重難重難點(diǎn)03閱讀理解之說明文【命題趨勢】最近五年，說明文的出現(xiàn)變化不大，一直很穩(wěn)定，選材通常是各學(xué)科的前沿問題；高科技領(lǐng)域的科研成果；人們比較關(guān)心的社會(huì)問題；人文方面的經(jīng)典。由于閱讀理解題的設(shè)置采用漸進(jìn)式，即由簡到難的方式，因此說明文是高考試卷中閱讀理解題中相對比較難的，通常后置。閱讀理解試題的中要考點(diǎn)之一是考查學(xué)生對詞匯和句式的掌握。說明文的詞匯和句式的運(yùn)用較別的體裁的文章難度更大。詞匯運(yùn)用靈活，同一詞的不同詞性的用法交替出現(xiàn)，未列入考綱的生詞較多，通常達(dá)到了4-5%。不過考生可以通過說明文的語言特點(diǎn)來幫助理解語篇，例如，下定義、解釋、舉例、同義詞、反義詞、上下義詞以及標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)（如破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)都有表示解釋和說明）等?！緷M分技巧】高考閱讀理解中，說明文為主要體裁之一。高考閱讀理解題的設(shè)問主要圍繞以下四方面：細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題、主旨大意題、推理判斷題、猜測詞義題。其中，說明文主要以細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)、主旨大意和猜測詞義三方面問題為主。一、詞義猜測類題型閱讀理解題中常要求學(xué)生猜測某些單詞或短語的意思。歷年英語高考題中均有此類題目，有的文章盡管沒有專門設(shè)題，但由于文章中常常出現(xiàn)生詞，因此，詞義的猜測還是貫穿在文章的閱讀理解之中。解這類題目一般是通過上下文去理解或根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法去猜測。判斷一個(gè)單詞的意思不但離不開句子，而且還需要把句子放在上下文中，根據(jù)上下文提供的線索加以猜測。運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法,語境等推測關(guān)鍵詞義，可以根據(jù)以下幾種方法猜測：（一）內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系推測詞義是指運(yùn)用語言知識(shí)分析和判斷相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系，然后根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系推斷生詞詞義。通過同義詞和反義詞的關(guān)系猜詞根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測詞義通過定義或釋義關(guān)系來推測詞義通過句法功能來推測詞義通過描述猜詞（二）外部相關(guān)因素外部相關(guān)因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知識(shí)，有時(shí)僅靠分析篇章內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系無法猜出詞義。這時(shí)，就需要運(yùn)用生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和普通常識(shí)確定詞義。例如：Thesnakeslitheredthroughthegrass.根據(jù)有關(guān)蛇的生活習(xí)性的知識(shí)，我們可以推斷出slither詞義為＂爬行＂。（三）構(gòu)詞法在閱讀文章時(shí)，我們總會(huì)遇上一些新詞匯，有時(shí)很難根據(jù)上下文來推斷其詞意，而它們對文章的理解又有著舉足輕重的作用，此時(shí)，如掌握了一些常用的詞根,前綴,后綴,合成等構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)，這些問題便不難解決了。根據(jù)前綴猜測詞義根據(jù)后綴猜測詞義根據(jù)復(fù)合詞的各部分猜測詞義二、主旨大意類題型主旨大意類題型主要測試學(xué)生對文章全面理解和概括的能力，提問的內(nèi)容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎樣把握主旨大意題呢？通常有以下幾種方法：（一）閱讀文章的標(biāo)題或副標(biāo)題文章的標(biāo)題是一篇文章的題眼，通過閱讀標(biāo)題或副標(biāo)題可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。（二）尋找文章的主題句分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，找出文章主題。在許多情況下，尤其在閱讀說明文和議論文時(shí)，根據(jù)其篇章特點(diǎn)我們可以通過仔細(xì)閱讀短文的第一句或第二句，即文章的主題句來歸納出文章的主題.若短文由若干段組成，除仔細(xì)閱讀第一段的首句外，還須仔細(xì)閱讀每一段的第一句，即段落中心。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有時(shí)也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用來說明和闡述主題句。因此，在確定文章的中心思想時(shí)，要求學(xué)生重視閱讀文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常貫穿在全文中，因此要求學(xué)生綜觀全文，對段落的內(nèi)容要融會(huì)貫通，對文章透徹理解后歸納總結(jié)。主題句的特點(diǎn)是：1.相對于其他句子，它表達(dá)的意思比較概括；2.主題句一般結(jié)構(gòu)簡單；3.段落中其他句子必定是用來解釋，支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的思想的。【熱點(diǎn)話題】說明文熱衷話題有：科普類，環(huán)保類?！鞠迺r(shí)檢測】（建議用時(shí)：30分鐘）A（合肥六中2020屆高三沖刺最后一卷）話題：文章主要說明了新加坡和越南的工程師們決定把所有的垃圾變成有用的東西。難度：★★建議用時(shí)：6分Whenlifegivesyoupineapples—andhundredsofmillionsoftonsofpineapplewaste—whatdoyoudo?EngineersinSingaporeandVietnamdecidedtotumallthewasteintosomethinguseful—theheatbarrierfortheirpineapplejuice.Notonlydoestheirnewmaterialkeepdrinkscoolbetterthanmanycommercialcoolers,butitcouldalsoofferafinalrestingplacefortheworld’spineapplewaste.Tofindauseforthoseleftovers,theresearchersmixedpineapplefibers,whichtheycutupinanelectricdevice,withastickyagentasasolvent.Theythentreatedthemixwithsoundwavesatfrequenciesgreaterthan20kHzandheateditinanovenat80℃for2hours.Thesuspensionthatformedwasthencooledbeforebeingfreeze-dried.Theresultwasapaleyellowaerogel(氣凝膠)thatislightweight,flexible,andmorethan96%porous(多孔的)—qualitiesthatmakeitanidealmaterialagainstbothheatandsound.Whentheresearcherswrappedasheetofthepineappleaerogelaroundamilitary-stylecanteenbottle,theyfoundthattheaerogelcouldprovidethreetimestheheatexchangereductionofcommerciallyavailablealternatives—theyreportedthismonthinMaterialsChemistryandPhysics.Thegel-wrappedbottlekept-3℃watercooledbelow0℃for6hoursandliquidheatedto90℃above40℃for2.5hours.What’smore,thepineapplegelalsoactedasasoundbarrier;inanothertest,thegeldidabetterjobofpreventingnoisefromgettinginoroutthanBasmel,apopularkindofsoundbarrier.Thefindingsprovideanew,eco-friendlyapproachtorecyclingagriculturalcast-offs—andagoodexcusetogetabetterelectricdeviceforyourkitchen.8.Whydoengineerscomeupwiththeideaoftheheatbarrier?A.Tolowerthecostofheatbarriers. B.Tomakegooduseofpineapplewaste.C.Tofindabettercoolerforpineapplejuice. D.Toturnpineapplesintosomethingmoreuseful.9.Whatisthelaststepofmakingthepineappleaerogel?A.Freeze-dryingthesuspension. B.Coolingtheformedsuspension.C.Cuttingupthepineappleleftovers. D.Treatingthemixwithsoundwaves.10.Whatcanwelearnaboutthepineappleaerogelfromparagraph4?A.Itkepttheliquidheatedto130℃forabout2.5hours.B.Itkeptthewatercooledbelow-3℃fornearly6hours.C.Itcouldbethreetimesaseffectiveasotherheatbarriers.D.Itdidabetterjobasasoundbarrierthanasaheatbarrier.11.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.ABetterWaytoKeepDrinksCool. B.AnAlternativeWaytoRecycleWaste.C.PineappleWaste,aWonderfulDrinkCooler. D.Pineapples,OneoftheMostCommonFruits.【答案】8.B9.A10.C11.C【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了新加坡和越南的工程師們決定把所有的垃圾變成有用的東西——菠蘿汁的隔熱層。這種新材料不僅能比許多商業(yè)冷藏器更好地冷藏飲料，還能為世界上的菠蘿垃圾提供一個(gè)最后的歸宿。文章主要介紹了這種菠蘿冷卻器的制作過程，以及與其他冷卻器相比菠蘿冷卻的優(yōu)勢?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中Whenlifegivesyoupineapples—andhundredsofmillionsoftonsofpineapplewaste—whatdoyoudo?EngineersinSingaporeandVietnamdecidedtotumallthewasteintosomethinguseful—theheatbarrierfortheirpineapplejuice.可知當(dāng)生活給你菠蘿---數(shù)億噸菠蘿廢物，你會(huì)怎么做？新加坡和越南的工程師們決定把所有的垃圾變成有用的東西——菠蘿汁的隔熱層。由此可知，工程師為了充分利用菠蘿廢料，而有了菠蘿隔熱層的想法。故選B?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句Thesuspensionthatformedwasthencooledbeforebeingfreeze-dried.可知形成的懸浮液在被凍干之前被冷卻。由此可知，制作菠蘿氣凝膠的最后一步是冷凍干燥懸浮液。故選A?！?0題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中Whentheresearcherswrappedasheetofthepineappleaerogelaroundamilitary-stylecanteenbottle,theyfoundthattheaerogelcouldprovidethreetimestheheatexchangereductionofcommerciallyavailablealternatives—theyreportedthismonthinMaterialsChemistryandPhysics.可知研究人員在本月的《材料化學(xué)與物理》雜志上報(bào)道，當(dāng)他們將一張菠蘿氣凝膠包裹在一個(gè)軍用水壺瓶子上時(shí)，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)這種氣凝膠能夠提供三倍于市面上現(xiàn)有替代品的熱交換減少。由此可知，菠蘿氣凝膠的效率可能是其他熱屏障的三倍。故選C?！?1題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段中EngineersinSingaporeandVietnamdecidedtotumallthewasteintosomethinguseful—theheatbarrierfortheirpineapplejuice.Notonlydoestheirnewmaterialkeepdrinkscoolbetterthanmanycommercialcoolers,butitcouldalsoofferafinalrestingplacefortheworld’spineapplewaste.可知新加坡和越南的工程師們決定把所有的垃圾變成有用的東西——菠蘿汁的隔熱層。這種新材料不僅能比許多商業(yè)冷卻器更好地冷藏飲料，還能為世界上的菠蘿垃圾提供一個(gè)最后的歸宿。結(jié)合文章主要介紹了這種菠蘿冷卻器的制作過程，以及與其他冷卻器相比菠蘿冷卻的優(yōu)勢。由此可知，C選項(xiàng)“菠蘿廢料，一種很棒的飲料冷卻器”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選C。