Daniel

Defoe(1660

-1731)--the father

of

English

novelsWarming-up

questionsWhat

do

you

know

about

Daniel

Defoe

andRobison

Crusoe?Why

did

Robison

stay

on

the

island

alone?What

did

he

do

there?Did

he

has

partners?

Who

or

what

and

why?How

was

his

life

there?Did

Robison

die

on

the

island?Daniel

DefoeOne

of

the

forerunners

of

realism?·生于倫敦一小工商業(yè)者家庭，幼時只受過普通中等教育。早年曾經(jīng)商，辦工廠，屢次對寫作和政治很感，又屢次重新起家。，早年寫過很多文章和小冊子，長年奔走于英格蘭和蘇格蘭各地了解

情況，因文字兩次獲罪下獄。從1704年起，他創(chuàng)辦《評論》雜志(The

Review,

1704-1713)，這是英國第一份定期

的文化和政治

，是英國報業(yè)的先驅(qū)。年近花甲才開始小說創(chuàng)作，他的第一部小說《遜漂流記》(Robinson

Crusoe,

1719)

是其代表作。Daniel

DefoeDefoe

is

considered

the

founder

of

the

English

novel.Before

his

time

stories

were

usually

written

as

longpoems

or

dramas.Defoe

was

one

of

the to

write

stories

aboutbelievable

characters

in

realistic

situations

using

simpleprose.Robinson Crusoe,(1719)是英國近代小說的開山之作；這部小說通過具體而真實的細節(jié)來敘述故事、刻畫人物，以日常事件構(gòu)成不平凡的故事，具有真實感，被認為是現(xiàn)實主義的創(chuàng)始之作。Five

Facts

to

be

RememberedIn

English

church

history,

a

nonconformist

was

a antChristianwho

did

not

"conform"

to

the

ernance

and

usages

of

the

establishedChurch

ofEngland.He

was

a

radical

Non-conformist(非國教)in

religion,

andwas

intended

by

his

father

for

the

independent

ministry.Defoewasa

journalist

and

pamphleteer.Be

good

at

making“good

story”Defoe

knew

prison

life.At of

nearly

60,

he

turned

to

fiction

and

wrote

thegreat

work

by

which

he

is

best

remembered.

RobinsonCrusoe

earned

him

good

reputation

and

fortune

as

well.Robinson

CrusoeCrusoe

is

the

family

name

from

the

German

name"Kreutznaer”.Robinson

CrusoeRobinson

CrusoeDefoe's

novel

Robinson

Crusoe

(1719),

writtenwhen

he

was

in

his

late

fifties,

relates

the

storyof

a

man's

shipwreck

on

a

desert

island

forthirty

years

and

his

subsequent

adventures.Usually

read

as

fiction,

a

coincidence

ofbackground

geography

suggests

that

this

maybe

non-fiction.FromThe

Archetype

of

Robinson

CrusoeRobinson

Crusoe

is

one

of

the

world's

mostpopular

adventure

novels.

Daniel

Defoe

basedhis

classic

tale

of

shipwreck

andsurvival

on

anuninhabited

island

is

based

on

a

truestory.

Thereal

Robinson

Crusoe

was

a

Scotsman

namedAlexander

Selkirk

.Selkirk

eventually

returned

to

his

home

inScotland,where

he

became

quite

a

celebrity.Though

he

did

get

married,

he

never

quiterecovered

from

his

stay

on

the

island.Spending

much

of

his

time

alone,

he

didn‘t

feelcomfortable

living

indoors

and

built

a

sort

ofcave

or

bower（涼棚）

behind

his

father'shouse

that

he

stayed

in.He

also

trained

twocats

to

perform

little

feats,

like

he

did

on

theisland.Eventually

he

returned

to

sea

and

hedied

of

fever

off

the

coast

of

Africa

in

1721

atof

45.The

story

of

Robinson

Crusoe(1)Crusoe

leaves

England

on

a

sea

voyage

in

1652

against

thewishes

oCrusoeparents.

The

ship

is

takenover

by

pirates

andes

slave

of

a

moor.

He

manages

to

escape

withaboat

a akenin

by

a

Portuguese

shipoff

thewestern

of

Africa.

Theship

is

onrouteto

Brazil.

There,Crusoees

ownerof

aplantation.He

joins

an

expedition

tobriner

slaves

from

Africa,

buthe

is

shipwrecked

on

an

island.

His

companions

all

die;

hemanages

to

fetch

arms,

tools

and

other s

from

the

ship.He

proceeds

to

build

himself

a

fenced-in

habitation,

keeps

acalendar

by

making

marks

in

a

piece

of

wood,

hunts,

growscorn,

learns

how

to

make

pottery,

raises

goats

etc.He

reads

the

Bible

and

slowlyGod

for

hisfate

in

which

nothies

religious,

thankingmissing

but

society.The

story

of

Robinson

Crusoe(2)He

finds

out

that

native

cannibals

occasionally

visit

the

islandto

kill

and

eat

prisoners.

At

he

plans

to

kill

the

savages,

butthen

he

realizes

that

he

has

no

right

to

do

so

as

the

cannibalshave

not

attacked

him

and

do

not

knowingly

commit

a

crime.He

dreams

of

getting

himself

one

or

two

servants

by

freeingsome

prisoners,

and

indeed:

wheCrusoe

helps

him

and

the

twosoner

manages

to

escape,e

friends.

