ManuscriptForm

andPunctuationManuscriptForm

andPunctuati1I.ManuscriptForm1.Arrangement1)Whenwewriteanessaytobereadbytheteacher,weshouldwriteoneveryotherlinesothattherewillberoomforcorrections.Itisnecessarytoleaveamarginofabouttwocentimetersatthetopandthebottomofthepage,andoneofacentimeterandahalfontherightandleftside.I.ManuscriptForm1.Arrangeme22)Thetitleortopicoftheessayshouldbeplacedinthemiddleofthefirstline.Everywordofthetitle(includingwordsfollowinghyphensincompoundwords)shouldbecapitalized,exceptarticles,prepositions,coordinatingconjunctions(and,or,but,nor,andfor)andtoininfinitives.Butifoneofthesewordsisthefirstorlastwordofthetitle,itshouldbecapitalized.2)Thetitleortopicofthee3Topicsaregenerallynounphrases(nounswiththeirmodifiers),thoughotherformsarepossible.Nofullstopshouldbeusedattheendofatitle.Aquestionmarkisneededifthetopicisadirectquestion(butanindirectquestionisnotfollowedbyaquestionmark).Thetitleofabookwithinthetopicshouldbeunderlined(italicizedinprinting),andthetitleofanarticleputbetweenquotationmarks.Topicsaregenerallynounp4Belowaresomeexamples:

MyImpressionsofBeijingTheWallBetweenWhereDoAlltheNewWordsComeFrom?WhatTraditionsMeantotheChineseAClean,Well-LightedPlaceDifferentViewsonJaneEyreInterpretationsofRobertFrost’s“FireandIce”Belowaresomeexamples:53)Thefirstlineofeveryparagraphshouldbeindented(startedafteraspaceoffourorfiveletters).4)Arabicnumeralsaregenerallyusedforpaging.Theycanbeputeitherintheupperright-handcornerorinthemiddlebelowthelastlineofeverypage.3)Thefirstlineofeverypara65)Alineisneverbegunwithacomma,aperiod,asemicolon,acolon,aquestionmarkoranexclamationmark;alineneverendswiththefirsthalfofapairofbracketsorquotationmarks.Thehyphenthatshowsawordisdividedisputattheend,notatthebeginning,ofaline.5)Alineisneverbegunwith72.WordDivision

Thefollowinghintsmaybehelpfultousinthedivisionofwords:One-syllablewordsuchascount,healthandthoughtcannotbedivided.Wordswithtwoormoresyllablescanbedividedaccordingtotheformationofsyllables:re·peat,in·sist,punc·tual,san·dal,de·cline,trans·la·tionAstressedclosesyllableusuallytakesaconsonantwithit:ded·i·cate,grat·i·fy,la·bor·a·to·ry,fin·ishAconsonantplus–leistreatedasasyllable:min·gle,peo·ple,no·ble,gig·gleAsinglelettercannotbeputattheendoratthebeginningofaline:e·voke,heart·y2.WordDivisionThefo8Atwo-letterendingshouldnotbeputatthebeginningofaline:hand·ed,hard·enDivisionsthatmaymisleadthereadershouldbeavoided:re·ally,lay·manWordswithhyphensshouldbedividedonlyatthehyphen:broad-minded,broken-heartedTwo-syllablewordswithdoubleconsonantsinthemiddleareasaruledividedbetweenthetwoconsonants:strug·gle,lat·terDivisionofpropernamesshouldbeavoided:Dickens,ParisAtwo-letterendingshouldnot9Thelastwordofapageshouldnotbedivided.Itshouldbewrittenonthenextpage.Divisionofwordsattheendsofseveralconsecutivelinesshouldbeavoided.