B（長春外國語學(xué)校2020-2021學(xué)年第一學(xué)期高三年級(jí)期初考試）話題：文章主要說明了每個(gè)人都會(huì)拖延，這是人類狀態(tài)的一部分。難度：★★建議用時(shí)：6分Everyoneprocrastinates(拖延).“It'spartofthehumancondition,”saysprocrastinationresearcherTimPychyl.“Wewanttofeelgoodnow.Thewaytodothatisavoidthetask.”Headmitsthatintheshortterm,procrastinationispowerfullyrewarding.Thepresentself-benefits,ofcourse,butnotthefutureself.Hisresearchhasshownthatpeoplecanprocrastinateonnearlyanything,evenenjoyabletaskssuchasplanningavacation.Somepeopleprocrastinatecleaning.Somepeopleprocrastinatebycleaning.Thetoptaskspeopledelayareadvancingtheircareers,takingcareoftheirhealth,andplanningtheirfinances.Onebigfactorforthemisfearoffailure,ofnotlivinguptoexpectations.KelliSaginak,a57-year-oldhealthcoachfromWisconsin,procrastinatedaboutlookingforanewjobforyears.Thatinabilitytotakeactiononlyconfirmedherbeliefthatshewouldneverdoanybetter.“It'stotallyfearofjudgment,”saysSaginak.“IfIdon'ttaketherisk,Idon'thavetofacethejudgment.Yetit'ssimplymejudgingmyself.”Somepeopleembraceprocrastination,insistingthatthewhite-hotpressureofalast-minutecompletionmakeshisorherworkbetter.Butresearchershaveproveditwrong.“Ididanexperiment,puttingprocrastinatorsunderrestrictionsoftime.Theydidworsethannon-procrastinators,buttheythoughttheydidbetter.”saysJosephFerrari,apsychologyprofessor.“Non-Procrastinatorsfocusonthetaskthatneedstobedone.Theyhaveastrongerpersonalidentityandarelessconcernedaboutwhatpsychologistscallsocialesteem'showotherslikeus.”Procrastinationisusuallynotgoingtobegoodforyou.Justthinkingaboutwhatyouhaven'tdonemaycausediscomfort.Soifyouhavebeenprocrastinatingonstartinganexerciseroutine,justputonyourwalkingshoes.Ifyou'vebeenputtingoffaworkproject,rereadyourboss'snotesaboutit.8.AccordingtoTimPychyl,peopleprocrastinatebecause.A.itsimplifiesthetasks B.itofferstemporaryreliefC.itallowsmoretimeforplanning D.itbenefitsone'sselfdevelopment9.WhatdidKelliSaginakmeanby“Yetit'ssimplymejudgingmyself”?A.Shehasfalseexpectations. B.Shemakesquickjudgement.C.Sheregretstakingnoaction. D.Shevaluesherpresentcareer.10.WhatdoesJosephFerrari'sexperimentshow?A.Procrastinatorsusuallylackconfidence.B.Procrastinatorsturnpressureintomotivation.C.Non-procrastinatorscaremuchaboutothers'feelings.D.Non-procrastinatorsperformbetterwithinatimelimit.11.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsprocrastination?A.Favorable. B.Reserved. C.Opposed. D.Objective.【答案】8.B9.C10.D11.C【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了每個(gè)人都會(huì)拖延，這是人類狀態(tài)的一部分。研究拖延癥的TimPychyl的研究表明人們可以拖延幾乎任何事情，甚至是愉快的任務(wù)，如計(jì)劃假期。文章還分析了導(dǎo)致人們拖延的一些因素，以及拖延帶來的不良后果?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“It'spartofthehumancondition,”saysprocrastinationresearcherTimPychyl.“Wewanttofeelgoodnow.Thewaytodothatisavoidthetask.”Headmitsthatintheshortterm,procrastinationispowerfullyrewarding.Thepresentself-benefits,ofcourse,butnotthefutureself.可知“這是人類狀態(tài)的一部分，”研究拖延癥的TimPychyl說?！拔覀儸F(xiàn)在想要感覺良好。這樣做的方法是避免任務(wù)。他承認(rèn)，從短期來看，拖延是非常有益的。當(dāng)然，現(xiàn)在的自我利益，而不是未來的自我利益。由此可知，TimPychyl認(rèn)為，人們拖延是因?yàn)樗芴峁簳r(shí)的緩解。故選B。【9題詳解】句意猜測題。根據(jù)第三段中KelliSaginak,a57-year-oldhealthcoachfromWisconsin,procrastinatedaboutlookingforanewjobforyears.Thatinabilitytotakeactiononlyconfirmedherbeliefthatshewouldneverdoanybetter.“It'stotallyfearofjudgment,”saysSaginak.可知來自威斯康辛州、現(xiàn)年57歲的健康教練KelliSaginak拖延了好幾年才開始找新工作。無法采取行動(dòng)只會(huì)讓她堅(jiān)信自己永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)做得更好?！