Unit3

UnderstandingCommunicationUnit3

UnderstandingCommunic1CommunicationisCulturallyRelativeCommunicationisCulturallyRe2WordStudyseamlessmechanismdesignateattorneyenormousdeflectheterogeneityegotisticalunfeasibleWordStudyseamless3WordStudydeemironycategorizehomogeneousaffiliationstereotypedelicacygarrulouscomplimentvestWordStudydeem4WordStudyhypocriticaluntrustworthysarcasmsolicitequivocaloverbearingself-evidencetalkdowncurtailplaguestereotypeWordStudyhypocritical5WordStudyactivatepre-programaccountableenthusiasticcompartmentalizebluntcrediblearticulateentrantWordStudyactivate6WordStudyidentifyambiguityassertioncohesiveexcessiveinextricablymanifestinternalizeembeddemonstrateWordStudyidentify7WordStudy

seamlessmechanismdesignateattorneyenormousdeflectheterogeneityegotisticalunfeasible無縫的；完全平滑的技巧；途徑指明，標出代理人；律師巨大的；極大地轉移，引開多樣性；不等同性自負的辦不到的；行不通的WordStudyseamless無縫的；完全平滑的8deemironycategorizehomogeneousaffiliationstereotypedelicacygarrulouscomplimentvest認為冷嘲；反語把…分類同類的；相似的從屬關系對…產(chǎn)生成見美味；佳肴饒舌的；喋喋不休的贊美；恭維賦予，給予deem認為9hypocriticaluntrustworthysarcasmsolicitequivocaloverbearingself-evidenttalkdowncurtailplaguestereotype虛偽的不能信任的，不可靠的諷刺，挖苦征求；征集多義的；有歧義的傲慢的不證自明的，不言而喻的以居高臨下的口氣說話截短，縮短折磨；煩擾陳規(guī)，老套hypocritical虛偽的10activatepre-programaccountableenthusiasticcompartmentalizebluntcrediblearticulateentrant使活動起來；使起作用預先編制程序負有責任的極感興趣的分隔；細分不轉彎抹角的可信的；可靠的吐字清晰的；表達得清楚有力的進入者；參加競賽者activate使活動起來；使起作用11identifyambiguityassertioncohesiveexcessiveinextricablymanifestinternalizeembeddemonstrate認同，認為同一意義不明確；模棱兩可主張；斷言有凝聚力的;緊密結合的

過多的；過分的無法擺脫地顯現(xiàn)使內(nèi)在化埋置；把…嵌入論證，證明identify認同，認為同一12Whatisculturallyrelativeincommunication?WhentotalkWhattosayPacingandpausingListeningIndirectnessWhatisculturallyrelativein13WhentotalkTostartonthemostgenerallevel,thequestionofwhentotalkisculturallyrelative.Moreover,culturesdifferwithrespecttowhatisperceivedassilenceandwhenitisdeemedappropriate.WhentotalkTostartonthemo14Peopleexperiencesilencewhentheythinktherecouldorshouldbetalk.Iftwopeoplearesittingtogether,onemaythinkthere’sasilencewhentheotherdoesnot.Case:AthabaskanIndiansconsideritinappropriatetotalktostrangers,andthathasanoddeffectwhenanAthabaskanmeetsanon-Athabaskan,whiteorblack.Onewanttogettoknowtheotherbytalking,andtheotherfeelsitisinappropriatetotalkuntiltheyknoweachother.Peopleexperiencesilencewhen15resultDoyouknowthenewsaboutourcity.Whoisshe?Todayisverynice!Sullen,uncooperativeresultDoyouknowthenewsabo16AthabaskanIndiansconsideritinappropriatetotalktostrangers.Havenegativestereotypesofnon-Athabaskansasridiculouslygarrulous(talkativeinanunfavorablesense)andalsohypocritical.

Americanswouldconsideritawkwardtohavealongperiodofsilencewhenhavingaconversation.ConcludethatIndiansareuncooperative,evenstupid.AthabaskanIndiansconsiderit17WhattosayOnceaspeakerdecidestotalk,whatisitappropriatetosay?Take,forexample,AustralianAboriginesneveraskthequestion“why?”AlaskanAthabashansrarelyaskquestions.Fortheseandotherspeakers,questionsareregardedastoopowerfultouse,becausetheydemandaresponse.Auniversalwayofcommunicatingistellingstories.Theculturalconventioninvolvedinexchangingcompliments(presentationtopic)WhattosayOnceaspeakerdeci18e.g.AconversationbetweenSusanandMrsZhang,hermotherinlaw,attheairportwhenleavingChina.Thehusbandisinterpretingforthem.

