高考英語閱讀理解復(fù)習(xí)理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)名詞（短語）指代題《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（2017年版2020年修訂）》中對高中英語學(xué)業(yè)質(zhì)量水平的要求之一是：能識別語篇的結(jié)構(gòu)，辨識和分析語篇的文本特征及銜接手段，識別語篇為傳遞意義而選用的主要詞匯和語法結(jié)構(gòu)。在閱讀理解中，通常通過信息指代類的題目考查考生對于上下文銜接關(guān)系以及文章基本結(jié)構(gòu)的把握。信息指代類題目在高考英語中有兩種：名詞（短語）指代題和代詞指代題。下面我們就如何解答名詞（短語）指代題進(jìn)行相關(guān)技巧的點(diǎn)撥。解答名詞（短語）指代題時，可以按照如下步驟進(jìn)行：①②③的返回原文，找出名詞（短語）所在句；將四個選項(xiàng)代入該名詞（短語），看意思是否通順；①②③的聯(lián)系上下文，讀懂相關(guān)句子的含義，進(jìn)一步分析四個選項(xiàng)，選出符合上下文語境最佳答案。下面我們結(jié)合高考真題對這種題型的解題技巧具體說明。例1：Theendoftheschoolyearwasinsightandspiritswerehigh.Iwasbackteachingafteranabsenceof15years,dealingwiththevariouskindsof“forbiddenfruit"thatcomeoutofbookbags.Nowwasthespringofthewaterpistol.（手槍）Idecidedtothinkupamethodofdealingwithforbiddenfruit.“Pleasebringthatpistoltome,Whatdotheunderlinedwords“theoffender,inparagraph8referto?A.Thestudent'sparent.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“theoffender,inparagraph8referto?A.Thestudent'sparent.B.ThemakeroftheGrandma'sBox.C.Theauthor'sgrandchild.D.Theowneroftheforbiddenfruit.【分析】本文是記敘文。作者為了解決孩子們將玩具帶到學(xué)校的問題，假想出了一個“奶奶的盒子”。后來，她的兒子將“奶奶的盒子”變成了現(xiàn)實(shí)。1.本題應(yīng)選D項(xiàng)。將四個選項(xiàng)代入劃線部分所在句，可以看到，符合returnthebelonging（belonging指的是作者沒收的玩具，即forbiddenfruit）的是A項(xiàng)和D項(xiàng)。結(jié)合上文描述可知，A項(xiàng)在文中并未出現(xiàn)，故選D項(xiàng)，即玩具的主人會在一天結(jié)束的時候出現(xiàn)，作者就會歸還他們的物品。例2：“What'sthat?”theyasked.“It'salargewoodenchestfulloftoysformygrandchildren/Ireplied.“Youdon'thavegrandchildren/'someonesaid."Idon'tnow,"Ireplied.uButsomedayIwill.WhenIdo,myboxwillbefullofwonderfulthingsforthem/MyimaginaryGrandma'sBoxworkedlikemagicthatspring,andlater.SometimesstudentswouldaskmetodescribeallthethingsIhadinit.ThenIwouldtrytorememberthedifferentpossessionsIsupposedlyhadtakenaway-sinceIseldomactuallykeptthem.Usuallytheoffenderwouldappearattheendoftheday,andIwouldreturnthebelongingYoucouldtakeouttwobooksatatimeandtwoonly.Sotwobytwo,IreadlibrarybooksasfastasIcouldgo,rushingthemhomeinthebasketofmybicycle.FromtheminuteIreachedourhouse,Istartedtoread.Iknewthiswasextremehappiness,knewitatthetime.Mymothersharedthisfeelingofmine.Now,Ithinkofherasreadingsomuchofthetimewhiledoingsomethingelse.IrememberherreadingamagazinewhiletakingthepartoftheWolfinagameof“LittleRedRidingHood,withmybrother'stwodaughters.She'djustlookupattherighttime,longenoughtoanswer-incharacter-“Thebettertoeatyouwith,mydear,"andgobacktoherplaceinthemagazinearticle.2.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“thisfeeling”refertointhelastparagraph?A.Desiretoread.B.LoveforMrs.Calloway.C.Interestingames.D.Fearofthelibraryrules.【分析】本文是記敘文。作者回憶了自己早年的圖書館閱讀經(jīng)歷以及母親在閱讀方面勸自己的影響。本題應(yīng)選A項(xiàng)。將四個選項(xiàng)代入劃線部分所在句，可以看到四個選項(xiàng)均符合句意。根據(jù)劃線部分所在句中的shared可以判斷，thisfeeling是作者和母親共同擁有的感受。