書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-吉林建筑科技學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Allenwillsoonfindoutthatreallifeisseldomassimpleasitis（

）incommercials.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.drafted

B.depicted

C.alleged

D.permeated

【答案】B

【解析】考察動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。drafted“設(shè)計(jì)；挑選”;depicted“描述;描畫”;alleged“宣稱”；permeated“彌漫”。句意：艾倫將很快發(fā)現(xiàn)實(shí)際生活很少像廣告中描繪的那樣簡單。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

2.單選題

Itisnecessarythatthemembershipapplicationsshouldbedispatchedimmediately.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.disposedof

B.sentin

C.sentoff

D.filledout

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)disposedof“處理”；B選項(xiàng)sentin“遞送”；C選項(xiàng)sentoff“寄出”；D選項(xiàng)filledout“填寫”。句意：有必要立即發(fā)出會(huì)員申請。劃線部分dispatched是發(fā)出的意思。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

Thegovernment'spoliciesinthepastfiveyearshaveshowna(n)（）inemphasizingthenecessityofimprovingthepeasants’livelihood.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.behavior

B.agony

C.coherence

D.exaltation

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。behavior“行為；舉止”；agony“苦惱”；coherence“一致；連貫性”；exaltation“欣喜；提拔”。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語inthepastfiveyears(在過去五年)可知政府對提高農(nóng)民生活水平的持續(xù)關(guān)注，因此選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

4.翻譯題

PossessionforitsownsakeorincompetitionwiththerestoftheneighborhoodwouldhavebeenThoreau’sideaofthelowlevels.Theactivedisciplineofheighteningone’sperceptionofwhatisenduringinnaturewouldhavebeenhisideaofthehigh.Whathesavedfromthelowwastimeandefforthecouldspendonthehigh.Thoreaucertainlydisapprovedofstarvation,buthewouldputintofeedinghimselfonlyasmucheffortaswouldkeephimfunctioningformoreimportantefforts.Effortisthegistofit.Thereisnohappinessexceptaswetakeonlife-engagingdifficulties.Shortoftheimpossible，asYeatsputit,thesatisfactionwegetfromalifetimedependsonhowhighwechooseourdifficulties.RobertFrostwasthinkinginsomethinglikethesametermswhenhespokeof“Thepleasureoftakingpains”.Themortalflawintheadvertisedversionofhappinessisinthefactthatitpurportstobeeffortless.

Wedemanddifficultyeveninourgames.Wedemanditbecausewithoutdifficultytherecanbenogame.Agameisawayofmakingsomethinghardforthefunofit.Therulesofthegameareanarbitraryimpositionofdifficulty.Whensomeoneruinsthefun,healwaysdoessobyrefusingtoplaybytheroles.Itiseasiertowinatchessifyouarefree,atyourpleasure,tochangethewhollyarbitraryroles,butthefunisinwinningwithintherules.Nodifficulty,nofun.

【答案】努力是關(guān)鍵。只有當(dāng)我們坦然面對人生中的困苦，才有幸福可言。正如葉芝所言，除去某些不可能的情形，我們于人生中所獲取的滿足取決于我們在多高的境界中選擇我們所愿意面對的艱難困苦。羅伯特?弗羅斯特談到“以苦為樂”時(shí)，應(yīng)該也是這種想法。廣告中宣傳的幸福觀的致命缺點(diǎn)便是它試圖宣傳幸福唾手可得。

我們即使玩游戲也會(huì)有困難。我們之所以需要它，是因?yàn)闆]有困難便沒有游戲可言。游戲便是讓其中的樂趣沒有那么容易得到。游戲的規(guī)則便是將苦難武斷地強(qiáng)加于人。當(dāng)有人破壞了這些樂趣，也意味著他總是會(huì)拒絕遵守游戲規(guī)則。下棋時(shí)，如果你隨心所欲地去更改規(guī)則，這樣很容易贏。但是游戲的樂趣就在于能夠在遵守規(guī)則的前提下贏。如果沒有困難，也就沒有樂趣可言。

5.單選題

Thepost-WorldWarIIbaby___resultedina43%increaseinthenumberofteenagersinthe1960sand1970s.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.boost

B.boom

C.production

D.prosperity

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)boost“推動(dòng)；幫助；宣揚(yáng)”；B選項(xiàng)boom“繁榮；（某種體育運(yùn)動(dòng)、音樂等）突然風(fēng)靡的時(shí)期；吊桿；隆隆聲；水柵；帆桁”；C選項(xiàng)production“成果；產(chǎn)品；生產(chǎn)；作品”；D選項(xiàng)prosperity“繁榮，成功”。結(jié)合空格前baby，組成固定搭配babyboom“嬰兒潮；生育高峰”。句意：二戰(zhàn)后的嬰兒潮導(dǎo)致60年代和70年代的青少年人數(shù)增加了43%。B選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

Whatoursocietysuffersfrommosttodayistheabsenceofconsensusaboutwhatitandlifeinitoughttobe;suchconsensuscannotbegainedfromsociety'spresentstage,orfromfantasiesaboutwhatitoughttobe.Forthatthepresentistoocloseandtoodiversified,andthefuturetoouncertain,tomakebelievableclaimsaboutit.Aconsensusinthepresenthencecanbeachievedonlythroughasharedunderstandingofthepast,asHomer'sepicsinformedthosewholivedcenturieslaterwhatitmeanttobeGreek,andbywhatimagesandidealstheyweretolivetheirlivesandorganizetheirsocieties.

