謂語用來說明主語的動作或狀態(tài)；動詞是表示動作或狀態(tài)的詞，具有時態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣和人稱、數(shù)的變化。實義動詞：及物動詞、不及物動詞連系動詞助動詞情態(tài)動詞Verbs動詞1.實義動詞(notional

verb):能獨立做謂語的動詞及物動詞vt.本身意思不完整，需要接賓語才能使其意思完整不及物動詞vi.自身意思完整，無需接賓語學(xué)習(xí)英語。We

study

English.從東方升起。The

sun

rises

in

the

east.Verbs動詞2.連系動詞（linking

verb)

:連系主語和表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)特征或

等。(1).表示特征或狀態(tài)be,

seem,

appear,

look,

sound,

feel,

taste,smell(2).表示保持某種狀態(tài)continue,

keep,

remain,

stand,

prove,

stay,turn

outThe

meeting

turned

out

to

be

successful.The

shop

stays

open

till

nine

o’clock.(3).表示狀態(tài)變化e,

get,

grow,

turn,

fall,

come,

go,

runWrong

never

comes

right.The

river

runs

dry.*make

（有條件成為）“變成”類系動詞及搭配1.形容詞作表語1）go+adj.表示令人不快的事情

come+

adj.

則表示好的事情In

hot

weather,

meat

goes

bad.Things

will

come

right

in

.He

went

mad/crazy.run

+short,

out,

dry,

low,

deep(主語多為能流動，能消耗的東西)Their

money

was

running

short.Still

waters

run

deep.Don’t

let

the

children

run

wild不要讓孩子們毫無約束（變野了）grow+靜態(tài)形容詞，側(cè)重于“逐漸變成”The

girl

grows

thinner

and

thinner.Soon

the

sky

grew

light.turn+表示顏色/天氣的形容詞，側(cè)重變得與以前完全不同The

man

turned

blue

with

fear.因害怕，這個人變得憂郁起來。The

weather

suddenly

turned

much

colder.5)

fall

+asleep,silent,ill(不能接形容詞She

fell

ill

from

cold.(×)

She

fell

worse.(√)

She

got

worse.)6)get+adj.口語，用得廣泛，較多地與形容詞連用e較正式He

became

(got)

angry.His

coat

has e

(got)

badly

torn.The

days

are

getting

shorter

and

shorter.注意：

e一般不用于

“將來成為”的意思(×)

I

hope

you’ll ewell.(√)

I

hope

you

will

get

well.e,turn,get

,go,

fall能用名詞作表語

His

dream

has e

(got)

a

reality.He

has

turned

scientist.He

has

gone

socialist.He

fell

(a)

victim

to

cancer.注意：go,

turn后面的名詞通常不帶冠詞e,

grow,get+

to

do

表示變化過程I’ve

really

come

to

love

this

place.表示最終變得Mary’s

growing

to

be

more

and

more

likeher

mother.表示漸漸變得注意：不能用于帶有一段時間的完成時態(tài)(×)

They

have

got

to

know

each

other

foryears.(√)

They

have known

each

other

for

years.4.接介詞短語，固定搭配They

went

(grow)

out

of

fashion.They

ran

out

of

money.The

problem

will

come

under

discussion.They

fell

behind

the

others.What

has e

of

the

girl?It’sgetting

near

tea-time.動詞的時態(tài)與語態(tài)同方專轉(zhuǎn)本動詞的時態(tài)時間方式一般進(jìn)行完成完成進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在dodoesam/is/arenghas/havedonehas/havebeen

ng過去didwas/werenghaddonehad

beenng將來will

dowill

bengwill

havedonewill

havebeen

ng過去將來woulddowouldbe

ngwouldhavedonewouldhavebeen

ng1)經(jīng)常性或一、一般現(xiàn)在時的用法性的動作，常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用。(時間狀語：every…,sometimes,at…,on

Sunday)I

leave

home

for

school

at

7

every

morning.He

cycles

to

work

every

day.2)

客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實。

The

earth

moves

around

the

sun.Shanghai

lies

in

the

east

of

China.Water

boils

at

100

centigrade

degrees.3)

表示格言或警句中。Pride

goes

before

a

fall.

驕者必敗。注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時。例如：Columbus

proved

that

the

earth

is

round.4)

現(xiàn)在時刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個性。I

likes

coffee.We

are

ready

to

help

others.一般現(xiàn)在時的特殊用法按計劃、規(guī)定或安排要發(fā)生的動作(come,go,be,arrive,

leave,

start,begin,end,

return,

takeoff,

stop,sail,open,close)The

train

starts

at

8

o’clock.When

does

the

bus

start?