斑@完全是對評(píng)判的恐懼，”Saginak說。由此可知，KelliSaginak所說的“Yetit'ssimplymejudgingmyself”的意思是她后悔沒有采取行動(dòng)。故選C?！?0題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“Ididanexperiment,puttingprocrastinatorsunderrestrictionsoftime.Theydidworsethannon-procrastinators,buttheythoughttheydidbetter.”saysJosephFerrari,apsychologyprofessor.“Non-Procrastinatorsfocusonthetaskthatneedstobedone.Theyhaveastrongerpersonalidentityandarelessconcernedaboutwhatpsychologistscallsocialesteem'showotherslikeus.”可知“我做過一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)，將拖延者置于時(shí)間限制之下。他們比不拖拉的人做得更差，但他們認(rèn)為自己做得更好?！毙睦韺W(xué)教授JosephFerrari說?！胺峭涎诱邥?huì)專注于需要完成的任務(wù)。他們有更強(qiáng)的個(gè)人認(rèn)同感，不太關(guān)心心理學(xué)家所說的社會(huì)尊重，即別人如何喜歡我們?！庇纱丝芍?，JosephFerrari的實(shí)驗(yàn)說明了不拖拉的人在限定的時(shí)間內(nèi)表現(xiàn)得更好。故選D?！?1題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中Procrastinationisusuallynotgoingtobegoodforyou.Justthinkingaboutwhatyouhaven'tdonemaycausediscomfort.可知拖延癥通常對你沒有好處。僅僅想到你沒有做的事情可能會(huì)讓你感到不適。由此可推知，作者對拖延癥的態(tài)度是反對的。故選C。C（哈師大附中2020年高三第四次模擬考試）話題：文章介紹了法蘭克福汽車制造商正在準(zhǔn)備汽車展覽，介紹了不同汽車的功能。難度：★★建議用時(shí)：6分FascinationAutoFRANKFURT,Germany-EuropeanautomakersarepreparingforthebiggestEuropeanmotorshow,the89thInternationalAutomobile-Ausstellung(IAA)inFrankfurt,withaffordablenewfamilycoupe(小汽車)andrange-toppingluxurymodels.MaseratiSpyderGT[Failedtodownloadimage:/QBM/2020/7/22/2511458186510336/2512025356533760/STEM/78e1b9d837464fd48bef109682322bfa.png]Maserati’snewSpyderGTmayresemblethecoupeontheouterappearance,butithasashorterwheelbase,anewengineandanewmechanicalplatform.Thecoupewon’treceivethosechangesuntil2021.Thenew4.4-literV-8enginegets390horsepowerand44poundslighterthanthe3.2-literbiturbopowerplantitreplaces.TheSpyderisexpectedtobeabout$138,000.Saab9X[Failedtodownloadimage:/QBM/2020/7/22/2511458186510336/2512025356533760/STEM/5ea6d61c7464476b981d37a191f2beb5.png]DescribedbySaab,the9Xisasportscoupethatcombinesthefeaturesofacoupe,roadster(跑車),sedan(私家轎車)andpickuptruck.Thetwo-doorcoupe,createdbyMichaelMauer,isapreviewoffutureSaabstylingsignal.BMW9Series[Failedtodownloadimage:/QBM/2020/7/22/2511458186510336/2512025356533760/STEM/26f7221a42894aae9bb1d4796553db4a.png]AfourthgenerationofBMW’shigh-dollarsedanarrivesfor2021,introducingwhatBMWsaysistheworld’sfirstsix-speedautomatictransmission(變速器).TheV-8engineissaidtobeloadedwithtechnicaladvances.Itdevelops353horsepowerand332pound-feetoftwistingforce.ThelatestversionofBMW’sHeadProtectionSystemaddsrear-sideairbags.ActiveKneeProtection,whichcontainsanadditionalairbagtoprotectthekneesoffrontpassengers,isanewfeature.Porsche911CarreraTarga[Failedtodownloadimage:/QBM/2020/7/22/2511458186510336/2512025356533760/STEM/e7ebda2d65514445858890c1c6e68f56.png]Thethirdmodelinthe911CarreraseriesintheredesignedTarga,whichjoinsthecoupe.TheTarga’swholeglassroofcoversnearly5squarefeetandispoweredbytwoelectricmotors.Therearwindowisnowfoldedforabiggercargobay,whichhasincreasedfrom7.1to8.1cubicfeet.1.Whatdoes“biturbopowerplant”refertoinParagraph2?A.Wheelbase. B.Horsepower.C.Platform. D.Engine.2.Whichofthefollowingismoreconcentratedonsafety?A.Saab9X. B.BMW9Series.C.MaseratiSpyderGT. D.Porsche911CarreraTarga.3.WhatisspecialaboutSaab9X?A.Itsignalsthestyleoffuturecoupes.B.Itprovidesall-glasstopfortheowner.C.Itisacombinationofvariousfunctions.D.Itresemblestheotherfour-doorcoupesphysically.【答案】1.D2.B3.C【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹了法蘭克福汽車制造商正在準(zhǔn)備汽車展覽，介紹了不同汽車的功能?！?