Susan:Mrs.Zhang,cometoNewYorkifyouwant.Husband’stranslation:媽媽，您可一定要來紐約看看。Mother:不去了，給你們添麻煩。Husband’stranslation:Oh,itdependsonthe

physicalcondition.

e.g.19Susan:Yes,ohthanksforyourdeliciousfood,Ilikethemverymuch.Husband’stranslation:謝謝媽媽給我們做了那么多好吃的。Mother:自家人謝什么，蘇珊，你以后可不要再減肥了，身體健康才最重要哪！Husband’stranslation:It’smypleasure,Susan,Ihopeyoubecomeevenmorebeautiful.Susan:Thankyou!Thesametoyou.Husband’stranslation:謝謝媽媽，我祝您身體健康。Mother:謝謝，謝謝。Susan:Yes,ohthanksforyour20PacingandpausingHowfastdoesonespeakHowlongdoesonewaitfollowinganotherspeaker’sutterance,beforeconcludingtheotherhasnomoretosay?Evenbeingmarriedisnoproofagainstmutualmisinterpretation.PacingandpausingHowfastdoe21caseTodaywehavemanyinterestingthings,weclimbinghill,playing……It’ssoboringcaseTodaywehavemanyinteres22ListeningAnotherlevelofprocessinginconversationthatisautomaticandtakenforgrantedislistening.Onewayisthroughgaze.Whiteparticipantsmaintainedeyecontactwhenlisteningandfrequentlybroketheirgazewhenspeaking.Blacksdidtheopposite.ListeningAnotherlevelofproc23IndirectnessCommunicationinanycultureisamatterofindirectness.Onlyapartofmeaningresidesinthewordsspoken;thelargestpartiscommunicatedbyhints,assumptions,andaudiencefilling-infromcontextandexperience.Yethowtobeindirectisculturallyrelative.IndirectnessCommunicationina24e.g.AGreekwife(ordaughter):CanIgotothemarketplace?Husbandorfather:(neversayno)Ifyouwant,youcango.–meaningNo.Yes,ofcourse,go.–meaningYes.e.g.25TheuseofindirectcommunicationisacceptedasnormativeinEastAsia.Confucianculture:communicationshouldpreserveoneanother’sface.e.g.Japanese’sindirectnessAskingsomeelsetotransmitthemessageTalkingtoathirdpersoninthepresenceofthehearerConveyingone’smessageasbeingfromsomeoneelse.Theuseofindirectcommunicat26HowisChinesediscoursestyledifferentfromthatofEnglishspeakingcultures?

Discourse:Verbalexpressioninspeechorwriting.RobertKaplan’s1966article,“CulturalThoughtPatternsinInter-CulturalEducation”:studentswroteEnglishwithdifferentorganizationalpatternsdependingontheirfirst-languagebackgrounds.HowisChinesediscoursestyle27

English:straightforwardChinese:circular;definitivesummarystatementsofmainargumentsaredelayedtilltheend.English:straightforward28

L.Young’sargumentaboutChinesestyle:--Statingone’srequestormainpointatthebeginningwouldmakethepersonseemimmodest,pushy,andinconsiderateforwantingthings.Youwouldlosefaceactingaggressively.--reasoningwiththelistenertoallowthelistenertoseewhetherwhathesaysmakessenseornot.Moreopen-minded,lessbiased.--buildingasharedcontext

跨文化交際課件29

HowdoesConfucianisminfluencecommunicationinthesino-culture?

AboutConfucianism:Itsprimaryconcernisbuildingandmaintainproperhumanrelationships.ThisstronglyinfluencescommunicationpatternsinEastAsia.

