熱點(diǎn)話(huà)題精深閱讀(三)主題語(yǔ)境：人與社會(huì)——保護(hù)語(yǔ)言，保留語(yǔ)言的多樣性，提升人類(lèi)認(rèn)知(2018·全國(guó)Ⅰ，C)Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears，butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers，small，tightlyknit(聯(lián)系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago，whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople，theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards，manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers，andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies，trade，industrialisation，thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation，especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades，allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear，anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish，SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Atpresent，theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages，oftenspokenbymanypeople，whilehot，wetzoneshavelots，oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages；theAmericasabout1,000；Africa2,400；andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200，ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6,000，whichmeansthathalftheworld’slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡)，withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick，atrandom，BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers)，ChiapanecoinMexico(150)，LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one，withaquestion-mark)：noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.語(yǔ)篇解讀本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了世界上語(yǔ)言的種類(lèi)隨著人類(lèi)社會(huì)的發(fā)展而逐漸減少這一現(xiàn)象。1．Whatcanweinferaboutlanguagesinhunter-gatherertimes?A．Theydevelopedveryfast.B．Theywerelargeinnumber.C．Theyhadsimilarpatterns.D．Theywerecloselyconnected.答案B解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago，whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople，theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.”可知，一些語(yǔ)言專(zhuān)家認(rèn)為，一萬(wàn)年前，當(dāng)世界上只有500萬(wàn)到1000萬(wàn)人時(shí)，他們之間可能說(shuō)12000種語(yǔ)言。由此可知，采獵文明時(shí)期的語(yǔ)言種類(lèi)很多。2．Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“dominant”underlinedinParagraph2?A．Complex. B．Advanced.C．Powerful. D．Modern.答案C解析詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第二段中的“...allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear，anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish，SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.”可知，人類(lèi)社會(huì)發(fā)展的很多因素導(dǎo)致許多語(yǔ)言消失，而逐漸被如英語(yǔ)、西班牙語(yǔ)、漢語(yǔ)等語(yǔ)言取代，這就暗示出這些語(yǔ)言是“占支配地位的”，故選C項(xiàng)(powerful強(qiáng)大的，有影響力的)。3．Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?A．About6,800. B．About3,400.C．About2,400. D．About1,200.答案B解析數(shù)字計(jì)算題。根據(jù)第三段第一句可知，目前世界上大約有6800種語(yǔ)言；再根據(jù)該段最后一句可知，目前世界上一半的語(yǔ)言的使用人數(shù)少于6000，也就是說(shuō)有大約3400種語(yǔ)言的使用人數(shù)少于6000。4．Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A．Newlanguageswillbecreated.B．People’slifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.C．Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.D．Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.答案C解析主旨大意題。文章介紹了語(yǔ)言的種類(lèi)隨著人類(lèi)社會(huì)的發(fā)展而逐漸減少這一現(xiàn)象，故選C項(xiàng)。微技能點(diǎn)撥定位比對(duì)，鎖定信息，巧解詞義猜測(cè)題。第一步：先通過(guò)題干信息來(lái)選擇定位詞。第二步：在原文中查找定位詞所在的上下文。第三步：分析這些句子和選項(xiàng)，得出正確答案。本文中第2題為詞義猜測(cè)題，根據(jù)策略解題如下：Step1確定題干關(guān)鍵詞：dominantStep2回到原文準(zhǔn)定位：dominantlanguagessuchasEnglish，SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover(Paragraph2)Step3對(duì)比選項(xiàng)找最佳：嘗試解答C。文本提煉Ⅰ.宏觀把握，整體理解Ⅱ.詞匯積累1．populatevt.構(gòu)成……的人口；居住于2．independentadj.獨(dú)立的3．decaden．十年4．distributionn．分布5．relativelyadv.相對(duì)地6．survivaln．幸存7．a(chǎn)ccountfor(數(shù)量上)占……Ⅲ.長(zhǎng)難句分析Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages，oftenspokenbymanypeople，whilehot，wetzoneshavelots，oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.句式分析此句是主從復(fù)合句，句子主語(yǔ)是thege