結(jié)合上文中的IreadlibrarybooksasfastasIcouldgo...FromtheminuteIreachedourhouse,Istartedtoread和下文中的Ithinkofherasreadingsomuchofthetimewhiledoingsomethingelse可知，作者和母親共同擁有的就是對閱讀的渴望，故選A項(xiàng)。例3：???AsIgrewolderandbecameamother,thelibrarytookonanewplaceandanaddedmeaninginmylife.Ihadseveralchildrenandbookswereourmainsource（來源）ofentertainment.Itwasabigdealforustoloadupandgotothelocallibrary,wheremykidscouldpickoutbookstoreadorbookstheywantedmetoreadtothem.Ialwaysread,usingdifferentvoices,asthoughIwereactingoutthestorieswithmyvoiceandtheylovedit!Itwasaspecialtimetobondwithmychildrenanditfilledthemwiththewondermentofbooks.Now,IseemychildrentakingtheirchildrentothelibraryandIlovethattheexcitementofgoingtothelibrarylivesonfromgenerationtogeneration.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“anaddedmeaning1'inparagraph3referto?Pleasurefromworkinginthelibrary.Joyofreadingpassedoninthefamily.Wondermentfromactingoutthestories.Acloserbonddevelopedwiththereaders.【分析】本文是記敘文。作者講述了自己與圖書館的不解之緣。本題應(yīng)選B項(xiàng)。劃線短語所在的句子是第三段的主題句。該段接下來的內(nèi)容及之后的兩段介紹了作者和孩子們、作者的孩子們和他們的孩子們?nèi)D書館讀書的經(jīng)歷，由此可判斷劃線短語指代B項(xiàng)“閱讀的樂趣在家族中傳承”，B項(xiàng)是對第五段中theexcitementofgoingtothelibrarylivesonfromgenerationtogeneration的轉(zhuǎn)述。例4：Americansusemorethan100billionthinfilmplasticbagseveryyear.Somanyendupintreebranchesoralonghighwaysthatagrowingnumberofcitiesdonotallowthematcheckouts（收銀臺）.Thebagsareprohibitedinsome90citiesinCalifornia,includingLosAngeles.Eyeingtheseheadwinds,plastic-bagmakersarehiringscientistslikeSteintomakethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadfortheplanetasmostpeopleassume.Whatdoestheword“headwinds”inparagraph2referto?A.Bansonplasticbags.B.Effectsofcitydevelopment.C.Headachescausedbygarbage.D.Plasticbagshungintrees.【分析】本文是說明文。美國加利福尼亞州約有90個城市禁止使用塑料購物袋。塑料購物袋制造商想出了對策——用可以重復(fù)利用的購物袋。但是環(huán)保專家認(rèn)為紙袋和塑料袋都不要用。4.本題應(yīng)選A項(xiàng)。將四個選項(xiàng)代入劃線單詞所在句，可以看到，能夠使塑料購物袋制造商（plastic-bagmakers）采取行動的是A項(xiàng)和D項(xiàng)。結(jié)合上文中的Thebagsareprohibitedinsome90citiesinCalifornia可知，A項(xiàng)正確。代詞指代題代詞指代題要求考生根據(jù)一定的語境推測代詞（如that,this,it,they,them,one等）所指代的內(nèi)容。此類題目主要考查考生整體理解語篇的能力，理解相關(guān)句子的意義及上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系是解這類題目的關(guān)鍵。解答代詞指代題時，也可按照上期所講的解答名詞（短語）指代題的步驟，將選項(xiàng)代入劃線詞所在句，看句意是否符合上下文邏輯。此外，了解一定的語篇照應(yīng)（指用代詞等語法手段來表示語義關(guān)系）知識也有助于解答代詞指代題。比如，一般來說，this和these既可用于前照應(yīng)，又可用于后照應(yīng)，但that和those通常只用于前照應(yīng)。因此，尋找that和those指代的內(nèi)容時，只需要關(guān)注上文內(nèi)容即可。下面我們結(jié)合高考真題對這種題型的解題技巧具體說明。例1：Inthemid-1990s,TomBisselltaughtEnglishasavolunteerinUzbekistan.Heleftaftersevenmonths,physicallybrokenandhavinglosthismind.Afewyearslater,stillattractedtothecountry,hereturnedtoUzbekistantowriteanarticleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAralSea.Hisvisit,however,endedupinvolvingalotmorethanthat.Hencethisbook,ChasingtheSea:LostAmongtheGhostsofEmpireinCentralAsia,whichtalksaboutaroadtripfromTashkenttoKarakalpakstan,wheremillionsofliveshavebeendestroyedbytheslowdryingupofthesea....1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph2referto?A.Developingaseriousmentaldisease.B.TakingaguidedtourinCentralAsia.C.WorkingasavolunteerinUzbekistan.D.WritinganarticleabouttheAralSea.