HowdoesConfucianismi30WecanreadthestoryinthebookP174.Wecanreadthestoryintheb31SummaryCommunicationis,byitsverynature,culturallyrelative.Peoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundshavetheirownwaytocommunicate.SummaryCommunicationis,byi32CasesCases33Case16Peoplefromdifferentcultureshavedifferentperceptionsaboutsilence.ContrarytogeneralAmericanperception,itisconsideredproperbehaviorforJapanesetobesilent.Itisadiscreet(慎重的、謹慎的)waytoshowrespectifhelistenstoothersspeakratherthanspeakingout.SotheJapanesedelegatesdidwhattheyconsideredproper,i.e.,listenquietlytowhattheAmericanshadtosay.Silenceoftenmeansthattheyareseriouslythinkingaboutthesubjectatissue./Case16Peoplefromdifferentc34ButmanyAmericanswillinterpretsilenceinaconversationtomeandisapproval,disagreement,orevenarrogance.Participantsincommunicationperceiveeachother’sbehaviorinverydifferentways,whichoftenresultsinmisunderstandingorconflict.//ButmanyAmericanswillinterp35Case17ChinesecultureandAmericanculturedifferintheviewsofhowtobeagoodhostandguest.ItiscustomaryinChinaandmanyotherAsiancountriesforhoststoaskguestsagainandagaintotakemore.Anditisconsideredgoodmannersforguestsnottoacceptanofferatfirst.Sometimesonemustn’tacceptfoodthesecondtimeitisoffered.Therefore,hostswilltrytorepeatanofferuntiltheyaresurethattheirguestsreallywanttodecline./Case1736However,intheUS,ahostwilloffermorefoodusuallyonlyonce.AndtheAmericanswilltakea“no”tomean“no”,whetherit’sthefirst,second,orthirdtime.Inthiscase,actuallyTomdidn’thavetoeatextrafoodifhedidn’twantanymore.//However,intheUS,ahostwil37Case18Japanesecultureishighcontext,whiletheAmericanlowcontext.Peoplefromdifferentcultureshavedifferentunderstandingsastoconflicts.Inthiscase,theAmericanbelievestherootoftheconflictlayindifferentgoalsandobjectives,therefore,PetersenteredintoaheateddiscussionwithTed,tryingtogethisproposalacceptedbyproducingfacts,figures,andgraphstoillustratehiscase./Case18Japanesecultureishig38ButtheJapanesebelievestheconflictwasnotintherejectionoftheproposalbutratherinthewayitwascommunicated,sohethinksofitasapersonalattackorasignofmistrust.Inshort,Americanstendtobemoretask-orientedwhiletheJapanesearelikelytofocusoninterpersonalrelationships./ButtheJapanesebelievesthe39Case18TedWashington,themarketingmanager,rejectedthesaleproposalsofboththeAmerican,DalePeters,andtheJapanese,HideoTakahashi,withoutconsideringwhomadetheproposal.WhilethedirectandoutrightrejectionisO.K.withPeters,forheandthemanagerarefromthesameculture,toHideo,itmeanssomethingbeyondtherejectionofaproposalitself.Therefore,thetwopeoplerespondedtotherejectioninquitedifferentways.//Case18TedWashington,themar40Presentationtopics

Presentationtopics411.Culturaldifferencesinmarriage(TA,L5)231497

2.Theculturalconventioninvolvedinexchangingcompliments

(TA,L6)231532

3.Silenceincommunication(AR,L5)231501

4.Directnessandindirectnessincommunication.(TA,L6)231502

5.TheAmericanstyleofcommunication(TB,L6)231503

6.High-contextandlow-contextcommunication(AR,L6)231504

1.Culturaldifferencesinmar42THANKSFORYOURATTENTIONTHANKSFORYOURATTENTION43Unit3

UnderstandingCommunicationUnit3

UnderstandingCommunic44CommunicationisCulturallyRelativeCommunicationisCulturallyRe45WordStudyseamlessmechanismdesignateattorneyenormousdeflectheterogeneityegotisticalunfeasibleWordStudyseamless46WordStudydeemironycategorizehomogeneousaffiliationstereotypedelicacygarrulouscomplimentvestWordStudydeem47WordStudyhypocriticaluntrustworthysarcasmsolicitequivocaloverbearingself-evidencetalkdowncurtailplaguestereotypeWordStudyhypocritical48WordStudyactivatepre-programaccountableenthusiasticcompartmentalizebluntcrediblearticulateentrantWordStudyactivate49WordStudyidentifyambiguityassertioncohesiveexcessiveinextricablymanifestinternalizeembeddemonstrateWordStudyidentify50WordStudy