It

starts

in

tenminutes.在時間、條件和狀語從句中，如果主語是將來時或主句是祈使句，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時表一般將來時。Even

if

he

doesn’t

come

this

Sunday,

I’ll

goswimming

myself.l

him

the

news

as

soon

as

hecomes.二、一般過去時的用法1）在確定的過去時間里所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。時間狀語有：yesterday,

last

week,

an

hourago,

the

other

day,in

1982等。

Where

did

you

go

just

now?I

saw

Tomin

the

street

yesterday.I

bought

this

TV

set

in

Beijing

last

year.性2）表示在過去一段時間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或的動作。When

I

was

a

child,

I

often

played

football

inthe

street.He

always

went

to

work

by

bus.He

used

to

act

likethat.用過去時表示現(xiàn)在，表示語氣委婉禮貌。動詞want,hope,wonder,think,

intend

等。例如：Did

you

want

anything

else?I

wanted

to

ask

you

about

that.Did

you

want

to

speak

to

me

now?I

wondered

if

you

could

help

me.情態(tài)動詞could,

would，例如：

Could

you

lend

me

your

bike?用在條件句中表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硎聦嵅环奶摂M語氣。If

I

were

a

bird,

I

would

fly

to

Beijing.If

he

were

here

now,

we

could

turn

to

him

forhelp.注意比較下列句型：◎

It

is

time

for

sb.

to

do

sth該……了”，例如：It

is

time

for

you

to

go

to

bed.“到……時間了；你該睡覺了?！騃t

is

time sb.did

sth.

“時間已遲了；早該……了”，例如：It

is

time

you

went

to

bed.

你早該睡覺了。表示“寧愿某◎

would

(had) rather

sb.

did

sth.人做某事”，例如：I'd

rather

you

came

tomorrow.三、一般將來時shall用于第一人稱，常被will

所代替。will

在陳述句中用于各人稱，在征求意見時常用于第二人稱。Which

paragraph

shall

I

read

？Will

you

be

at

home

at

seven

thisevening?be

going

to+不定式，表示將來。主語的意圖，即將做某事或打算做某事。What

are

you

going

todotomorrow?計劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。The

play

is

going

to

be

produced

nextmonth.有跡象要發(fā)生的事Look

at

the

dark

clouds;

there

is

going

to

be

a

storm.be+不定式表將來，按計劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。We

are

to

discuss

the

report

next

Saturday.4)

be

about

to+不定式，意為馬上做某事。

He

is

about

to

leave

for

Beijing.注意：be

about

to

不能與tomorrow,next

week

等表示明確將來時的時間狀語連用?！頱e

going

to/will的用法之比較：用于條件句時，be

going to表將來，will表意愿例如：If

you

are

going

to

make

a

journey,

you'd

better

getready

for

it

as

soon

as

possible.Now

if

you

will

take

off

your

clothes,

we

will

fit

thenew

clothes

on

you

in

front

of

the

mirror.☆beto和be

going

to

的用法之比較：be

to

表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事。而begoing

to

則表示

的打算或計劃。例如：I

am

to

play

football

tomorrow

afternoon.(客觀安排)I'm

going

to

play

football

tomorrow

afternoon.(

安排)四、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時1.

表示現(xiàn)在(指說話人說話時)正在發(fā)生的事情。例如：2.We

are

waiting

for

you.進(jìn)行：表示長期的或重復(fù)性的動作，說話時動作未必正在進(jìn)行。例如：Mr.

Green

is

writing

another

novel.(說話時并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。)She

is

learning

piano

under

Mr.Smith.表示漸變的動詞有：get,

grow,

e,

turn,run,

go,

begin等。The

leaves

are

turning

red.It's

getting

warmer

and

warmer.與always,constantly,forever等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的色彩。You

are

always

changing

your

mind.知識擴(kuò)展：不用進(jìn)行時的動詞事實狀態(tài)的動詞。如：have,belong,possess,cost,

owe,exist,

include,

contain,matter,weigh,measure,

continueI

have

two

brothers.This

house

belongs

to

my

sister.心理狀態(tài)的動詞。如：know,realize,

think

see,believe,suppose,imagine,agree,recognize,remember,want,need,f

et,prefer,mean,understand,love,

hateI

need

your

help.