Mostsocietiesderiveconsensusfromalonghistory,alanguagealltheirown,acommonreligion,commonancestry.Themythsbywhichtheylivearebasedonallofthese.ButtheUnitedStatesisacountryofimmigrants,comingfromagreatvarietyofnations.Lately,ithasbeenemphasizedthatanasocial,narcissisticpersonalityhasbecomecharacteristicofAmericans,andthatitisthistypeofpersonalitythatmakesforthelackofwell-being,becauseitpreventsusfromachievingconsensusthatwouldcounteractatendencytowithdrawintoprivateworlds.Inthisstudyofnarcissism,ChristopherLashsaysthatmodernman,"torturedbyself-consciousnessturnstonewtherapiesnottofreehimselfofhispersonalworriesbuttofindmeaningandpurposeinlife,tofindsomethingtolivefor".Thereiswidespreaddistressbecausenationalmoralehasdeclinedandwehavelostanearliersenseofnationalvisionandpurpose.

Contrarytorigidreligionsorpoliticalbeliefs,asarefoundintotalitariansocieties,ourcultureisoneofthegreatindividualdifferences,atleastinprincipleandintheorybutthisleadstodisunity,evenchaos.Americansbelieveinthevalueofdiversitybutjustbecauseoursisasocietybasedonindividualdiversity,itneedsconsensusaboutsomedominatingideasmorethansocietiesbasedonuniform,originoftheircitizens.Hence,ifwearetohaveconsensus,itmustbebasedonamyth—avisionaboutacommonexperience,aconquestthatmadeusAmericans,asthemythabouttheconquestofTroyformedtheGreeks,onlyacommonmythcanofferrelieffromthefearthatlifeiswithoutmeaningorpurpose.Mythspermitustoexamineourplaceintheworldbycomparingittoasharedidea.Mythsaresharedfantasiesthatform,thetiethatbindstheindividualtoothermembersofhisgroup.Suchmythshelptowardofffeelingsofisolations,guilt,anxiety,andpurposelessness—inshort,theycombatisolationandthebreakdownofsocialstandardsandvalues.

1.Intheeyesoftheauthor,thegreatesttroublewiththeUSsocietymayliein（

）.

2.TheasocialpersonalityofAmericansmaystemfrom（

）.

3.Homer'sepicsismentionedinParagraph1inorderto（

）.

4.Theword"consensus"isclosestinmeaningto（

）.

5.Theword"our"inSentence1,Paragraph3refersto（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thenon-existenceofconsensusontheformsofthesocietyshouldtake

B.thelackofdivergenceoverthecommonorganizationsofsociallife.

C.thenon-acceptanceofasocietybasedonindividualdiversity

D.thepervasivedistresscausedbynationalmoraledecline.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.theabsenceofacommonreligion

B.themultiracialconstituentsoftheUSsociety

C.thewantofsharedmythstheypossessinlife

D.thecounterbalancetonarcissisticpersonality

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.exemplifythecontributionsmadebyancientpoets

B.illustratetheroleofsharedfantasiesaboutsociety.

C.showanidealstageofeternalsocialprogress

D.makeknownmythsofwhatasocietyoughttobe

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.control

B.concern

C.agreement

D.consideration

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Trojan

B.totalitarian

C.Greek

D.American

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.推理判斷題。題目所問的是“美國社會(huì)最大的麻煩可能在于什么？”文章第一段第一句話提到“我們社會(huì)最痛心的是缺乏對‘社會(huì)是什么’以及‘社會(huì)生活應(yīng)該是什么’這類問題的一致意見”（Whatoursocietysuffersfrommosttodayistheabsenceofconsensusaboutwhatitandlifeinitoughttobe）。選項(xiàng)A“對社會(huì)應(yīng)該采取什么樣的形態(tài)缺乏一致性”符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目所問的是“美國人的社會(huì)人格來源于什么？”文章第二段第三句話提到“美國是一個(gè)來自各個(gè)國家的移民組成的國家”（ButtheUnitedStatesisacountryofimmigrants,comingfromagreatvarietyofnations）。選項(xiàng)B“美國社會(huì)由多種族組成”符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。題目所問的是“第一段提到荷馬史詩的目的是什么？”文章第一段最后一句話提到“因此現(xiàn)在的一致性只有通過對過去共同的理解才能獲得，就像荷馬史詩告知后來的人一致性對于希臘來說意味著什么，他們是依靠什么樣的想象和理想來生活以及構(gòu)造社會(huì)的。”（Aconsensusinthepresenthencecanbeachievedonlythroughasharedunderstandingofthepast,asHomer'sepicsinformedthosewholivedcenturieslaterwhatitmeanttobeGreek,andbywhatimagesandidealstheyweretolivetheirlivesandorganizetheirsocieties）。選項(xiàng)B“說明共同的幻想對社會(huì)的重要性”符合題意。