題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Thenew4.4-literV-8enginegets390horsepowerand44poundslighterthanthe3.2-literbiturbopowerplantitreplaces.”新的4.4升V-8發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)獲得390馬力，比它所取代的3.2升雙渦輪動(dòng)力裝置輕44磅。這里發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和動(dòng)力裝置意思一致，所以biturbopowerplant指的是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。故選D項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段“ActiveKneeProtection,whichcontainsanadditionalairbagtoprotectthekneesoffrontpassengers,isanewfeature.”主動(dòng)保護(hù)膝蓋這項(xiàng)新功能，包括一個(gè)額外的安全氣囊，以保護(hù)前排乘客的膝蓋。所以這里只有寶馬更加注重乘客安全。故選B項(xiàng)。【3題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段“DescribedbySaab,the9Xisasportscoupethatcombinesthefeaturesofacoupe,roadster(跑車),sedan(私家轎車)andpickuptruck.”薩博9X是一個(gè)跑車,這款車的特點(diǎn)是結(jié)合了雙門跑車，跑車，私家轎車和皮卡。所以薩博9X的特殊之處是結(jié)合了不同車的功能，故選C項(xiàng)。D（長春外國語學(xué)校2020-2021學(xué)年第一學(xué)期高三年級(jí)期初考試）話題：研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)酒也可能成為人們飲食的一部分。難度：★★建議用時(shí)：6分Ithasalwaysbeenthoughtthatalcoholcausespeopletoputonweightbecauseitcontainsalotofsugar,butnewresearchsuggestsaglassadaycoldformpartofadiet.Lookingatpaststudiestheyfoundthat,whileheavydrinkersdoputonweight;thosewhodrinkinmoderationcanactuallyloseweight.AspokesmanfortheresearchteamatNavarroUniversityinSpainsays,＂Lighttomoderatealcoholintake,especiallyofwine,maybemorelikelytoprotectagainst,ratherthanpromote,weightgain.＂TheInternationalScientificForumonAlcoholResearchreviewedthefindingsandagreedwithmostoftheconclusions,particularlythatdatadonotclearlyindicateifmoderatedrinkingincreasesweight.BostonUniversity’sDr.HarveyFinkelfoundthatthebiologicmechanisms(生物學(xué)機(jī)制)relatingalcoholtochangesinbodyweightarenotproperlyunderstood.Histeampointedoutthestrongprotectiveeffectsofmoderatedrinkingontheriskofgettingconditionslikediabetes(糖尿病),whichrelatetoincreasingobesity.Somestudiessuggestthatevenveryobesepeoplemaybeatlowerriskofdiabetesiftheyaremoderatedrinkers.Thegroupsaysalcoholprovidescaloriesthatarequicklyabsorbedintothebodyandarenotstoredinfat,andthatthisprocesscouldexplainthedifferencesinitseffectsfromthoseofotherfoods.Theyagreethatfutureresearchshouldbedirectedtowardsassessingtherolesofdifferenttypesofalcoholicdrinks,takingintoconsiderationdrinkingpatternsandincludingthepasttendencyofparticipantstogainweight.Fornowthereislittleevidencethatconsumingsmalltomoderateamountsofalcoholonaregularbasisincreasesone’sriskofbecomingobese.What’smore,astudythreeyearsagosuggestedthatresveratrol(白藜蘆醇),acompoundpresentingrapesandredwinedestroysfatcells.12.Thepassageismainlyforthose___________.A.whoproducewineB.whohaveadrinkinghabitC.whogoonadietD.whoareeagertoloseweight13.Theunderlinedphrase＂inmoderation＂inthefirstparagraphmeans___________.A.excitedly B.carefullyC.frequently D.properly14.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Currentdataclearlyshowthatmoderatedrinkingincreasesweight.B.Resveratrolisprovedtoincreasetheriskofbecomingfat.C.Theresearchfoundmoderatedrinkinghasastrongprotectiveeffect.D.Thespecificrolesofdifferenttypesofalcoholicdrinksareveryclear.15.Whatismostlikelytobediscussedintheparagraphthatfollows?A.Howtodosomeeasyexperiments.B.Howtoreducethecaloriescontainedinwine.C.Howtoprovethefindingmentionedabove.D.Howtomakewineinahealthyway.【答案】12.B13.D14.C15.C【解析】【分析】本文是說明文。