cè)面室腦壁上的隆起物).(A16thcenturyanatomistnameditaftertheGreekwordforseahorse.)Thejobofthehippocampusistohelpthebrainlearnandformnewmemories.Andnotjustanymemories.Thehippocampusallowsarattorememberwhereitwaswhenitgotshockedandwhatwasgoingonarounditatthetime.Suchcontextuallearninghelpsthepoorrodentavoiddangerousplacesinthefuture.Itprobablyalsohelpsitrecognizewhatsituationsarelikelytoberelativelysafe.Thismakessense,intermsofsurvival.Afterall,it’sbettertopanicunnecessarilythantobetoorelaxedinthefaceoflife-threateningdanger.

Discoveringthisbasicneuralcircuitryturnedouttobeakeybreakthroughinunderstandinganxiety.Itshowedthattheanxietyresponseisn’tnecessarilycausedbyanexternalthreat;rather,itmaybetracedtoabreakdowninthemechanismthatsignalsthebraintostopresponding.Justasacarcangooutofcontrolduetoeitherastuckacceleratororfailedbrakes,it’snotalwaysclearwhichpartofthebrainisatfault.Itmayturnoutthatsomeanxietydisordersarecausedbyanoveractiveamygdala(theaccelerator)whileothersarecausedbyanunderactiveprefrontalcortex(callitthebrake).

Ofcourse,whatyouwouldreallyliketoknowiswhetheranyoftheworkdoneinratsappliestohumans.Clearlyresearcherscan’tgoaroundperformingbrainsurgeryontheamygdalasoflivingpatientstoseeifitaffectstheiranxietylevels.Butthefascinatingcaseofawomanknownonlybyherresearchnumber,SM046,suggeststhatwhenitcomestofear,rodentsandhominidsreallyaren’tsodifferent.

Owingtoanunusualbraindisorder,SM046hasadefectiveamygdala.Asaresult,herbehaviorisabnormalinaveryparticularway.WhenscientistsattheUniversityofIowashowSM046picturesofaseriesoffaces,shehasnotroublepickingoutthosethatarehappy,sadorangry.Butifthefaceisdisplayingfear,shecannotrecognizethefeeling.Sheidentifiesitasafaceexpressing,someintenseemotion,butthatisall.HerunusualconditionstronglysuggeststhateveninHomosapiens,feartakesholdintheamygdala.

Eventually,researcherswouldliketolearnwhatroleourgenes,asopposedtoourenvironment,playinthedevelopmentofanxiety.“Ithasbeenknownforsometimethatthesedisordersruninfamilies.”saysKennethKendler,apsychiatricgeneticistatVirginiaCommonwealthUniversityinRichmond,Va.“Sothenextlogicalquestionisthenature-nurtureissue.”Inotherwords,areanxiouspeoplebornthatway,ordotheybecomeanxiousasaresultoftheirlifeexperiences?

Kendlerandhiscolleaguesapproachedthequestionbystudyinggroupsofidenticaltwins,whosharevirtuallyalltheirgenes,andfraternaltwins,who,likeanyothersiblings,shareonlysomeofthem.WhatKendler’sgroupfoundwasthatbothidenticaltwinsweresomewhatmorelikelythanbothfraternaltwinstosufferfromgeneralizedanxietydisorder,phobiasorpanicattacks.(Theresearchershavenotyetstudiedtwinswithpost-traumaticstressdisorderorobsessive-compulsivedisorder.)

Thecorrelationisn’t100%,however.“Mostoftheheritabilityisintherangeof30%to40%,”Kendlersays.That’safairlymoderategeneticimpact,henotes,“Yourgenessetyourgeneralvulnerability,”heconcludes.“Youcanbealow-vulnerable,intermediate-vulnerableorahigh-vulnerableperson.”Butyourupbringingandyourexperiencesstillhaveamajorroletoplay.Someonewithalowgeneticvulnerability,forexample,couldeasilydevelopafearofflyingaftersurvivingahorrificplanecrash.

Therearenoguidebookstotellyouwhenit’ssafetoventureoutagain.Inmanyways,thewholecountrywasmadepartofanunwittingexperimentinmassanxiety.Ourbrainsareevennowintheprocessofrewiringthemselves.Howsuccessfullywenavigatethisdelicatetransitionwilldependalotonourgenes,ourenvironmentandanyfutureattacks.

1.Anxietycanbeausefultoolforfocusingthemindwhen（

）.

2.NowintheUnitedStates,about19millionpeoplearesufferingfrom

（

）.

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementaboutfearisNOTtrue?

4.Generally,scientistsfindithardtostudyemotionsbecause

（

）.

5.Asfeartravelsthroughtherat'sbrain,scientistshave,bitbybit,createdaroadmapoffearby（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thereisanobviouscauseofanxiety.

B.weknowwhywecanstopworrying

C.itpersiststoolongbeyondtheimmediate

D.thereisadeadlinelooming.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.terrorwarning

B.mentalillness

C.anxietydisorder

D.physicaldanger

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Fearistheexternalstimulusthatsignalsdanger.

B.Fearistheshort-termresponsestressesproduceinmen.

C.Fearhasalotofthesamesymptomsasanxiety.