He

loves

her

very

much.瞬間動詞。如：accept,receive,

complete,

finish,give,

allow,decide,refuse.I

accept

your

advice.系動詞。如：seem,

remain,

lie,

see,

hear,

smell,feel,

taste,get, e,

turnYou

seem

a

little

tired.五、過去進(jìn)行時概念：表示過去某時正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動作。過去進(jìn)行時的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；一個長動作發(fā)生的時候，另一個短動作發(fā)生3)

常用的時間狀語有：this

morning,

the wholemorning,

all

day

yesterday,

from

nine

to

ten

lastevening,

when,

while例句：My

brother

fell

while

he

was

riding

his

bicycleand

hurt

himself.It

was

raining

when

they

left

the

station.When

I

got

to

the

top

of

the

mountain,

the

sunwas

shining.典型例題Mary

a

dress

when

she

cut

her

finger.A.

made

B.

is

making

C.

was

making

D.

makes答案C.割傷手指是已發(fā)生的事情，應(yīng)用過去時。同時，when表時間的同時性，"在做衣服時"提供事情發(fā)生的背景，因此用過去進(jìn)行時。Asshe

the

newsp

r,Granny

asleep.A.

read;

was

falling B.

was

reading;

fellC.

was

reading;

was

falling D.

read;

fell答案B.句中的as

=when,while，意為"當(dāng)……之時"。描述一件事發(fā)生的背景時，用過去進(jìn)行；一個長動作發(fā)生的時候，另一個短動作發(fā)生。句意為

"在她看報紙時，

睡著了。"句中的

fell(fall的過去時)，是系動詞，后跟形容詞，如：fall

sick。1.

—

Look!

How

wonderful

my

car

is!

Oh,

Jack.

What

areyou

thinking

about?

Don’t

you

like

it?—

I’m

sorry

I

any

remark

about

it

in

time.

Icertainly

thinkit’s

smart.A.

wasn’t

making B.

don’t

makeC.

won’t

makeD.

didn’t

make2.

To

find

the

street

where

I

lived

in

my

childhood

is

noeasytaskbecausethecity

so

rapidly

all

theseyears.A.

ischanging B.

haschangedC.

will

have

changed D.

will

change3.

He

quite

well,

but

he

hasn’t

had

time

to

swimsince

thissummer.A.

will

swim B.

have

swum C.

swamD.

swims4.

Jimmy

said

that

he

would

come

to

pick

me

up,

but

heby

now.A.

hasn’t

turned

upC.

won’t

turn

upB.

doesn’t

turn

upD.

hadn’tturned

up5.I’m

terriblysorryforbeing

late,but

I

the

wrongbus.A.

catch B.

hadcaughtC.

caughtD.

catching7.

The

truth,

sir,

is

that

the

old

man

across theroad

when

my

car

hit

him.A.

was

to

walk B.

hadbeenwalkingC.

walkedD.

was

walking8.

I

really

don’t

think

Rose

will

be

upset,

but

I

will

go

andseeherincaseshe

.A.

isB.

does C.

will

be D.

has

been9.

The

computers

made

by

our

company

sell

best,

butseveral

years

ago

no

one

could

have

imagined

the

rolein

the

markets

that

they

.A.

were

playingB.

were

to

playC.

h

layed D.played10.

—

Kate

is

in

hospital.—

Oh,

really?

I.

visit

her.A.

didn’t

know;

I’ll

go

andB.

don’t

know;

I’ll

goandC.

don’t

know;

I’m

going

to D.

didn’t

know;

I’mgoing

to11.

—

Where

the guidebook?

I

can’t

see

itanywhere.—I

it

right

here,

but

now

it’s

gone.A.

didyou

put;

have

put B.

had

you

put;

have

putC.

have

you

put;

put D.

were

you

putting;

put14.

—

Do

you

live

in

thiscity?—No,we

it

for

holidays.A.

justvisit B.

justvisited C.

are

just

visitingD.

havevisited15.

—

How

is

theold

mannow?—

Sorry,

he

though they

did

all

they

could

tosave

him.16.The

lake

will

be

further

polluted

unless

some

measuresB.

are

taken

.A.

will

be

taken C.

were

taken D.

hadbeen

taken17.I’mafraiditwillbetwomonths

.A.

when

I

come

backB.

when

I’ll

come

backC.

before

I

come

back D.

before

I’ll

come

back18.The

workers

busily when

the

boss came

to

lookforsomethinghe

in

the

office.A.

had

worked,

had

leftB.

were

working

;

had

leftD.

had

worked;

leftC.

working

;

hadleft21.Thenotice

“No

smoking”.A.

is

toldB.readsC.

ls D.

is

read六、現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成：助動詞have(has)+動詞的過去分詞注：has

用于第三人稱單數(shù),have

用于其他所有人稱。現(xiàn)在完成時的用法：（1）現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。通常與表示包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的時間副詞just，already,before,yet,never,ever等狀語連用。例如：①

I

have

never

heard

of

that

before.②

Have

you

ever

ridden

a

horse?③

She

has

already

finished

the

work.④

Have

you

milked

the

cow

yet?