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)酒也可能成為人們飲食的一部分，適當(dāng)?shù)娘嬀撇⒉粫?huì)導(dǎo)致人們發(fā)胖，并且適量飲酒會(huì)防止人們得糖尿病?！?2題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段第一句Ithasalwaysbeenthoughtthatalcoholcausespeopletoputonweightbecauseitcontainsalotofsugar,butnewresearchsuggestsaglassadaycouldformpartofadiet.可知，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)酒也可能成為人們飲食的一部分，適當(dāng)?shù)娘嬀撇⒉粫?huì)導(dǎo)致人們發(fā)胖。全文都在敘述與之有關(guān)的研究，所以本文應(yīng)該是寫給那些喝酒的人的。故選B?！?3題詳解】猜測詞義題。根據(jù)第一段第二句Lookingatpaststudiestheyfoundthat,whileheavydrinkersdoputonweight;thosewhodrinkinmoderationcanactuallyloseweight.（盡管酗酒的確可以增加體重，但是那些適當(dāng)飲酒的人實(shí)際上會(huì)減肥。），根據(jù)連詞while可知，上下文存在對比關(guān)系，inmoderation指適當(dāng)?shù)?，有?jié)制的，故選D?！?4題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二句Histeampointedoutthestrongprotectiveeffectsofmoderatedrinkingontheriskofgettingconditionslikediabetes(糖尿病),whichrelatetoincreasingobesity.可知，適量飲酒對于糖尿病有防護(hù)作用，也就是說適量飲酒的人不會(huì)患上糖尿病。故選C?！?5題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一句What’smore,astudythreeyearsagosuggestedthatresveratrol,acompoundpresentingrapesandredwinedestroysfatcells.可知，一項(xiàng)研究說明葡萄和紅酒中存在的resveratrol實(shí)際上可以破壞肥胖細(xì)胞，那么接下來就應(yīng)該證明這一理論的正確性，故選C?！军c(diǎn)睛】推理題的解題方法1.抓住特定信息進(jìn)行逆向或正向推理。做此類試題要善于抓住某一段話中的關(guān)鍵信息，即某些關(guān)鍵詞或短語去分析、推理、判斷，利用逆向思維或正面推理，從而推斷出這句話所隱含的深層含義。2.整合全文（段）信息進(jìn)行推斷做推理題時(shí)，有時(shí)需要在弄懂全文意思的基礎(chǔ)上，整合與題目相關(guān)的有用信息，綜合起來去推理判斷，確定最佳結(jié)論。小題2根據(jù)第一段第二句Lookingatpaststudiestheyfoundthat,whileheavydrinkersdoputonweight;thosewhodrinkinmoderationcanactuallyloseweight.盡管酗酒的確可以增加體重，但是那些適當(dāng)飲酒的人實(shí)際上會(huì)減肥。根據(jù)連詞while可知上下文存在對比關(guān)系，故選B。E（江西師大附中2020屆高三三模英語考試卷）話題：文章主要講述了看起來似乎是討厭的生物，但在植物授粉方面，蜜蜂發(fā)揮著重要作用。難度：★★★建議用時(shí)：6分Whilebeeshoppingfromoneflowertoanotherisvividtowatch,havingbeesdisturbingabackyardbarbecuecertainlyisn’t.Theymayseemlikepeskycreaturestogetridof,buttherearequiteafewthingsyoumaynotknowaboutbees,especiallytheimpacttheyhaveonourlivelihood.Themainpurposeofbees,particularlyhoneybees,istohelppollinatetheplantsaroundthem.AccordingtotheDepartmentofEntomologyatPennsylvaniaStateUniversity,pollinators(suchasbees)helptofertilizeplants,whichresultsin“theformationofseedsandthefruitsurroundingseeds”.Pollinatorsarenecessaryforthree-quartersofourmajorfoodcrops,includingfruits,vegetables,andnuts.Anestimated300,000speciesofplantsneedpollinators.That’saround80to95percentofplantspecies.Withoutpollinators,thenumberofcropswehavewilltakeaserioushit.Otherpollinatorscanhelpoutwiththisprocessincludingbutterflies,beetles,andflies.Evensomebirdsandbatscanbepollinators.However,beesofvariousspeciesareknownforbeingnaturalpollinatorsforplants.Unfortunately,foryearstherehasbeenanalarmingdeclineofbeesaroundtheglobe.TheUniversityofVermontpublishedastudystatingthat23percentofthewildbeepopulationdeclinedbetween2008and2013.139countiesinpartsofCalifornia,thePacificNorthwest,theMidwest,westTexasandtheMississippiRivervalleyhavetakentheworsthitinwildbeedeclines.Since39percentofU.S.croplandsrelyonpollinatorsfortheircropincludingthosebelovedappleorchardsandpumpkinpatchesinthefall,wearefacingaseriousthreat.Bytakingcareofthebees,ourworldisabletobenefitintermsofagriculturalincomeandnutritiousfoodsupply.Youmaynotbeabletomakeahugechangeonanindustriallevel,butassomeonewithalandscapeofyourown,whynothelpsavethebees?28.