seamlessmechanismdesignateattorneyenormousdeflectheterogeneityegotisticalunfeasible無縫的；完全平滑的技巧；途徑指明，標出代理人；律師巨大的；極大地轉移，引開多樣性；不等同性自負的辦不到的；行不通的WordStudyseamless無縫的；完全平滑的51deemironycategorizehomogeneousaffiliationstereotypedelicacygarrulouscomplimentvest認為冷嘲；反語把…分類同類的；相似的從屬關系對…產(chǎn)生成見美味；佳肴饒舌的；喋喋不休的贊美；恭維賦予，給予deem認為52hypocriticaluntrustworthysarcasmsolicitequivocaloverbearingself-evidenttalkdowncurtailplaguestereotype虛偽的不能信任的，不可靠的諷刺，挖苦征求；征集多義的；有歧義的傲慢的不證自明的，不言而喻的以居高臨下的口氣說話截短，縮短折磨；煩擾陳規(guī)，老套hypocritical虛偽的53activatepre-programaccountableenthusiasticcompartmentalizebluntcrediblearticulateentrant使活動起來；使起作用預先編制程序負有責任的極感興趣的分隔；細分不轉彎抹角的可信的；可靠的吐字清晰的；表達得清楚有力的進入者；參加競賽者activate使活動起來；使起作用54identifyambiguityassertioncohesiveexcessiveinextricablymanifestinternalizeembeddemonstrate認同，認為同一意義不明確；模棱兩可主張；斷言有凝聚力的;緊密結合的

過多的；過分的無法擺脫地顯現(xiàn)使內(nèi)在化埋置；把…嵌入論證，證明identify認同，認為同一55Whatisculturallyrelativeincommunication?WhentotalkWhattosayPacingandpausingListeningIndirectnessWhatisculturallyrelativein56WhentotalkTostartonthemostgenerallevel,thequestionofwhentotalkisculturallyrelative.Moreover,culturesdifferwithrespecttowhatisperceivedassilenceandwhenitisdeemedappropriate.WhentotalkTostartonthemo57Peopleexperiencesilencewhentheythinktherecouldorshouldbetalk.Iftwopeoplearesittingtogether,onemaythinkthere’sasilencewhentheotherdoesnot.Case:AthabaskanIndiansconsideritinappropriatetotalktostrangers,andthathasanoddeffectwhenanAthabaskanmeetsanon-Athabaskan,whiteorblack.Onewanttogettoknowtheotherbytalking,andtheotherfeelsitisinappropriatetotalkuntiltheyknoweachother.Peopleexperiencesilencewhen58resultDoyouknowthenewsaboutourcity.Whoisshe?Todayisverynice!Sullen,uncooperativeresultDoyouknowthenewsabo59AthabaskanIndiansconsideritinappropriatetotalktostrangers.Havenegativestereotypesofnon-Athabaskansasridiculouslygarrulous(talkativeinanunfavorablesense)andalsohypocritical.

Americanswouldconsideritawkwardtohavealongperiodofsilencewhenhavingaconversation.ConcludethatIndiansareuncooperative,evenstupid.AthabaskanIndiansconsiderit60WhattosayOnceaspeakerdecidestotalk,whatisitappropriatetosay?Take,forexample,AustralianAboriginesneveraskthequestion“why?”AlaskanAthabashansrarelyaskquestions.Fortheseandotherspeakers,questionsareregardedastoopowerfultouse,becausetheydemandaresponse.Auniversalwayofcommunicatingistellingstories.Theculturalconventioninvolvedinexchangingcompliments(presentationtopic)WhattosayOnceaspeakerdeci61e.g.AconversationbetweenSusanandMrsZhang,hermotherinlaw,attheairportwhenleavingChina.Thehusbandisinterpretingforthem.

Susan:Mrs.Zhang,cometoNewYorkifyouwant.Husband’stranslation:媽媽，您可一定要來紐約看看。Mother:不去了，給你們添麻煩。Husband’stranslation:Oh,itdependsonthe

physicalcondition.