【分析】本文是說明文。文章介紹了TomBissell所著圖書ChasingtheSea：LostAmongtheGhostsofEmpireinCentralAsia的內(nèi)容。該書敘述TMrBissell從塔什干到卡拉卡爾帕克斯垣的一次公路之旅的見聞，是對中亞最純粹傳統(tǒng)的細(xì)致而生動的描述。本題應(yīng)選D項(xiàng)。語篇中的that通常用于前照應(yīng)，即指代前面提到過的事物，起“承上”的作用，因此解題時應(yīng)聯(lián)系第一段末句中的…h(huán)ereturnedtoUzbekistantowriteanarticleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAralSeao由此可知，that指代“寫一篇關(guān)于咸海消失的文章”。將D項(xiàng)代入that所在句，符合語境。例2：ThetrafficsignalsalongFactoriaBoulevardinBellevue,Washington,generallydon'tflashthesamelengthofgreentwiceinarow,especiallyatrushhour.At9:30am,thefullred/yellow/greensignalcyclemightbe140seconds.By9:33am,aburstofadditionaltrafficmightpushitto145seconds.Lesstrafficat9：37amcouldpushitdownto135.Justlikethetrafficitself,thetimingofthesignalschanges.Thatisbydesign.Bellevue,afast-growingcityjusteastofSeattle,usesasystemthatisgainingpopularityaroundtheUS:intersection(卜字路口)signalsthatcanadjustinrealtimetotrafficconditions....Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph2referto?A.Increasedlengthofgreenlights.B.Shortenedtrafficsignalcycle.C.Flexibletimingoftrafficsignals.D.Smoothtrafficflowontheroad.【分析】本文是說明文。文章介紹了華盛頓中西部城市貝爾維尤采用根據(jù)車流量調(diào)控紅綠燈時間的自適應(yīng)信號燈，有效地緩解了交通壓力。本題應(yīng)選C項(xiàng)。根據(jù)that的前照應(yīng)用法，我們可從第一段尋找其指代內(nèi)容。第一段講述交通信號燈的時間變化情況(140seconds、145seconds、135),故可知此處的That指代靈活的交通信號時間。例3：OnoneofhertripstoNewYorkseveralyearsago,EudoraWeltydecidedtotakeacoupleofNewYorkfriendsouttodinner.TheysettledinatacomfortableEastSidecafeandwithinminutes,anothercustomerwasapproachingtheirtable.“Hey,aren'tyoufromMississippi?1'theelegant,white-hairedwriterrememberedbeingaskedbythestranger."I'mfromMississippitoo/Withoutasecondthought,thewomanjoinedtheWeltyparty.Whenherdinnerpartnershowedup,shealsopulledupachair.“TheybegantellingmeallthenewsofMississippi/Weltysaid."Ididn'tknowwhatmyNewYorkfriendswerethinking/TaxisonarainyNewYorknightarerarerthansunshine.Bythetimethegroupgotuptoleave,itwaspouringoutside.Welty'snewfriendsimmediatelysentawaitertofindacab.Headingbackdowntowntowardherhotel,herbig-cityfriendswereamazedattheturnofeventsthathadchangedtheirBigAppledinnerintoaMississippistatereunion.（團(tuán)聚）“Myfriendssaid：Whatdoestheunderlinedword"it"inparagraph2referto?A.Thebook.B.Anadventure.C.Apublicplace.D.Theidentificationnumber.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"it"inparagraph2referto?A.Thebook.B.Anadventure.C.Apublicplace.D.Theidentificationnumber.【分析】本文是說明文。文章介紹了一個圖書漂流網(wǎng)站，該網(wǎng)站鼓勵人們拿出自己的圖書與他人分享。4.本題應(yīng)選A項(xiàng)。將四個選項(xiàng)代入劃線單詞所在句，可以看到，能夠與find搭配的是A項(xiàng)、C項(xiàng)和D項(xiàng)。結(jié)合上文中的BookCrossingp