4.詞義題。題目所問的是“consensus與哪個(gè)詞的意思最接近？”consensus在文章中出現(xiàn)多次，文章第二段第一句話mostsocietiesderiveconsensusfromalonghistory,alanguagealltheirown,acommonreligion,commonancestry，根據(jù)句子中的common這個(gè)詞可以猜測consensus的意思是一個(gè)與之相近的名詞。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的單詞意思分別為：control“控制”；concern“擔(dān)心，憂慮”；agreement“同意，一致”；consideration“考慮，原因”，選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

5.詞義題。題目所問的是“‘our’指的是什么？”從文章第三段第二句話可以看出，本段主要講述的是美國社會(huì)的問題，因此，our指的是“美國”。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

7.單選題

Thenewscommentatorsaysthattheargumentthespeakerhaspresenteddoesnot（）water.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.have

B.contain

C.include

D.hold

【答案】D

【解析】固定搭配。holdwater意為“站得住腳，合情合理，說得通”。這里指演講者提出的論點(diǎn)說不通。選項(xiàng)D正確。

8.單選題

Inthiscountryitisagainstthe（）nottowearseatbeltsinacar.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.rule

B.regulation

C.law

D.order

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)rule“規(guī)則”；B選項(xiàng)regulation“管理，校準(zhǔn)”；C選項(xiàng)law“法律”；D選項(xiàng)order“指示，命令”。句意：在這個(gè)國家，在汽車?yán)锊幌蛋踩珟莀____的。這里考查固定搭配againstthelaw“違反法律”，句子表達(dá)的意思是，不系安全帶在這個(gè)國家是違法的，因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

9.單選題

Aninternationaltreatysignedseveralyearsago（

）tradeinplantsandanimalsofendangeredspecies.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.bans

B.eliminates

C.promotes

D.protects

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。ban意為“明令禁止，取締”；eliminate意為“排除，取消”；promote意為“促進(jìn)，推進(jìn)”；protect意為“保護(hù)，保衛(wèi)”。由主語aninternationaltreaty（國際條約）和賓語tradeinplantsandanimalsofendangeredspecies（瀕危動(dòng)植物的貿(mào)易）可知謂語動(dòng)詞用ban符合邏輯。

句意：幾年前簽署的一項(xiàng)國際條約禁止瀕危動(dòng)植物貿(mào)易。

10.單選題

Let'stestthetemperatureofabasinofwaterwithbothhands（）togetherinthewater.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.placing

B.place

C.beingplaced

D.placed

【答案】D

【解析】句意:讓我們把兩只手一起放水中，以測試水溫。

語法題。考查時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)。此處hands和place之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，因此用過去分詞。故D正確。

11.單選題

Canyougivemeanotherhintwithout______theanswer?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.givingoff

B.givingaway

C.givingup

D.givingin

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)givingoff“發(fā)出”；B選項(xiàng)givingaway“泄露”；C選項(xiàng)givingup“放棄”；D選項(xiàng)givingin“屈服”。句意：你能在不告訴我答案的情況下再給我一個(gè)提示嗎？本句表示泄露答案。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

12.單選題

Myboneshavebeenachingagain,astheyoftendoinhumidweather.Theyachelikehistory:thingslongdonewith,thatstillremainaspain.Whentheacheisbadenoughitkeepsmefromsleeping.EverynightIyearnforsleep,Istriveforit;yetitfluttersonaheadofmelikeacurtain.Therearesleepingpills,ofcourse,butthedoctorhaswarnedmeagainstthem.

Lastnight,afterwhatseemedhoursofdampturmoil,Igotupandcreptslipperlessdownthestairs,feelingmywayinthefaintstreetlightthatcamethroughthewindow.Oncesafelyarrivedatthebottom,Iwalkedintothekitchenandlookedaroundintherefrigerator.TherewasnothingmuchIwantedtoeat:theremainsofabunchofcelery,ablue-tingedheelofbread,alemongoingsoft.I'vefallenintothehabitsofthesolitary;mymealsaresnatchedandrandom.Furtivesnacks,furtivetreatsandpicnics.Imadedowithsomepeanutbutter,scoopeddirectlyfromthejarwithaforefinger:whydirtyaspoon?

Standingtherewiththejarinonehandandmyfingerinmymouth,Ihadthefeelingthatsomeonewasabouttowalkintotheroom~someotherwoman,theunseen,validowner~andaskmewhatinhellIwasdoinginherkitchen.I’vehaditbefore,thesensethateveninthecourseofmymostlegitimateanddailyactions—peelingabanana,brushingmyteeth―Iamtrespassing.

