97年1月TOFEL 閱讀 (163)CQuestion1-8BoththenumberandthepercentageofpeopleintheUnitedStatesinvolvedinnonagriculturalpursuitsexpandedrapidlyduringthehalfcenturyfollowingtheCivilWar,withsomeofthemostdramaticincreasesoccurringinthedomainsoftransportation,manufacturing,andtradeanddistribution.Thedevelopmentoftherailroadandtelegraphsystemsduringthemiddlethirdofthenineteenthcenturyledtosignificantimprovementsinthespeed,volume,andregularityofshipmentsandcommunications,makingpossibleafundamentaltransformationintheproductionanddistributionofgoods.Inagriculture,thetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofthegrainelevators,thecottonpresses,thewarehouses,andthecommodityexchangesthatseemedtosomanyofthenation'sfarmersthevisiblesignofavastconspiracyagainstthem.Inmanufacturing,thetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofa"newfactorysystem"inwhichplantsbecamelarger,morecomplex,andmoresystematicallyorganizedandmanaged.Andindistribution,thetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofthejobber,thewholesaler,andthemassretailer.Thesechangesradicallyalteredthenatureofworkduringthehalfcenturybetween1870and1920.Tobesure,therewerestillsmallworkshops,whereskilledcraftspeoplemanufacturedproductsrangingfromnewspaperstocabinetstoplumbingfixtures.Therewerethesweatshopsincitytenements,wheregroupsofmenandwomeninhouseholdsettingsmanufacturedclothingorcigarsonapieceworkbasis.Andtherewerefactoriesinoccupationssuchasmetalworkwhereindividualcontractorspresidedoverwhatwereessentiallyhandicraftproprietorshipsthatcoexistedwithinasinglebuildings.Butasthenumberofwageearnersinmanufacturingrosefrom2.7millionin1880to4.5millionin1900to8.4millionin1920,thenumberofhugeplantsliketheBaldwinLocomotiveWorksinPhiladelphiaburgeoned,asdidthesizeoftheaverageplant.(TheBaldwinWorkshad600employeesin1855,3,000in1875,and8,000in1900.)By1920,atleastinthenortheasternUnitedStateswheremostofthenation'smanufacturingwageearnerswereconcentrated,three-quartersofthoseworkedinfactorieswithmorethan100employeesand30percentworkedinfactorieswithmorethan1,000employees.Theword"domains"inline3isclosestinmeaningto(A)fields(B)locations(C)organizations(D)occupationsWhatcanbeinferredfromthepassageabouttheagriculturalsectoroftheeconomyaftertheCivilWar?Newtechnologicaldevelopmentshadlittleeffectonfarmers.Thepercentageofthetotalpopulationworkinginagriculturedeclined.Manyfarmsdestroyedinthewarwererebuiltafterthewar.Farmersachievednewprosperitybecauseofbetterruraltransportation.Theword"fundamental"inline7isclosestinmeaningto(A)possible(B)basic(C)gradual(D)uniqueWhichofthefollowingwasNOTmentionedaspartofthe"newfactorysystem?"(A)Achangeintheorganizationoffactories.(B)Agrowthinthecomplexityoffactories.(C)Anincreaseinthesizeoffactories.(D)Anincreaseinthecostofmanufacturingindustrialproducts.5.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutmanufacturingbefore1870canbeinferredfromthepassage?Mostmanufacturingactivitywashighlyorganized.Mostmanufacturingoccurredinrelativelysmallplants.Themostcommonlymanufacturedgoodswerecottonpresses.Manufacturingandagricultureeachmadeupabouthalfofthenation'seconomy.Theword"skilled"inline16isclosestinmeaningto(A)hardworking(B)expert(C)well-paid(D)industrialTheword"presidedover"inline20areclosestinmeaningto(A)managed(B)ledto(C)workedin(D)producedTheauthormentionstheBaldwinLocomotiveWorksinlines23-24becauseitwas(A)awell-knownmetal-works(B)thefirstplantofitskindinPhiladelphia(C)typicalofthelargefactoriesthatwerebecomingmorecommon(D)typicaloffactoriesthatconsistedofasinglebuildingQuestion9-19Starsmaybespheres,butnoteverycelestialobjectisspherical.Objectsintheuniverseshowavarietyofshapes:roundplanets(somewithrings),tailedcomets,wispycosmicgasanddustclouds,ringednebulae,pinwheel-shapedspiralgalaxies,andsoon.Butnoneoftheshapesonthislistdescribesthelargestsingleentitiesintheuniverse.Thesearethedoubleradiosources,galaxieswithhugecloudsofradioemissionthatdwarfthevisiblegalaxies,sometimesbyafactorofahundredormore.Stretchingoverdistancesgreaterthanamillionlight-years,theseradio-emittingregionsresembletwinturbulentgasclouds,typicallyformingdumbbell-likeshapeswiththevisiblegalaxy(whenitisvisible)inthecenter.Thesedoubleradiosourcespresentastronomerswithapuzzle.Theirradioemissionarisesfromthesynchrotronprocess,inwhichelectronsacceleratedtonearlythespeedoflightmovethroughmagneticfields.However,inviewoftherateatwhichtheradiosourcesemitenergy,theyshoulddisappearinafewmillionyearsastheirelectronsslowdownandceaseproducingradiation.Somehownewelectronsmustbecontinuallyacceleratedtonearlythespeedoflight,otherwise,bynowalmostnoneofthedoubleradiosourceswouldbeobserved.Withtheadventofhigh-resolutionradiointerferometersduringthelate1970's,partoftheanswerbecameclear:theelectronsareproducedinjetsthatareshotoutinoppositedirectionsfromthecenterofgalaxy.Remarkablynarrowandhighlydirectional,thejetsmoveoutwardatspeedsclosetothespeedoflight.Whenthejetsstrikethehighlyrarefiedgasthatpermcalesintergalacticspace,thefast-movingelectronslosetheirhighlydirectionalmotionandformvastcloudsofradio-emittinggas.Cosmicjetshaverankedamongthehottesttopicsofastronomicalresearchinrecentyearsasastronomersstrivetounderstandwheretheycomefrom.Whyshouldagalaxyejectmatteratsuchtremendousspeedsintwonarrowjets?AndwhyaresuchjetsnotseenintheMilkyWay?Theword"celestial"inline1couldbestbereplacedby(A)visibleastronomicalglowingscientificTheword"entities"inline4isclosestinmeaningto(A)factors(B)processes(C)objects(D)puzzlesInthefirstparagraph,theauthordescribesobjectsintheuniverseintermsoftheir(A)color(B)origin(C)location(D)shapeWhichofthefollowingisthebestrepresentationofthecloudsofradioemissiondescribedinthefirstparagraph?（圖）（圖）（圖）（圖）Accordingtothepassage,scientistsdonotfullyunderstandwhydoubleradiosources(A)havenoteventuallydisappeared(B)cannotbeobservedwithatelescope(C)arebeginningtoslowdown(D)arenotasbigassomeplanetsandstarsTheword"their"inline22referstospeedsdirectionselectronscloudsAccordingtothepassage,whathappenswhenelectronsandgascollideinspace?(A)Thegasbecomesmorecondensed(B)Thegasbecomeslessradiated(C)Theelectronsdisperse(D)TheelectronsbecomenegativelychargedTheauthorsuggeststhatastronomersconsiderthestudyofcosmicjetstobeanobsoletescientificfieldanunprofitableventureanintriguingchallengeasubjectivedebateInwhatlinesdoesthepassagecomparethesizeofdoubleradiosourceswiththatofothergalaxies?Lines4-6Lines12-14Lines19-20Lines23-24Whereinthepassagedoestheauthormentionatechnologythataidedintheunderstandingofdoubleradiosources?Line2Line7Line17Line21Theparagraphfollowingthepassagemostlikelydiscusses(A)specificdoubleradiosources(B)anexplanationofthesynchrotronprocess(C)possiblereasonsforthepresenceofcosmicjets(D)thediscoveryofthefirstdoubleradiosources.Questions20-28ThesculpturallegacythatthenewUnitedStatesinheritedfromitscolonialpredecessorswasfarfromarichone,andinfact,in1776sculptureasanartformwasstillinthehandsofartisansandcraftspeople.Stonecarversengravedtheirmotifsofskullsandcrossbonesandotherreligiousiconsofdeathintothegrayslabsthatwestillseestandingtodayinoldburialgrounds.Someskilledcraftspeoplemadeintricatelycarvedwoodenornamentationsforfurnitureorarchitecturaldecorations,whileotherscavedwoodenshopsignsandships'figureheads.Althoughtheyoftenachievedexpressionandformalexcellenceintheirgenerallyprimitivestyle,theyremainedartisansskilledinthecraftofcarvingandconstitutedagroupdistinctfromwhatwenormallythinkofas"sculptors"intoday'suseoftheword.Ontherareoccasionwhenafinepieceofsculpturewasdesired,Americansturnedtoforeignsculptors,asinthe1770'swhenthecitiesofNewYorkandCharleston,SouthCarolina,commissionedtheEnglishmanJosephWiltontomakemarblestatuesofWilliamPitt.WiltonalsomadealeadequestrianimageofKingGeorgeIIIthatwascreatedinNewYorkin1770andtorndownbyzealouspatriotssixyearslater.Afewmarblememorialswithcarvedbusts,urns,orotherdecorationswereproducedinEnglandandbroughttothecoloniestobesetinthewallsofchurches-asinKing'sChapelinBoston.Butsculptureasahighart,practicedbyartistswhoknewboththeartistictheoryoftheirRenaissance-Baroque-Rococopredecessorsandthevarioustechnicalproceduresofmodeling,casting,andcarvingrichthree-dimensionalforms,wasnotknownamongAmericansin1776.Indeed,formanyyearsthereafter,theUnitedStateshadtwogroupsfromwhichtochoose-eitherthelocalcraftspeopleortheimportedtalentofEuropeansculptors.Theeighteenthcenturywasnotoneinwhichpoweredsculpturalconceptionsweredeveloped.Addtothisthetimiditywithwhichunschooledartisans-originallytrainedasstonemasons,carpenters,orcabinetmakers-attackedthemediumfromwhichtheysculpturemadeintheUnitedStatesinthelateeighteenthcentury.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?Therewasgreatdemandfortheworkofeighteenth-centuryartisans.SkilledsculptorsdidnotexistintheUnitedStatesinthe1770's.ManyforeignsculptorsworkedintheUnitedStatesafter1776.Americansculptorswerehamperedbyalackoftoolsandmaterials.Theword"motifs"inline3isclosestinmeaningto(A)tools(B)prints(C)signatures(D)designsTheworkofwhichofthefollowingcouldbeseeninburialgrounds?(A)EuropeansculptorsCarpentersStonecarvesCabinetmakersTheword"other"inline6refersto(A)craftspeople(B)decorations(C)ornamentations(D)shopsignsTheword"distinct"inline9isclosestinmeaningto(A)separate(B)assembled(C)notable(D)inferiorTheword"rare"inline11isclosestinmeaningto(A)festive(B)infrequent(C)delightful(D)unexpectedWhydoestheauthormentionJosephWiltoninline13?(A)HewasanEnglishsculptorwhodidworkintheUnitedStates.(B)Hewaswellknownforhiswoodcarvings(C)Heproducedsculptureforchurches.(D)HesettledintheUnitedStatesin1776.WhatcanbeinferredabouttheimportationofmarblememorialsfromEngland?(A)Suchsculpturewaslessexpensivetoproducelocallythantoimport(B)SuchsculpturewasnotavailableintheUnitedStates.(C)Suchsculpturewasasprestigiousasthosemadelocally.(D)Thematerialsfoundabroadweresuperior.HowdidtheworkofAmericancarversin1776differfromthatofcontemporarysculptors?(A)Itwaslesstime-consuming(B)Itwasmoredangerous.(C)Itwasmoreexpensive.(D)Itwaslessrefined.Question29-39Largeanimalsthatinhabitthedeserthaveevolvedanumberofadaptationsforreducingtheeffectsofextremeheat.Oneadaptationistobelightincolor,andtoreflectratherthanabsorbtheSun'srays.Desertmammalsalsodepartfromthenormalmammalianpracticeofmaintainingaconstantbodytemperature.Insteadoftryingtokeepdownthebodytemperaturedeepinsidethebody,whichwouldinvolvetheexpenditureofwaterandenergy,desertmammalsallowtheirtemperaturestorisetowhatwouldnormallybefeverheight,andtemperaturesashighas46degreesCelsiushavebeenmeasuredinGrant'sgazelles.Theoverheatedbodythencoolsdownduringthecolddesertnight,andindeedthetemperaturemayfallunusuallylowbydawn,aslowas34degreesCelsiusinthecamel.Thisisanadvantagesincetheheatofthefirstfewhoursofdaylightisabsorbedinwarmingupthebody,andanexcessivebuildupofheatdoesnotbeginuntilwellintotheday.Anotherstrategyoflargedesertanimalsistotoleratethelossofbodywatertoapointthatwouldbefatalfornon-adaptedanimals.Thecamelcanloseupto30percentofitsbodyweightaswaterwithoutharmtoitself,whereashumanbeingsdieafterlosingonly12to13percentoftheirbodyweight.Anequallyimportantadaptationistheabilitytoreplenishthiswaterlossatonedrink.Desertanimalscandrinkprodigiousvolumesinashorttime,andcamelshavebeenknowntoimbibeover100litersinafewminutes.Averydehydratedperson,ontheotherhand,cannotdrinkenoughwatertorehydrateatonesession,becausethehumanstomachisnotsufficientlybigandbecauseatoorapiddilutionofthebodyfluidscausesdeathfromwaterintoxication.Thetoleranceofwaterlossisofobviousadvantageinthedesert,asanimalsdonothavetoremainnearawaterholebutcanobtainfoodfromgrazingsparseandfar-flungpastures.Desert-adaptedmammalshavethefurtherabilitytofeednormallywhenextremelydehydrated,itisacommonexperienceinpeoplethatappetiteislostevenunderconditionsofmoderatethirst.Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?WeathervariationsinthedesertAdaptationsofdesertanimalsDiseasedofdesertanimalsHumanuseofdesertanimals.Accordingtothepassage,whyislightcoloringanadvantagetolargedesertanimals?(A)Ithelpsthemhidefrompredators.(B)Itdoesnotabsorbsunlightasmuchasdarkcolors.(C)Ithelpsthemseetheiryoungatnight(D)Itkeepsthemcoolatnight.Theword"maintaining"inline4isclosestinmeaningtomeasuringinheritingpreservingdelayingTheauthorusesofGrant'sgazelleasanexampleof(A)ananimalwithalowaveragetemperature(B)ananimalthatisnotaswelladaptedasthecamel(C)adesertanimalthatcanwithstandhighbodytemperatures(D)adesertanimalwithaconstantbodytemperatureWhenistheinternaltemperatureofalargedesertmammallower?(A)Justbeforesunrise(B)Inthemiddleoftheday(C)Justaftersunset(D)JustafterdrinkingTheword"tolerate"inline13isclosestinmeaningtoendurereplacecompensatereduceWhatcauseswaterintoxication?(A)Drinkingtoomuchwaterveryquickly(B)Drinkingpollutedwater(C)Bacteriainwater(D)Lackofwater.Whatdoestheauthorimplyaboutdesert-adaptedmammals?(A)Theydonotneedtoeatmuchfood.TheycaneatlargequantitiesquicklyTheyeasilylosetheirappetites.Theycantravellongdistanceslookingforfood.Whydoestheauthormentionhumansinthesecondparagraph?(A)Toshowhowtheyusecamels.(B)Tocontrastthemtodesertmammals.(C)Togiveinstructionsaboutdesertsurvival.(D)Toshowhowtheyhaveadaptedtodesertlife.Theword"obtain"inline23isclosestinmeaningtodigestcarrysavegetWhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasanadaptationoflargedesertanimals?(A)Variationinbodytemperatures(B)Eatingwhiledehydrated(C)Drinkingwaterquickly(D)Beingactiveatnight.Questions40-50Rentcontrolisthesystemwherebythelocalgovernmenttellsbuildingownershowmuchtheycanchargetheirtenantsinrent.IntheUnitedStates,rentcontrolsdatebacktoatleastWorldWarII.In1943thefederalgovernmentimposedrentcontrolstohelpsolvetheproblemofhousingshortagesduringwartime.Thefederalprogramendedafterthewar,butinsomelocations,includingNewYorkCity,controlscontinued.UnderNewYork'scontrols,alandlordgenerallycannotraiserentsonapartmentsaslongasthetenantscontinuetorenewtheirleases.InplacessuchasSantaMonica,California,rentcontrolsaremorerecent.Theywerespurredbytheinflationofthe1970's,which,combinedwithCalifornia'srapidpopulationgrowth,pushedhousingprices,aswellasrents,torecordlevels.In1979SantaMonica'smunicipalgovernmentorderedlandlordstorollbacktheirrentstothelevelschargedin1978.Futurerentscouldonlygoupbytwo-thirdsasmuchasanyincreaseintheoverallpricelevel.Inanyhousingmarket,rentalpricesperformthreefunctions:(1)promotingtheefficientmaintenanceofexistinghousingandstimulatingtheconstructionofnewhousing,(2)allocatingexistingscarcehousingamongcompetingclaimants,and(3)rationinguseofexistinghousingbypotentialrenters.Oneresultofrentcontrolisadecreaseintheconstructionofnewrentalunits.Rentcontrolshaveartificiallydepressedthemostimportantlong-termdeterminantofprofitability-rents.Considersomeexamples.InarecentyearinDallas,Texas,witha16percentrentalvacancyratebutnorentcontrollaws,11,000newhousingunitswerebuilt.Inthesameyear,inSanFrancisco,California,only2,000unitswerebuilt.Themajordifference?SanFranciscohasonlya1.6percentvacancyratebutstringentrentcontrollaws.InNewYorkCity,exceptforgovernment-subsidizedconstruction,theonlyrentalunitsbeingbui