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.BeesIsDisappearing?B.HowYouCanSaveBees?C.HowBeesHelpPollinatethePlants?D.WhyYouShouldn’tKillBeesinYourYard?29.Whatisthemainpurposeofbees?A.Toprovidedelicioushoney.B.Todisturbbackyardbarbecue.C.Togetridofsomepeskycreatures.D.Tohelppollinatetheplantsaroundthem.30.WhydoestheauthorlistthenumbersinParagraph2?A.Toshowthediversityofplantspecies.B.Toshowhowwedependonplants.C.Toprovetheimportanceofpollinatorssuchasbees.D.Tomakeacomparisonbetweenplantswhichneedpollinatorsandwhichdon’t.31.Whydoestheauthorsay“wearefacingaseriousthreat”?A.Becausethebeepopulationhasdecreasedsharply.B.Becauselotsofwildbeeshavebeenhitbypeople.C.Becausemanypeopleareattackedbywildbees.D.Becausethecroplandshaveproducedlesscropsinthefall.【答案】28.D29.D30.C31.A【解析】【分析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要講述了看起來似乎是討厭的生物，但在植物授粉方面，蜜蜂發(fā)揮著重要作用，從而使人類能夠在農(nóng)業(yè)收入和營養(yǎng)食物供應(yīng)方面獲益。因此，作者在文章中呼吁幫助拯救數(shù)量正在急劇下降的蜜蜂。【28題詳解】主旨大意題。文章結(jié)構(gòu)為總分總結(jié)構(gòu)，首尾段落相呼應(yīng)。文章首段出現(xiàn)了“but”句，說明此句應(yīng)是本文的中心話題句。分析該句“Theymayseemlikepeskycreaturestogetridof,buttherearequiteafewthingsyoumaynotknowaboutbees,especiallytheimpacttheyhaveonourlivelihood.(它們看起來似乎是討厭的生物，但你可能不知道關(guān)于蜜蜂的很多事情，尤其是它們對我們生活的影響。)”且結(jié)合文章末尾內(nèi)容“Bytakingcareofthebees,ourworldisabletobenefitintermsofagriculturalincomeandnutritiousfoodsupply.Youmaynotbeabletomakeahugechangeonanindustriallevel,butassomeonewithalandscapeofyourown,whynothelpsavethebees?(通過照顧蜜蜂，我們的世界能夠在農(nóng)業(yè)收入和營養(yǎng)食物供應(yīng)方面獲益。你可能無法在工業(yè)層面上做出巨大的改變，但作為一個(gè)擁有自己風(fēng)景的人，為什么不幫助拯救蜜蜂呢?)”可知，本文的主題是陳述蜜蜂的重要性以及呼吁我們不要?dú)⑺烂鄯?。D項(xiàng)“WhyYouShouldn’tKillBeesinYourYard?(為什么你不應(yīng)該殺死你院子里的蜜蜂?)”貼合主旨要義，可作最佳標(biāo)題。故選D項(xiàng)?！?9題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段第1句內(nèi)容“Themainpurposeofbees,particularlyhoneybees,istohelppollinatetheplantsaroundthem.”可知蜜蜂的主要作用是幫助它們周圍的植物授粉。故選D項(xiàng)。【30題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中，列舉數(shù)字之后的總結(jié)句“Withoutpollinators,thenumberofcropswehavewilltakeaserioushit.”可知，沒有傳粉者，我們的農(nóng)作物數(shù)量將受到嚴(yán)重打擊。因此可推知作者列舉這些數(shù)字目的就是為了說明像蜜蜂這樣的授粉者的重要性。故選C項(xiàng)?！?1題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第1句內(nèi)容“Unfortunately,foryearstherehasbeenanalarmingdeclineofbeesaroundtheglobe.”可知，多年來全球蜜蜂數(shù)量急劇下降，并在后文中進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的闡述，且該段末尾內(nèi)容“Since39percentofU.S.croplandsrelyonpollinatorsfortheircropincludingthosebelovedappleorchardsandpumpkinpatchesinthefall,wearefacingaseriousthreat.”提到39%的美國農(nóng)田依靠傳粉者來授粉才會(huì)有所收成，而蜜蜂是在授粉方面發(fā)揮重要作用。由此可推知作者之所以說我們正面臨威脅是因?yàn)槿蛎鄯鋽?shù)量急劇減少，會(huì)導(dǎo)致許多農(nóng)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量下降。故選A項(xiàng)?！军c(diǎn)睛】通過文章主題句來確定標(biāo)題了解文章的主要論題的關(guān)鍵使找到全文的主題句。主題句一般在文章首段，尤其是在首段或第二段首句出現(xiàn)了“but”句的時(shí)候，but句往往成為全文的主題句。比如文章的第1小題：1.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.BeesIsDisappearing?B.HowYouCanSaveBees?C.HowBeesHelpPollinatethePlants?D.WhyYouShouldn’tKillBeesinYourYard?一般而言，第1題為主旨大意題，即：選擇最佳標(biāo)題或文章大意題，說明首段提及了文章的主題。通過閱讀首段，發(fā)現(xiàn)了but句，即主題句：Theymayseemlikepeskycreaturestogetridof,buttherearequiteafewthingsyoumaynotknowaboutbees,especiallytheimpacttheyhaveonourlivelihood.，可知文章的主題為陳述蜜蜂的重要性，也就回答了D項(xiàng)的問題：WhyYouShouldn’tKillBeesinYourYard?同時(shí)從標(biāo)題特點(diǎn)角度來說，D項(xiàng)更能引起興趣，且貼合主題。故選D項(xiàng)為最佳標(biāo)題。F（嘉積中學(xué)2019—2020學(xué)年度第一學(xué)期月考）話題：文章介紹了游覽倫敦使用VisitorOysterCard的好處，如何購買及如何充值。