Atnightthehousewasmorethaneverlikeastranger's.Iwanderedthroughthefrontroom,thediningroom,theparlour,handonthewallforbalance.Myvariouspossessionswerefloatingintheirownpoolsofshadow,denyingmyownershipofthem.Ilookedthemoverwithaburglar’seye,decidingwhatmightbeworththeriskofstealing,whatontheotherhandIwouldleavebehind.Robberswouldtaketheobviousthings~thesilverteapotthatwasmygrandmother’s,perhapsthehand-paintedchina.Thetelevisionset.NothingIreallywant.

1.Theauthorcouldnotfallasleepbecause（

）.

2.TheauthordidnotlikethefoodintherefrigeratorbecauseitwasNOT（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.itwastoodampinthebedroom

B.shehadrunoutofsleepingpills

C.shewasinverypoorhealth

D.shefeltveryhungry

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.fresh

B.sufficient

C.nutritious

D.delicious

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

【解析】1.推理判斷題。題干詢問作者不能入睡的原因。由第一段中第三句“Whentheacheisbadenoughitkeepsmefromsleeping.EverynightIyearnforsleep,Istriveforit;yetitfluttersonaheadofmelikeacurtain.當(dāng)疼痛非常嚴(yán)重時(shí)，它讓我無法入睡。每晚我都渴望睡覺，我努力去睡著，但是睡覺如同一個(gè)窗簾樣在我的面前飄動(dòng)”確定C選項(xiàng)“她身體非常不好”正確。

2.推理判斷題。題干詢問作者不喜歡吃冰箱的食物的原因。由第二段第三句“TherewasnothingmuchIwantedtoeat:theremainsofabunchofcelery,ablue-tingedheelofbread,alemongoingsoft.這里沒有太多我想吃的東西：剩下的東西有一把芹菜、一塊染了藍(lán)色的面包尾部和一個(gè)正變軟的檸檬”確定A選項(xiàng)“新鮮”正確；B選項(xiàng)“充足的”、C選項(xiàng)“營養(yǎng)的”和D選項(xiàng)“可口的”不正確。

13.單選題

InRomantimes,defeatedenemiesweregenerallyputtodeathascriminalsforhavingoffendedtheemperorofRome.Inthemiddleages,however,thepracticeofransoming,orreturningprisonersinexchangeformoney,becamecommon.Thoughsomesawthiscustomasasteptowardsamorehumanesociety,theprimaryreasonsbehinditwereeconomicratherthanhumanitarian.

Inthosetimes,rulershadonlyalimitedabilitytoraisetaxes.Theycouldneitherforcetheirsubjectstofightnorpaythemtodoso.Thepromiseofmaterialcompensationintheformofgoodsandransomwasthereforetheonlywayofinducingcombatantstoparticipateinawar.Inthemiddleages,thepredominantincentivefortheindividualsoldiertoparticipateinawarwastheexpectationofspoils.Althoughcollectingransomclearlybroughtfinancialgain,keepingaprisonerandarrangingforhisexchangehaditscosts.Consequently,severalproceduresweredevisedtoreducetransactioncosts.

Onesuchdevicewasaruleassertingthattheprisonerhadtoassesshisownvalue.Thiscompelledtheprisonertoestablishavaluewithoutmuchdistortion;indicatingtoolowavaluewouldincreasethecaptive’schancesofbeingkilled,whileindicatingtoohighavaluewouldeitherrushhimfinanciallyorcreateaprohibitivelyexpensiveransomthatwouldalsoresultindeath.

Asecondmeansofreducingcostswasthepracticeofreleasingaprisoneronhiswordofhonor.Thisprocedurewasadvantageoustobothpartiessincethecaptorwasrelievedoftheexpenseofkeepingtheprisonerwhilethecaptivehadfreedomofmovement.Thecaptoralsobenefitedfinanciallybyhavinghiscaptiveraisetheransomhimself.This“parole”wasaviablepracticesincethereleasedprisonerriskedrecaptureorretaliationagainsthisfamily.Moreover,inmedievalsociety,breakingone’swordhadseriousconsequences.When,forexample,KingFrancoisIbrokehiswordtotheEmperorCharlesVin1525,hisreputationsufferedimmensely.

Afindmethodofreducingcostswastheuseofspecializedinstitutionstoestablishcontactbetweenthetwoparties.Twotypesofinstitutionsemerged:professionaldealerswhoactedasbrokers,andmembersofreligiousorderswhoactedasneutralintermediaries.Dealersadvancedmoneyfortheransomandchargedinterestontheloan.TwoofthereligiousordersthatbecameintermediariesweretheMercedariansandtheTrinitarians,whobetweenthemarrangedtheransomofnearlyonemillionprisoners.

61.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto______.

62.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatamedievalsoldier______.

63.Intheauthor’sopinion,asoldier’sdecisiontospareanadversary’slifebelinkedhistoricallyto______.

64.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheprocessofarrangingransomsduringmedievaltimeswas______.