Crusoe

nameshis

new

companion

"Friday"

fo

day

he

appeared,

and

heteaches

him

English

and

turns

him

into

a

Christian.Then

one

day

an

English

ship

appears;

it

turns

out

that

a

mutinyhad

broken

out

on

the

ship

and

the

mutineers

intend

to

leavetheir

captain

on

the

island.

The

captain

and

Crusoe

manage

toretake

the

ship

and

travel

home.Crusoe

had

spent

28

years

on

the

island.

After

returning

toEurope

with

Friday

iwell

cared

for

and

he6,

he

finds

that

his

plantation

wases

rich.BackgroundRobinson

Crusoe

was

writtenin

the

middle

of

17th

century.At

that

time,

the

bourgeois['b???wɑ?]

revolution

wasjust

over.

Robinson

was

therepresentative

of

the

society.The

novel

showed

thetime

spirit

that

advocatedfreedom

and

development.At

the

same

time,

itshowed

Benthamism(utilitarianism)

in

theworld.Robinson’s

youthHe

foughtagainst

theadvice

of

his

father,pursuing

his

livelihood

bygoing

to

sea.He

does

so

and

after

a

falsestart

he

has

some

successbut

a

third

voyage

ends

inslavery.He

eventually

escapesandes

a

successfulplantation

owner.He

embarks

on

a

slaveWest

Africa

butgathering

expedition

toisshipwrecked

off

the

coastin

aterrible

storm.Twenty-eight

years

on

an

uninhabited

islandThere

was

nothing

butsome

jungles,

wild

animals.When

he

comes

to

the

islandmake

a

great

Cross

on

the

Shorelonelytrying

to

leavefought

against

cannibal

savagesHe

laterrescued

onesavage

named

Fridayfrom

death

and

madehim

his

servant.Friday:

The nonwhite

character

to

be

given

in

arealistic

and

individual

portrait.Q:

What

kind

of

a is

Friday?Obedient,

friendly,

kind

and

humaneQ:

The

relationship

between

Robinson

andFriday?Crusoe

Saves

Friday

from

the

CannibalsQ:What

is

Crusoe’s

motivation

to

save

Friday

from

thecannibals?Q:

Being

cultivated

byCrusoe,

Friday

lost

his

ownnational

identity

at

the

same

time.

Do

you

agree

onthis

statement?(master/slave;

white/non-white;

Christianity/barbarous

eating

group)FootprintQuestionsWhat

does

Crusoe

react

on

his

sudden

discoveryofa

footprint?What

is

the

symbolic

meaning

of

footprint?The

Symbolic

meaning

of

the

footprintCrusoe’s

shocking

discovery

of

a

single

footprint

on

the

sandis

one

of

the

most

famous

moments

in

the

novel,

and

itsymbolizes

our

hero’s ed

feelings

about

humancompanionship.Crusoe

has

earlier

confessed

how

much

he

missescompanionship,

yet

the

evidence

of

a

man

on

his

islandsends

him

into

a

panic.

Immedia

y

he

interprets

thefootprint

negatively,

as

the

print

of

the

devil

or

of

anaggressor.This

instinctively

negative

and

fearful

attitude

toward

othersmakes

us

consider

the

possibility

that

Crusoe

may

not

wantto

return

to

human

society

after

all,

and

that

the

isolation

heis

experiencing

may

actually

be

his

ideal

state.?After

RescueHavingfound

his

oldcaptain,he

received

theprofit

accruing(積累)from

that

plantation

andthen

sold

the

plantation

tohis

partner.Approaches

to

Read

NovelsNarrator/

point

of

view

(the and

thethird ,

the

omniscient

point

of

view)Characterization

--Protagonists

and

antagonistsForeshadowing

/

settingRising —climax—falling

actionMotif

/

Tone

and

theme

/

Symbolssetting

(time)

--From

1659

to

1694setting

(place)

--York,England;

then

London;

thenSallee,

North

Africa;

then

Brazil;

thena

desertedisland

off

Trinidad;

then

England;

then

Lisbon;

thenoverland

from

Spain

toward

England;

then

England;and

finally

the

island

againNarrator:

Robinson

Crusoe,

the

protagonistPoint

of

view:

the and

thirdForeshadowing

andsymbolsThe

Major

Points

in

Robinson

CrusoeCharacterizationRobinson

CrusoeSelf-independent;

perseverant;

inspiring

andinnovating,

adventurous,

colonial

mind;

practicalHe

is

no

flashy

hero

or

grand

epic

adventurer.

He

doesnot

boast

of

his

courage

in

quelling

the

mutiny,

and

heis

always

ready

to

admit

unheroic

feelings

of

fear

orpanic,

aswhen

he

finds

the

footprint

onthe

beach.Crusoe

prefers

to

depict

himself

as

an

ordinary

sensibleman,

never

as

an

exceptional

hero.survival

instinctsCharacter

ysisThe

character

Robinson

is

not

common

sailor.

He

is

abusinessman

who

takes

overseas

business

as

his

cause.Robinson

is

a

bourgeoisie

with

adventurous

spirit.Robinson

is

a

bo