D.Fearistheaspectofanxietythatiseasytorecognize.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.theyarethenatureofhumanbeings

B.onlyfeariseasytorecognize

C.mostpeopleareasclueless

D.theyareslipperyandsubjective

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.studyingitsreactionafterbeingcutoffsomeportionsofbrain

B.sendingamessagetothecentralportionofitsbrain

C.measuringitsbloodpressure

D.matchingthedamagedareaswithchangesinbehavior

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第二段中的Thisisoneofthemysteriesofanxiety.Whileitisanormalresponsetophysicaldanger—andcanbeausefultoolforfocusingthemindwhenthere'sadeadlinelooming（這是焦慮的奧秘之一。雖然這是對(duì)身體危險(xiǎn)的正常反應(yīng)，但在最后期限即將來臨的時(shí)候，它可以成為集中注意力的有用工具）可知選D。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第三段中的itafflicts19millionAmericans（它折磨著1,900萬美國人）可知句中的“it”指代前面提及的“Anxietydisorder”，因此選C。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第五段中的stressisanexternalstimulusthatsignalsdanger,oftenbycausingpain.Fearistheshort-termresponsesuchstressesproduceinmen,womenorlabrats.Anxietyhasalotofthesamesymptomsasfear（壓力是一種外部刺激，通常通過引起疼痛來發(fā)出危險(xiǎn)信號(hào)?？謶质嵌唐诜磻?yīng)，這種壓力會(huì)在男性、女性或?qū)嶒?yàn)室老鼠身上產(chǎn)生。焦慮和恐懼有很多相同的癥狀。）和第六段中的Butfearistheonceaspectofanxietythat'seasytorecognize（但恐懼是焦慮的一方面，很容易識(shí)別）可知A表示不正確，根據(jù)題干中的“NOTtrue”，因此選A。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第六段中的Ingeneral,sciencehasahardtimepinningdownemotionsbecausetheyarebynaturesoslipperyandsubjective.（一般來說，科學(xué)很難壓制情緒，因?yàn)樗鼈兲焐秃芑椭饔^）可知選D。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第七段中的Bypainstakinglymatchingthedamagedareaswithchangesinbehavior,scientistshave,bitbybit,createdaroadmapoffearasittravelsthroughtherat'sbrain.（通過努力將受損的區(qū)域與行為的變化相匹配，科學(xué)家們一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)地創(chuàng)造了一張?jiān)诶鲜蟠竽X中傳播的恐懼路線圖）可知D選項(xiàng)“將受損區(qū)域與行為變化相匹配”符合題意。

12.單選題

Therearetwomainthingsthatmakeaircraftengineeringdifficult:theneedtomakeeverycomponentasreliableaspossibleandtheneedtobuildeverythingaslightaspossible.Thefactthatanairplaneisupintheairandcannotstopifanythinggoeswrong,makesitperhapsamatteroflifeanddeaththatitsperformanceisabsolutelydependable.

Givenacertainpowerofengine,andconsequentlyacertainfuelconsumption,thereisapracticallimittothetotalweightofanaircraftthatcanbemadetofly.Outofthatweightasmuchaspossibleiswantedforfuel,radionavigationalinstruments,passengerseats,orfreightroom,andofcourse,thepassengersandaircraftthemselves.Sothestructureoftheaircrafthastobeassmallandlightassafetyandefficiencywillallow.Thedesignersofitmustcalculatethenormalloadthateachpartwillbear.Thisspecialistiscalledthe"stressman".Hetakesaccountofanyunusualstressthatmaybeputonthepartasaprecautionagainsterrorsinmanufacture,accidentdamage,etc.

Thestressman'scalculationsgotothedesignerofthepart,andhemustmakeitasstrongasthestressmansayisnecessary.Oneortwosamplesarealwaystestedtoprovethattheyareasstrongasthedesignerintended.Eachseparatepartistested,andthenthewholeassembly—forexample,acompletewing,andfinallythewholeairplane.Whenanewtypeofairplaneismade,normallyonlyoneofthefirstthreewillbeflown.Twowillbedestroyedonthegroundinstructuraltests.Thethirdonewillbetestedintheair.

Whenaplanehaspassedallthetestsitcangetagovernmentcertificateofairworthiness,withoutwhichitisillegaltofly,exceptfortestflying.

Makingtheworkingpartsreliableisasdifficultasmakingthestructurestrongenough.Theflyingcontrols,theelectricalequipment,thefireprecautions,etc.mustnotonlybelightinweight,butmustworkbothathighaltitudeswherethetemperaturemaybebelowfreezingpointandinthehotairofanairfieldinthetropics.

Tosolvealltheseproblemstheaircraftindustryhasalargenumberofresearchworkers,withelaboratelaboratoriesandtesthousesandnewmaterialstogivethebeststrengthinrelationtoweightareconstantlybeingtested.

1.Thetwomainrequirementsofaircraftdesignare（

）.

2.Themaximumpossibleweightofanaircraftisdeterminedby

（

）.

3.Thestressman'sjobisto

（

）.

4.Thefirstthreeairplanesofanewtype

（

）.

5.Allequipmentinanaircraftmust（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.speedandcost

B.reliabilityandpassengercomfort

C.lightnessanddependability

D.abilitytostayupintheairandreliability

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.theengineerpower

B.theamountoffreightroom

C.thenumberofpassengers

D.internationalregulations

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.testhowsafetheplaneis

B.calculatehowstrongeachpartmustbe

C.workouthowheighttheplanemayflyat

D.controltheamountofluggageeachpassengermaycarry

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.areonlyforshow

B.arealldestroyed

C.arelaterbrokenupforspareparts

D.areusedfortestingpurposes

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.betestedtodestruction

B.notbetoolightinweight

C.workespeciallywellathightemperatures

D.workperfectlywithinawiderangeoftemperatures

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第一段中的Therearetwomainthingsthatmakeaircraftengineeringdifficult:theneedtomakeeverycomponentasreliableaspossibleandtheneedtobuildeverythingaslightaspossible.（有兩件主要的事情使飛機(jī)工程變得困難：需要使每一個(gè)部件盡可能可靠，以及需要建造一切盡可能輕的東西）可知C選項(xiàng)“輕便與可靠性”符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第二段中的Givenacertainpowerofengine,andconsequentlyacertainf