65.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.discusstheeconomicbasisofthemedievalpracticeofexchangingprisonersforransom

B.examinethehistoryofthetreatmentofprisonersofwar

C.emphasizetheimportanceofawarrior’swordofhonorduringtheMiddleAges

D.explorethreewaysofreducingthecostsofransom

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.hadfeweconomicoptionsandchosetofightbecauseitwastheonlywayto

B.wassimilartoa20th-centuryterroristinthatheoperatedonabasicallyindependentlevelandwasmotivatedsolelybyeconomicincentives

C.waslesslikelytokillcapturedmembersofopposingarmiesthanwasasoldieroftheRomanEmpire

D.wasmotivatedtospareprisonerslivesbyhumanitarianratherthaneconomicideals

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.theeconomicrelationshipofthewarringstates

B.theeconomicgainfromtakinganenemyprisonerratherthankillinghimincombat

C.thecasewithwhichasoldiercouldcaptureandsubsequentlyimprisonhisenemy

D.technologicaladvancesinweaponry

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.morelucrativeformedievalsoldiersandkingsthanthewinningofspoils

B.aproceduresocostlythatitwasnoteconomicallyworthwhileforthecaptors

C.futileforthecaptivesincelieriskedrecaptureevenafterhisransomwaspaid

D.apotentialsourceofincomeforothersasidefromthecaptorsoftheprisoners

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Anassertionismade,brieflyexplained,andthenseveralexamplesthatrefutetheassertionaregiven.

B.Ahistoricalanalysisismadeofaphenomenonandsupportingdetailsareoffered.

C.Ahypothesisisoffered,carefullyqualified,andthensupportingdataisanalyzed.

D.Agenerallyacceptedhistoricalviewpointispresentedinordertointroducediscussionofitsstrengthsandlimitations.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】61.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】主旨大意題。題干意思是“文章的主要目的是……”。文章第一段提到InRomantimes,defeatedenemiesweregenerallyputtodeathascriminalsforhavingoffendedtheemperorofRome.Inthemiddleages,however,thepracticeofransoming,orreturningprisonersinexchangeformoney,becamecommon.Thoughsomesawthiscustomasasteptowardsamorehumanesociety,theprimaryreasonsbehinditwereeconomicratherthanhumanitarian.（在羅馬時(shí)代，被打敗的敵人通常會(huì)因?yàn)槊胺噶肆_馬皇帝而被當(dāng)作罪犯處死。然而，在中世紀(jì)，贖回或遣返囚犯以換取金錢的做法變得普遍起來。盡管有些人認(rèn)為這一習(xí)俗是邁向更人道社會(huì)的一步，但其背后的主要原因是經(jīng)濟(jì)而非人道主義。），接著全篇都是在描述中世紀(jì)拿戰(zhàn)俘換取金錢這一行為，可知文章的主要目的是討論中世紀(jì)統(tǒng)治者拿戰(zhàn)俘換取金錢這一行為的經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)，故A項(xiàng)“討論中世紀(jì)交換囚犯換取贖金的經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)”符合題意。B項(xiàng)“研究戰(zhàn)俘待遇的歷史”和C項(xiàng)“在中世紀(jì)強(qiáng)調(diào)戰(zhàn)士的榮譽(yù)承諾的重要性”，都只是在文章中有稍微提到，比較片面；D項(xiàng)“探索三種降低贖金成本的方法”，根據(jù)第二段倒數(shù)兩句Althoughcollectingransomclearlybroughtfinancialgain,keepingaprisonerandarrangingforhisexchangehaditscosts.Consequently,severalproceduresweredevisedtoreducetransactioncosts.（雖然收集贖金顯然帶來了經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，但關(guān)押和安排交換囚犯是有代價(jià)的。因此，制定了若干程序以減少交易成本。），由此可知，降低交易成本只是統(tǒng)治者為了能夠獲得最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，是討論統(tǒng)治者拿戰(zhàn)俘換取金錢這一行為的一部分內(nèi)容，D項(xiàng)概括不夠全面。故該題選A。

62.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“根據(jù)文章可以推斷中世紀(jì)的士兵……”。根據(jù)第二段第四句Inthemiddleages,thepredominantincentivefortheindividualsoldiertoparticipateinawarwastheexpectationofspoils.（在中世紀(jì)，每個(gè)士兵參加戰(zhàn)爭的主要?jiǎng)訖C(jī)是對戰(zhàn)利品的期望）可知中世紀(jì)士兵是為了獲得戰(zhàn)利品而去戰(zhàn)斗，因?yàn)橹惺兰o(jì)戰(zhàn)俘可以換贖金，所以一般不會(huì)像羅馬時(shí)期一樣殺死戰(zhàn)俘，故C項(xiàng)“他比羅馬帝國的士兵更不可能殺死被敵軍俘虜?shù)氖勘狈项}意；A項(xiàng)“沒有什么經(jīng)濟(jì)選擇，所以選擇戰(zhàn)斗，因?yàn)檫@是唯一的辦法”，第二段第三句提到Thepromiseofmaterialcompensationintheformofgoodsandransomwasthereforetheonlywayofinducingcombatantstoparticipateinawar.（以貨物和贖金形式提供物質(zhì)補(bǔ)償?shù)某兄Z是誘使戰(zhàn)斗人員參加戰(zhàn)爭的唯一辦法）可知，讓士兵參加戰(zhàn)斗的唯一辦法是承諾以貨物和贖金形式提供物質(zhì)補(bǔ)償，所以A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；B項(xiàng)“類似于20世紀(jì)的恐怖分子，他基本上是獨(dú)立運(yùn)作的，只受經(jīng)濟(jì)動(dòng)機(jī)的驅(qū)使”，全文作者沒有將中世紀(jì)的士兵與現(xiàn)代的恐怖主義作比較，故不選B；D項(xiàng)“是出于人道主義而不是經(jīng)濟(jì)理想來拯救囚犯的生命”，釋放戰(zhàn)俘是為了獲得贖金，而不是人道主義，所以D項(xiàng)也不選。故該題選C。