Yes,

I

havedone

that

already.⑤

I’ve

just

lost

my

science

book.（2）現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,也許還會持續(xù)下去的動作或狀態(tài)?？梢院捅硎緩倪^去某一時刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)）的一段時間的狀語連用。如：for和since，以及so

far,now,today,this

week(month,year)

等。①

I

haven’t

seen

her

these

days.②

She

has

learnt

English

for

3

years.③

They

have

lived

here

since

1990.④

What

has

happened

to

the

USA

in

the

last

350

years?注意：表示短暫時間動作的詞，如come,go,die,marry,buy等的完成時不能與for,since等表示一段時間的短語連用。（3）現(xiàn)在完成時還可以用在時間和條件狀語從句中,表示將來某時完成的動作，例如：I’ll

go

to

your

home

when

I

have

finished

my.If

it

has

stopped

snowing

in

the

morning,

we’llgo

to

the

park.（4）

have

been

(to)和have

gone

(to)的區(qū)別：★have/hasbeen(to)表示“曾經(jīng)去過”某地，說話時此人很可能不在那里，已經(jīng)回來。側(cè)重指經(jīng)歷。“已經(jīng)去了”某地，反正不在這★have/has

gone

(to)

表示說話時此人在那里，或可能在里。試比較：He

has

been

to

Beijing.

他曾去過（人已回來，可能在這兒）。一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時之比較過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作；現(xiàn)在完成時為過去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語◎一般過去時的時間狀語有：yesterday,lastweek，…ago,

in1980,

in

October,just

now,具體的時間狀語?！蚬餐臅r間狀語有：this

morning,

tonight,

thisApril,now,once，before,already,recently，la

y等?！颥F(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語有：for,since,so

far,ever,never,just,

yet,

till/until,up

to

now,in

pastyears

always

等不確定的時間狀語請大家認(rèn)真分析比較下列各例句：I

saw

this

film

yesterday.(強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動作發(fā)生過了)I

have

seen

this

film.（強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了)She

has

returned

from

Paris.（她已從巴黎回來了。

She

returned

yesterday.（她是昨天回來了。）He

has

been

in

the

League

for

three

years.(在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))He

joined

the

League

three

years

ago.(三年前入團(tuán)，joined為短暫行為。)注意：句子中過去時的時間副詞（如

yesterday,last

week,in

1960）時，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時，要用過去時。例如：（錯）Tom

has

written

a letter

to

his

parents

lastnight.（對）Tom

wrote

a

letter

to

his

parents

last

night.典型例題：1.

You

don't

need

to

describe

her.

I

her

severaltimes.A.

had

met B.

have

met C.

met D.

meet答案B；首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道模樣，你不用描述。再次，several times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時。2.

---

I'm

sorry

to

keep

you

waiting.---Oh,notatall.I

here

only

a

few

minutes.A.

have

been B.

had

been C.

was D.

will

be答案A

；等待的動作由過去開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時。七、過去完成時的用法1、概念：表示過去的過去。-----------|----------------|--------------------|---->那時以前

那時

現(xiàn)在其結(jié)構(gòu)是：had+過去分詞2、過去完成時的用法：過去完成時表示過去某一時刻或者某一動作之前完成的動作或狀態(tài)；句中常用by,before,until,when等詞引導(dǎo)的時間狀語。By of

last

year

we

had

built

five

new

houses.

Ihad

learnt

5,000

words

before

I

entered

the

university.過去完成時的動詞還可以表示過去某一時刻之前發(fā)生的動作或者狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過去某個時間或者持續(xù)下去Before

he

slept,he

had

worked

for

12hours.在told,said,knew,heard,thought等動詞后的賓語從句。She

said

(that)

shehad

never

been

toParis.在過去不同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時When

the

arrived,

the

thieves

had

runaway.表示意向的動詞，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用過去完成時表示"原本…，未能…"We

had

hoped

that

you

would

come,

but

youdidn't.過去完成時的時間狀語before,

by,

until

,when,

after,

once,

as

soon

as。Tom

was

disappointed

that

most

of

the

guestshad

left

when

he

arrived

at

the

party.用一般過去時代替完成時兩個動作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或用then，and，but

等連詞時，多用一般過去時。When

she

saw

the

mouse，she

screamed.My

aunt

gave

me

a

hat

and

I

lost

it.兩個動作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過去時；如第一個動作需要若干時間完成，用過去完成時。When