e.g.62Susan:Yes,ohthanksforyourdeliciousfood,Ilikethemverymuch.Husband’stranslation:謝謝媽媽給我們做了那么多好吃的。Mother:自家人謝什么，蘇珊，你以后可不要再減肥了，身體健康才最重要哪！Husband’stranslation:It’smypleasure,Susan,Ihopeyoubecomeevenmorebeautiful.Susan:Thankyou!Thesametoyou.Husband’stranslation:謝謝媽媽，我祝您身體健康。Mother:謝謝，謝謝。Susan:Yes,ohthanksforyour63PacingandpausingHowfastdoesonespeakHowlongdoesonewaitfollowinganotherspeaker’sutterance,beforeconcludingtheotherhasnomoretosay?Evenbeingmarriedisnoproofagainstmutualmisinterpretation.PacingandpausingHowfastdoe64caseTodaywehavemanyinterestingthings,weclimbinghill,playing……It’ssoboringcaseTodaywehavemanyinteres65ListeningAnotherlevelofprocessinginconversationthatisautomaticandtakenforgrantedislistening.Onewayisthroughgaze.Whiteparticipantsmaintainedeyecontactwhenlisteningandfrequentlybroketheirgazewhenspeaking.Blacksdidtheopposite.ListeningAnotherlevelofproc66IndirectnessCommunicationinanycultureisamatterofindirectness.Onlyapartofmeaningresidesinthewordsspoken;thelargestpartiscommunicatedbyhints,assumptions,andaudiencefilling-infromcontextandexperience.Yethowtobeindirectisculturallyrelative.IndirectnessCommunicationina67e.g.AGreekwife(ordaughter):CanIgotothemarketplace?Husbandorfather:(neversayno)Ifyouwant,youcango.–meaningNo.Yes,ofcourse,go.–meaningYes.e.g.68TheuseofindirectcommunicationisacceptedasnormativeinEastAsia.Confucianculture:communicationshouldpreserveoneanother’sface.e.g.Japanese’sindirectnessAskingsomeelsetotransmitthemessageTalkingtoathirdpersoninthepresenceofthehearerConveyingone’smessageasbeingfromsomeoneelse.Theuseofindirectcommunicat69HowisChinesediscoursestyledifferentfromthatofEnglishspeakingcultures?

Discourse:Verbalexpressioninspeechorwriting.RobertKaplan’s1966article,“CulturalThoughtPatternsinInter-CulturalEducation”:studentswroteEnglishwithdifferentorganizationalpatternsdependingontheirfirst-languagebackgrounds.HowisChinesediscoursestyle70

English:straightforwardChinese:circular;definitivesummarystatementsofmainargumentsaredelayedtilltheend.English:straightforward71

L.Young’sargumentaboutChinesestyle:--Statingone’srequestormainpointatthebeginningwouldmakethepersonseemimmodest,pushy,andinconsiderateforwantingthings.Youwouldlosefaceactingaggressively.--reasoningwiththelistenertoallowthelistenertoseewhetherwhathesaysmakessenseornot.Moreopen-minded,lessbiased.--buildingasharedcontext

跨文化交際課件72

HowdoesConfucianisminfluencecommunicationinthesino-culture?

AboutConfucianism:Itsprimaryconcernisbuildingandmaintainproperhumanrelationships.ThisstronglyinfluencescommunicationpatternsinEastAsia.

HowdoesConfucianismi73WecanreadthestoryinthebookP174.Wecanreadthestoryintheb74SummaryCommunicationis,byitsverynature,culturallyrelative.Peoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundshavetheirownwaytocommunicate.SummaryCommunicationis,byi75CasesCases76Case16Peoplefromdifferentcultureshavedifferentperceptionsaboutsilence.ContrarytogeneralAmericanperception,itisconsideredproperbehaviorforJapanesetobesilent.Itisadiscreet(慎重的、謹慎的)waytoshowrespectifhelistenstoothersspeakratherthanspeakingout.SotheJapanesedelegatesdidwhattheyconsideredproper,i.e.,listenquietlytowhattheAmericanshadtosay.Silenceoftenmeansthattheyareseriouslythinkingaboutthesubjectatissue./Case16Peoplefromdifferentc77ButmanyAmericanswillinterpretsilenceinaconversationtomeandisapproval,disagreement,orevenarrogance.Participantsincommunicationperceiveeachother’sbehaviorinverydifferentways,whichoftenresultsinmisunderstandingorconflict.//ButmanyAmericanswillinterp78Case17ChinesecultureandAmericanculturedifferintheviewsofhowtobeagoodhostandguest.ItiscustomaryinChinaandmanyotherAsiancountriesforhoststoaskguestsagainandagaintotakemore.Anditisconsideredgoodmannersforguestsnottoacceptanofferatfirst.Sometimesonemustn’tacceptfoodthesecondtimeitisoffered.Therefore,hostswilltrytorepeatanofferuntiltheyare