63.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“在作者看來，一名士兵決定寬恕敵人的生命歷史上是與……有關(guān)”。根據(jù)第一段的第二句話Inthemiddleages,however,thepracticeofransoming,orreturningprisonersinexchangeformoney,becamecommon.（然而，在中世紀(jì)，贖回或遣返囚犯以換取金錢的做法變得普遍起來），我們可以知道戰(zhàn)士不殺死戰(zhàn)俘的原因是為了贖金；這是個(gè)人經(jīng)濟(jì)動(dòng)力驅(qū)使，所以B項(xiàng)“在戰(zhàn)斗中俘虜敵人而不是殺死他所獲得的經(jīng)濟(jì)收益”符合題意。A項(xiàng)“戰(zhàn)國的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系”，文章沒有提到羅馬帝國和戰(zhàn)國的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系；C項(xiàng)“一名士兵可以捕獲并監(jiān)禁他的敵人的情況”這不是士兵會(huì)寬恕敵人的生命的原因，最終是為了獲得贖金；D項(xiàng)“武器裝備技術(shù)進(jìn)步”文章也未提到；故該題選B。

64.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“從文章中可以推斷出中世紀(jì)安排贖金的過程是……”。根據(jù)第二段第四句IntheMiddleAges,thepredominantincentivefortheindividualsoldiertoparticipateinawarwastheexpectationofspoils.（在中世紀(jì)，每個(gè)士兵參加戰(zhàn)爭的主要?jiǎng)訖C(jī)是對戰(zhàn)利品的期望）可知，士兵的最大動(dòng)力是戰(zhàn)利品，而俘虜戰(zhàn)俘換取贖金只是另外一種收入，因?yàn)殛P(guān)押戰(zhàn)俘需要成本，所以A項(xiàng)“對中世紀(jì)的士兵和國王來說，比贏得戰(zhàn)利品更有利可圖”不選；B項(xiàng)“這個(gè)程序太昂貴以至于對綁架者來說在經(jīng)濟(jì)上不劃算”，第二段最后一句有提到Consequently,severalproceduresweredevisedtoreducetransactioncosts.（因此，制定了若干程序以減少交易成本），由此可知，他們采取了降低成本的方法，所以B項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；C項(xiàng)“對俘虜來說是徒勞無功的，因?yàn)榧词乖谒Ц读粟H金之后，他仍然冒著被抓回的危險(xiǎn)”，題干說的是俘虜者而不是被俘虜者，與題干無關(guān)，故C項(xiàng)不選；D項(xiàng)“除了俘虜者之外，其他人的潛在收入來源”，文中提到因?yàn)殛P(guān)押和安排交換囚犯是有代價(jià)，所以制定了若干程序減少成本，其中就提到了“假釋”囚犯和利用專門機(jī)構(gòu)在雙方之間建立聯(lián)系，這是除了俘虜者外，其他人的潛在經(jīng)濟(jì)收入，所以D項(xiàng)符合。故該題選D。

65.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】文章主旨題。題干意思是“下列哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)最好地描述了這篇文章的組織結(jié)構(gòu)？”。全文就是針對中世紀(jì)的拿戰(zhàn)俘換取贖金的現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行分析，并給出了細(xì)致的流程說明來支持這個(gè)分析，B項(xiàng)“對一種現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行歷史分析，并提供支持細(xì)節(jié)”符合。A項(xiàng)“給出一個(gè)斷言，簡要解釋，然后給出幾個(gè)反駁該斷言的例子”文中不是用實(shí)例來駁斥論點(diǎn)，A項(xiàng)不選；C項(xiàng)“提出一個(gè)假設(shè)，仔細(xì)確認(rèn)，然后分析支持?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)”，戰(zhàn)俘換取贖金的現(xiàn)象是歷史存在過的，不是一種推論，所以不選C項(xiàng)；D項(xiàng)“一個(gè)被普遍接受的歷史觀點(diǎn)是為了引入對其優(yōu)勢和局限性的討論”，文章也沒有談?wù)撨@個(gè)歷史事實(shí)的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，D項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；故該題選B。