難度：★★★建議用時(shí)：6分TheVisitorOystercardAVisitorOystercardisthecheapestwaytopayforasingleadultjourneyinLondon.It’saplasticsmartcard.Youcanuseitonthebus,tube,tram,DLR,LondonOvergroundandmostNationalRailservices.It’smuchcheaperthanbuyingindividualtickets,insomecasescosting50%lessthanthepriceofaregularpaperticket.HowtogetaVisitorOystercardYoucanbuyaVisitorOystercardonline.Yourcardwillbedeliveredbypost.Thecardcosts￡5andyouchoosehowmuchmoneyyouwanttoaddtothecard.ThismeansyoucanstartusingthecardthemomentyouarriveinCentralLondon.HowdoestheVisitorOystercardwork?TheOystercardworksonapay-as-you-gosystem.Youstartbyaddingmoneytothecard.Thenyoutravel,thecostofthefarewillautomaticallybedeductedfromyourVisitorOystercard.Forexample,ifyouadd￡20tothecardandmakeatubejourneyof￡2.30,youwillhave￡17.70leftonthecard.Afewmorepoints:·Achildundertheageof11travelsfreewhenaccompaniedbyanadult.·You’llsavemoremoneyifyouusethetubeseveraltimes.TheVisitorOystercardis“capped(給……定上限)”at￡6.80perday.·You’llpaymoreduringpeaktimes.PeakfaresapplyfromMondaytoFriday(6:30am—9:30am;4:00pm—7:00pm),exceptforpublicholidays.·ReusetheOystercardbyaddingcreditatatubestation,OysterticketshoporVisitorCentre.·ReceiveadiscountontheThamesClippersRiverBusservices.1.WhatcanwelearnabouttheVisitorOystercard?A.Youcan’tuseitduringpublicholidays.B.Youcanhaveitmaileddirectlytoyourhome.C.YoucangetafreeOystercardifyouorderonline.D.Youcanreceivea50%discountatanyshopinLondon.2.HowmuchmoneywillbedeductedifyoutakethetubefourtimesinadaywithaVisitorOystercard?A.￡2.30. B.￡3.40.C.￡6.80. D.￡9.20.3.WherecanyouaddcredittoyourVisitorOystercard?A.OntheInternet. B.Atabusstation.C.Atatubestation. D.Inconveniencestores.【答案】1.B2.C3.C【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹了游覽倫敦使用VisitorOysterCard的好處，如何購買及如何充值?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第二段第二句Yourcardwillbedeliveredbypost.可知VisitorOystercard可以直接寄到你家。故選B?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Afewmorepoints部分You’llsavemoremoneyifyouusethetubeseveraltimes.TheVisitorOystercardis“capped(給……定上限)”at￡6.80perday.可知如果你乘幾次地鐵，你會(huì)節(jié)省更多的錢。VisitorOyster卡的“上限”是每天6.8英鎊。故選C?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Afewmorepoints部分倒數(shù)第二段ReusetheOystercardbyaddingcreditatatubestation,OysterticketshoporVisitorCentre.可知可以在地鐵站添加，故選C。G（黑龍江省實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)2020高三期末英語沖刺仿真模擬訓(xùn)練試題六）話題：說明了瑞典一所學(xué)校在四月份取消了學(xué)生的家庭作業(yè)和考試的原因。難度：★★★建議用時(shí)：6分Whileanentiremonthfreeofhomeworkortestsmaysoundtoogoodtobetrue,thatisexactlywhatthestudentsatSturenskolanSchoolinBoden,SwedenweretreatedtoinApril.What’smore,iftheresultsoftheexperimentproveencouraging,starting2019,themiddleschoolerswillneverhavetoworryaboutafter－schoolworkortests,asidefromthenationalexaminations,whicharecompulsiveforstudentsacrossthecountry.Theschool’sprincipal,PetronellaSirkka,whocameupwiththeidea,said,“Weareconstantlyreceivingnewreportsthatourchildrenfeelbad.Andthat’sbecausetheyhaveahighlevelofstressallthetime.Thisisourwayoftryingtoreducethatstress.”Theeducatorsaysthatwhilebanninghomeworkandtestssoundsradical(激進(jìn)的),itmakessensegiventhechangesinthecurriculumandapproachestoeducation.Whileinthepaststudentswereprimarilysubjectedtomemorizingfacts,learningtodayisallaboutreflectionandanalysis.Asaresult,itisoftenharderforkids,especiallythosewithlittlesupportathome,tocomprehendthematerialbythemselves.Sirkkaisnottheonlyonewhobelievesafter－schoolworkdoesnothelpstudentslearn.InMarch2018,anotherprincipalinCanadaalsodecidedtodoawaywithhomework.Theyhopeparentswillspendtheex