I

heard

the

news,

I

was

very

excited.敘述歷史事實，可不用過去完成時，而只用一般過去時。Our

teacher

told

us

that

Columbus

discoveredAmerica

in

1492.時間現(xiàn)在過去那時所預(yù)見的情況八、一般過去將來時一、基本概念：過去將來時表示從過去的某一時間看將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。它是一個相對的時態(tài)，即立足于過去某時，從過去的某一時間看即將發(fā)生的事情就要用這一時態(tài)。He

said

his

mother

would

buy

a

bike

for

himMy

brother

told

me

he

wouldn’t

believe

Jackany

more.Would

it

be if

he

knew

his

illness?二、基本形式：would／should＋動詞（其中

would

用于各種人稱，should

常用于第一人稱）。例如：They

were

sure

they

would

win

the

final

victory．他們堅信會贏得最后勝利。He

didn't

expect

that

we

should（would）all

bethere．他沒想到

都在那里。上述兩個例句中的賓語從句謂語

would

win

和should（would）be

分別與其主句謂語

were

sure

和didn't

expect

相對應(yīng)。三、過去將來時的一些其它表達(dá)形式：was／were＋going

to＋動詞He

said

he

was

going

to

try．他說他準(zhǔn)備試試。was／were＋to＋動詞They

said

the

railway

was

to

be

opened

to

trafficon

May

Day．他們說這條鐵路將在五一節(jié)通車。was／were

about＋動詞We

were

about

to

go

out

when

it

began

to

rain．正要出去天（突然）下起雨來。過去進(jìn)行時（一般多為動作概念較強(qiáng)的動詞，如go，come，leave，start，open，begin

等）也可用于表示將來。I

didn't

know

when

they

were

coming

again．我不知道他們什么時候再來。四、用法

：

1．在時間和條件狀語從句中，常用一般過去時來表示過去將來時。例如：He

said

he

would

come

to

see

you

when

he

hadtime．他說他有時間就來看望你。2．“would＋動詞

”可表示過去

性的動作。此時，不管什么人稱，都可用would。When

he

was

a

child

he

would

get

up

early．他年幼時，總是很早起床。1.Theoldman

two

days

after

he

had

been

sent

to

hospital.A.

diedB.

would

die C.

haddied D.

hasdied2.

Old

McDonald

gave

up

smoking

for

a

while,

but

soon

tohis

oldways.A.

returnedB.returns C.

wasreturning D.

hadreturnedA.

hoped;wouldeB.

had

hoped;wouldeC.

had

hoped;

willeD.

hope;

will

eI

my

son

a

doctor,

but

he

wasn’t

good

enough

atscience.I

to

take

a

good

holiday

this

year,

but

I

wasn’t

able

to

getaway.A.

hope B.

have

hopedC.had

hopedD.

hoped5.

Helen

her key

in

the

office

so

she

had

to

wait

until

herhusband

home.A.has

left;comesB.

left;

hadcomeD.

had

left;

wouldcomeC.had

left;

came動詞的語態(tài)主動語態(tài)：句子的主語是謂語動作的發(fā)出者We

all

respect

Lei

Feng.語態(tài)：句子的主語是謂語動詞的接受者Lei

Feng

is

respected

by

us

all.被動語態(tài)be+V-ed(助動詞be的變化形式＋表意動詞的過去分詞一般現(xiàn)在時一般過去時一般將來時過去將來時現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時過去進(jìn)行時現(xiàn)在完成時過去完成時am/is/are

donewas/were

donewill

be

donewould

be

doneam/is/are

being

donewas/were

being

donehas/have

been

donehad

been

done一、語態(tài)的基本用法：1.

語態(tài)的構(gòu)成：分詞構(gòu)成。時態(tài)通過be語態(tài)由助動詞be加過去來有人給你打

。You

are

wanted

on

the

phone.這本書是上周完成的The

book

was

finished

last

week.明天讓你出去。You’llbe

allowed

to

go

out

tomorrow.這幢樓正在建設(shè)之中。

The

building

is

being

built.那時正在修自行車。The

bikes

were

being

repaired.這本書已被翻譯成英語。This

book

has

been

translatedintoEnglish.這時汽車已經(jīng)修完了。The

carhasbeenrepaired.2.1）語態(tài)主要用法不知道或沒必要說明動作的執(zhí)行者是誰（這時都不帶by

引起的短語）The

book

is

written

for

teachers.2)動作的承受者是談話的中心（這時都帶有by

引起的短語）The

shop

is

run

by

the

young

man.3)出于禮貌措辭等方面的考慮不愿說出動作的執(zhí)行者是誰It

is

generally

considered

not

advisableto

smoke

here.一般認(rèn)為在這兒吸煙是不妥的。4）