14.單選題

Galileoabstainedfromdiscussingtheforcethatcausesaccelerationwhenanobjectfallstowardstheearth.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.evolvedfrom

B.protectedfrom

C.refrainedfrom

D.derivedfrom

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)evolvedfrom“進(jìn)化”；B選項(xiàng)protectedfrom“保護(hù)”；C選項(xiàng)refrainedfrom“避免”；D選項(xiàng)derivedfrom“衍生”。句意：伽利略沒有討論物體落向地球時(shí)引起加速度的力。劃線部分abstainedfrom是回避的意思。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

15.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Manyofusarefearfulofmakingchangesinourworklives—fearisanaturalhumancondition.Wefeellessthreatenedwhenwestickwiththefamiliar.Aslongaswearereceivingapaycheck,wetoleratethedissatisfaction.Bettertojustplayitsafe.

Butthesafetynetwepreserverequiresabigtrade-off.Itoftendeniesustheopportunitytoexperienceworkthatmakesushappy,thatisconsistentwithourdesireswhilestillmeetingourmonetaryneeds.Yetmanyofusstrapourselvesintojobsinwhichtheonlyrewardismoney.

Webreedcynicismwhenwetreatourworkasnothingmorethanafinancialequation,anecessitywetolerateinordertoacquirefundstolive,withthehopeofsomehowachievingsuccessandhappinessalongtheway.That’sreallymostofuswanttobehappy.Wespend80,000hoursofourlivesatwork.Yet,weviewhappinessassomethingtobeachieved“outside”ofwork.WehireourselvesoutonMondaythroughFridayand“l(fā)ive”fortheweekends.

Mostofusdidn’tchooseourcareerstofulfillapurposeormission.Onthecontrary,wejustlookedfor“agoodjobwithagoodcompany,”reflectingsuchcriteriaaspay,titleandsecurity.Wereasonedthatifwecould“getafootinthedoor”andworkhard,ourcareerswouldgrowovertime,actually,thatourcareersandworkliveswouldjusthappen“byaccident.”Becauseofthis,manyofushavecareerstodaythatarejust“accidentswaitingtohappen.”Everydaybusinessdecisions,areorganizationplan,anacquisitionbyanothercomply,arelocationoutofthecountryofthecompany,canthrowourworklivesintodanger.Butdespitethisuncertainty,someofusstillclingtoourjobs,dissatisfyingastheymaybe.Can’ttakethatrisk!

“Hangingon”involvesrisktoo.Forwhenwesacrificepleasureforpay,ourworklacksdignity,usesourenergyand,ultimately,breaksourspirit.Anunhappy,unfulfilledworklifecontributestoanunhappy,unfulfilledpersonallife.Happinessinwork,ashappinessinlove,demandsameasureofrisk.

AuthorMarshaSimetarsuggeststhatifyou“dowhatyoulove,themoneywillfollow.”Certainlythismayseemabitrisky,perhapsidealistic,butitisundoubtedlytruethatpeoplewholovewhattheydofindwaystomakethemostmoney.

1.Fromthefirstparagraphwelearnthat（）

2.Bysayingthat“thesafetynetwepreserverequiresabigtrade-off”(paragraph2,line1)the（）

3.Welearnfromthetextthat（）

4.Accordingtothetext,whenthechangesthrowourworklivesintodanger,wewillusually（）

5.Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthetextisto（）

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.fearisoneofthefundamentaldefectsinhumancharacter.

B.peopletendtokeepstableworktoavoidthefearofchanges.

C.thepaycheckmakespeoplefeelsafeabouttheirwork.

D.peoplefeellessfearfulunderanaturalhumancondition.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.peopleneedtodobusinesswhenmanagingworkandlife.

B.mencanfeelsafewhenreceivingmoney,themajorrewardofjob.

C.safetymeanssacrificingthebalancebetweenmonetaryneedsandhappinessofwork.

D.safetycanbeachievedbymeetingbothourdesireandmonetaryneeds.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.peoplestrugglebetweentheidealofworkandmonetaryneeds.

B.peopledonothaveasenseofmissionnowadaysbutfancyaboutmoney.

C.happinessandmoneycanbebothachievedduringworkinmostcases.

D.thedevelopmentofourcareerisdoomedtohappen.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.expressgreatdissatisfactionatthejob.

B.takeanotherworkopportunity.

C.feeluncertainabouttherisk.

D.remainatthepreviousworkposition.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.persuadepeopletochoosecareerstofulfillapurpose.

B.criticizethephenomenonofworkingformoney.

C.elaboratepeople’sattitudestowardswork.

