3/3修辭學(xué)馬拉碦什中的三段論運(yùn)用AsYouSeeIt

WiththefinishingoftheUniversityEntranceExamination,Ihaverememberedthelastclassofmineinseniorhighschoolagain.Differentfromothersdays,thedayswealladdictedtothebook,theexercise,thediscussion.Weweresosilentthatevenwecanhearthebreathofeachother,butthevoicefromtheman,whoalwayscalledantiquebyus,ismyheadteacher.

Outofthewindow,therainwaswashingtheleaves;thewindwassweepingthetopoftree,thebirdsupanddownwasseekingtheirnest.Innerthewindow,everyonelowertheirhead,IguessedthatsomeofthemwereweepingwiththelastsongwhenIwalkedthroughyourwindowsungbyagirl.Listenedthevoice,myheartlikeastonefallintowater-plop,Icannothelpmyselffromcrying.Suddenly,thesoundwasinterruptedbyarushedvoiceoutofthedoor,thebellrang,andwehadknownthatwehadtofinishtheclass.

Astudyoflogos,pathosandethosappliedin“Marrakech”

ForAristotle,logicdealswithuniversalandverifiabletruth,whilerhetoricdealswithprobabletruth,thatis,opinionandbeliefsthatcanbeadvancedwithgreaterorlessercertainty.Astothelatterone,itcalledartisticproofs-fallwithintheprovinceofartofrhetoric.Aristotlemaintainedthatartisticproofsrelyonthreemeansofpersuasion:logos,pathos,andethos.Hethinksthatapersuasiveessaymustownthatthreemeans-logos,pathosandethos.ReferstotheMarrakech,OrwellsuccessfullydepictsthepovertyoftheinhabitantsofMarrakechbydescribingthevariousaspectsoftheirlifetotrytopresentaclearpictureofthepovertyofthepeople.Toattachthepurpose,inrhetoric,Orwellhasagooduseofthelogos,pathosandethos.

Logos,orrationalappeal.Ituseslogicallanguageandtherelationshipbetweencauseandeffecttoappealtotheaudience’sreasoningorunderstanding.Thatistosay,inLogos,italwaysbytheory,concept,quotationorhistoricalfacts,authorityviewsandrelatedlawtoachievethegoal.Therearetwobasicapproachespeopleoftenuseforlogicalreasoning:deductionandinduction.Aboutthispoint,wecanseeOrwellshowssixalmostunrelatedscenes,exceptforthefactthattheydemonstratethe

“invisibility”ofthepeopleinMorocco,whichare:thecorpsescene,thegazelle-Arabianscene,theJew-cigarettescene,thelandscapescene,thedonkey-womanscene,andthebird-soldierscene.Orwellindeductivewaytoorganizetheessay,bythedifferentscenesdescribed,theauthortrytoappealtheunderstandingofaudienceaboutthehardlifeinMarrakech.Allthescenesweresawbytheauthorself,whichareobjectivedescriptionsandenforcetheauthentic.Andamongtheessays,thelargeamountofquotationoftheconversationfromlocalpeople.Besides,Orwellwrotethewholepassageinintensivelogicalstructureandlanguage-thetransitionwordslike“as”,“but“and“when”usedinthebeginningofsomeparagraphs.AllaboveshowthefulluseofLogosintheessay.

Pathos,oremotionalappeal.Italwaysrelatedtoemotionandsympathy.Itusuallyarousesthestrongaffectivefeelingsoftheaudienceorreadertoacceptsomethingunreason.Pathosreferstoanyaffection,suchaslove,hatred,anger,ambition,fear,pity,jealouslyandsympathy,etc.PeopleexpressedPathosbythelanguagecontenttoacknowledgeothers’identityorstrongemotion.Effectiveappealstotheaudience’semotiondependupontheskillful,andoftenwitty,handlingoflanguage,frequentlyaccompaniedbyexposureandeloquence.Exposureevokesmoralindignationbycondemningtheunjustrealityorrevealingthedifferencebetweenhowthingsshouldbeandhowthey.Eloquencereferstolanguageusedpowerfullyandfluentlytoappealtopeople’snobleremotions,likethesenseofhonor,loveofone’scountryandhometown,desiretoreachtowardvirtue.Eloquenceisoftenusedemotivelytoexpressone’semotionsandevokethesympathyoftheaudienceonsolemnoccasionsorissuesofgreatsignificance.InMarrakech,Orwellusedbothofexposureandeloquencetodescribesthescenesutmost.Orwelltriedtodenouncetheevilsofcolonialismorimperialism.Hemercilesslyexposesthepoverty,miseryanddegradationofthenativepeopleinthecolonies.Thesepeoplearenotconsiderednoraretheytreatedashumanbeings.Thecrueltreatmentthedonkeyreceivesevokesagreaterfeelingofsympathyinthebreastsofthewhitemastersthanthemiserablefateofthebrownhumanbeings.Forexample,topresentthemiserablelifeoftheoldwomen,thereissuchsentence“ThenforthefirsttimeInoticedthepooroldearth-coloredbodies,bodiesreducedtobonesandleatheryskin,bentdoubleunderthecrushingweight”.MaybeOrwellishyperboleinthissituation,butwhenreaderwascaughtthesightbythisexpression,theymusthaveagreatappealforthesympathy.Anotherdescriptionofthecorpsescenemusthavemadesomeonefeelsickevenfear,butfeelsympathyintheend.Andtheseverelylifeofcolonialismwaswritteninthis

way“WhatdoesMoroccomeantoaFrenchman?AnorangegroveorajobinGovernmentservice.OrtoanEnglishman?Camels,castles,palmtrees,ForeignLegionnaires,brasstrays,andbandits.”Somanyexampleslikethisintheessay.Orwellshowsthepovertyandmiserablelivesinthiswaytothereader,catchtheemotionofreaderproperlyandfinishhispurposeperfectly.Thelastshouldowethenarrativepersonis“I”,whichgivesthereaderatruefeelingtoemergeintothecircumstances.

Generallyspeaking,Marrakechisanexcellentnarrativeworks.Agoodworkslikethattheuseofpathosmustoccupylargegroundtoconceivedthereaders.

Ethos,orethicalappeal.Itlaidthefoundationforthepeople’scredit.Itmakesothersbelievetherealityofthelanguagethroughthehero’sattitudesandqualities.Inmodernrhetoric,ethosreferstothepersonalstanding,academicauthority,andmoralqualitiesofthewriter,usedtoguaranteeorraisethewriter’scredibilityandacceptabilityintheeyesofthereaders.Intheessay,OrwellpresentsitmainlythroughtheattitudesIthink.Theattitudestotravelthearea,totalkwiththelocalpeople,toobserveallthescenescautiouslyformaketheessaymorereliable.TheOrwellspentseveralmonthsinMarrakech,MoroccofromSeptember1938toMarch1939.TheessayMarrakechmusthavebeenwrittenduringtheirstayhere.Certainly,peoplenevergettoMoroccowillingtobelievewhatOrwellsaidmostlyowedtothepersonnelexperience.InMarrakech,Orwellalsodenouncedthecolonist,tosomeextent;theyarethekillertokillthehappinessofthisland.AnotherreasonwhyOrwellshouldhavethedeepfeelingsaboutthecircumstanceisthatheonceservedwiththeIndianImperialPoliceinBurma.HemustsawthebadtreatmentofthepeopleinIndiafr