D.illustratehowtoachievesafetyofworklife.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:段落大意題?！癕anyofusarefearfulofmakingchangesinourworklives—fearisanaturalhumancondition.Wefeellessthreatenedwhenwestickwiththefamiliar.”從這句話我們可以得出正確答案為B，說的是人們?yōu)榱颂颖苣切└淖?，?huì)傾向于堅(jiān)持與我們熟悉的事物相處，因此B正確當(dāng)選。

第2題:句意理解題。我們可以定位到原文的第二段第二句，“Itoftendeniesustheopportunitytoexperienceworkthatmakesushappy,thatisconsistentwithourdesireswhilestillmeetingourmonetaryneeds.”意思就是“它經(jīng)常剝奪我們體驗(yàn)?zāi)苁刮覀兛鞓返墓ぷ鞯臋C(jī)會(huì)，這樣的工作既符合我們的欲望，又能滿足我們的金錢需求”，也就是說我們認(rèn)為的安全網(wǎng)就是用快樂來換錢（工作），也就是C項(xiàng)的意思，犧牲金錢和快樂之間的平衡，C當(dāng)選。

第3題:細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。“當(dāng)我們把工作僅僅看作是經(jīng)濟(jì)上的平衡時(shí)，我們就會(huì)滋生犬儒主義，這是我們?yōu)榱双@得生活所需而忍受的必要條件”，這一句就暗示了A選項(xiàng)，說的是人們一直掙扎在理想的工作和金錢的需求中，第三段也給出了這一觀點(diǎn)的詳細(xì)闡述，A正確。

第4題:細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第四段，倒數(shù)第二句“Butdespitethisuncertainty,someofusstillclingtoourjobs,dissatisfyingastheymaybe.Can’ttakethatrisk!”，意為：但盡管存在這種不確定性，我們中的一些人仍然堅(jiān)持工作，盡管工作可能并不令人滿意。我不能冒這個(gè)險(xiǎn)！告訴了我們就算是有這種不確定性，我們也不愿意改變自己的工作，答案為D。

第5題:作者意圖題。題干問作者寫這篇文章的意圖何在，我們需要縱觀全文回答，其實(shí)問的也就是文章的主旨大意，A項(xiàng)不對，文章只是建議人們可以去做自己熱愛的事業(yè)，而不是一定要達(dá)到一個(gè)目標(biāo)；B項(xiàng)也不對，作者是同意人們?yōu)榱隋X而工作的，只是希望人們能有工作又快樂；C項(xiàng)是全文的主要論述對象，全文就是在講人們對于工作的態(tài)度如何，當(dāng)選；D項(xiàng)無關(guān)項(xiàng)。答案為C。

16.翻譯題

1.Althoughmanypeopleclaimthat,alongwiththerapidlyeconomicdevelopment,thenumberofpeoplewhousebicyclearedecreasingandbicycleisboundtodieout.TheinformationI’vecollectedovertherecentyearsleadsmetobelievethatbicyclewillcontinuetoplayextremelyimportantrolesinmodernsociety.

2.Thereisageneraldiscussionthesedaysovereducationinmanycollegesandinstitutes.Oneofthequestionsunderdebateiswhethereducationisalifetimestudy.

3.Thesedays,peopleingrowingnumbersarebeginningtocomplainthatworkismorestressfulandlessleisurelythaninthepast.Manyexpertspointoutthat,alongwiththedevelopmentofmodernsociety,itisaninevitableresultandthereisnowaytoavoidit.

4.Manypeoplebelievethatinternationaltourismproducepositiveeffectsoneconomicgrowthandlocalgovernmentshouldbeencouragedtopromoteinternationaltourism.

5.Anyparentsshouldplaceconsiderableemphasisontheirchildrentokeepthebalancebetweenplayandstudy.Asanoldsayinggoes:AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy.

【答案】1.盡管許多人認(rèn)為隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展，用自行車的人數(shù)會(huì)減少，自行車可能會(huì)消亡。然而，這幾年我收集的一些信息讓我相信自行車仍然會(huì)繼續(xù)在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)發(fā)揮極其重要的作用。

2.當(dāng)前在高校和研究機(jī)構(gòu)對教育存在著大量爭論，其中一個(gè)問題就是教育是否是個(gè)終身學(xué)習(xí)的過程。

3.現(xiàn)在，越來越多的人們開始抱怨工作比以前更有壓力。許多專家指出這是現(xiàn)代社會(huì)發(fā)展必然的結(jié)果，無法避免。

4.許多人認(rèn)為國際旅游對經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展有積極作用，應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)地方政府發(fā)展國際旅游。

5.任何家長都應(yīng)非常重視保持孩子在學(xué)習(xí)與玩耍之間的平衡。正如那句老話：只工作，不玩耍，聰明的孩子會(huì)變傻。

17.單選題

Fertilizer,naturalsubstanceormixtureisusedto（）soilsoastopromoteplantgrowth.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.enact

B.enlarge

C.enclose

D.enrich

【答案】D

【解析】句意:肥料、自然物質(zhì)或混合物被用來使土地肥沃,以促進(jìn)植物生長。

考查動(dòng)詞辨析。Enact通過(法律),扮演,擔(dān)任…角色;enlarge擴(kuò)大,擴(kuò)充,擴(kuò)展;enclose圍繞,放入封套;enrich使充實(shí),使肥沃,使富足。故D符合句意。