Divisionofwordsisnotalwayseasy.Whenwearenotsure,weshouldconsultadictionary.Insomedictionariessyllabicationisindicatedbyadot,asintheexamplesgivenabove;inothersbyaspace:together,summerThelastwordofapageshould103.Capitalization

Capitalizedwordsareusedmainlyinthreeplaces:propernames,keywordsintitles,andthefirstwordsofsentences.(examplesomitted)Lookatthefollowingexamplesandpayspecialattentiontotheuseofcapitallettersandpunctuationinquotedwordsandsentences.

3.CapitalizationCapital11MissJohnsonsaid,“Whenyouwriteanessay,youshouldpayattentiontobothcontentandlanguage.”“Whenyouwriteanessay,”shesaid,“youshouldpayattentiontobothcontentandlanguage.”“Whenyouwriteanessay,youshouldpayattentiontobothcontentandlanguage,”theteachersaid.MissJohnsonadvisedusto“payattentiontobothcontentandlanguage”whenwewroteanessay.MissJohnsonsaid,“Wheny12

Theseexamplesshow:thesubjectandverbofsayingbeforethequotationarefollowedbyacomma;acompletesentencewithinquotationmarksaftertheverbofsayingbeginswithacapitalletterandendswithafullstop;Theseexamplesshow:13ifthequotedsentenceisbrokenintotwopartsandputbetweentwopairsofquotationmarks,withthesubjectandverbofsayingplacedbetweenthem,thefirstpartendswithacomma,thesecondpartdoesnotbeginwithacapitalletter(unlessthefirstwordisapropername),andthewholesentenceendswithafullstop;ifthequotedsentenceisbro14ifthequotedsentenceisputbeforethesubjectandverbofsaying,itendswithacomma,andtheverbofsayingisfollowedbyafullstop;ifthequotedwordsareaphraseinsteadofacompletesentence,thephraseistreatedaspartofthewholesentence.ifthequotedsentenceisput154.HandwritingTherearetwocommonwaysofwritingtheletters:toformloopsandtoprint.Botharegood,butwehadbettersticktooneofthetwostyles.Weshouldalwaystrytowriteneatlysothatourhandwritingcanbereadeasily.4.HandwritingTherearetwoco16Whenwewanttocrossoutaword,weshoulddrawathicklinethroughit.Itismisleadingtoputitbetweenbrackets,becausethatmeansthewordisanexplanatoryremark.Whenwewanttoaddaword,weshouldwriteitabove,notbelow,thelineofwordswehavewrittenwithaclearsignshowingwhereitistobeinserted.Whenwewanttocrossoutawo17II.PunctuationTheComma(,)(1)Acommaisusedtojoincoordinateclauses.Itisputbeforetheconjunction(and,but,or,for,so,nor,oryet)Weshouldrememberthatcoordinateclauseshavetobejoinedwithacommaandaconjunction.OnecommaalonecannotdothejobthoughitispossibleinChinese.Usingacommatolinktwoclausesisacommonmistakewhichhasaname:thecommafaultorthecommasplice.Butwecanuseasemicolon,adash,oracolonbetweencoordinateclauses(seeexplanationsofthesemarks).II.PunctuationTheComma(,)18(2)Acommaisusedafteranadverbialclauseorphrase,includingaprepositionalandaparticipialphrasebeforethesubject,orinsertedinthemiddleofthesentence:

Whentherainstopped,wecontinuedtoworkinthefields.Onhearingabouttheaccident,hewenttothesiteatonce.Somelisteners,boredbythelengthytalk,closedtheireyesanddozedoff.

Iftheadverbialelementfollowsthemainclause,nocommaisrequired.

Thestudentswerebusyworkingintheclassroomwhenthelightswentoff.(2)Acommaisusedafterana19(3)Commasareusedtoseparateaseriesofwordsorphraseswiththesamefunctioninthesentence:

Thechildrensang,danced,jumped,andchasedeachother.

Thecommabeforetheconjunctionandthelastitemisoptional.Itcanbeomittedifthereisnodangerofmisreading.(3)Commasareusedtoseparat20(4)Nonrestrictiveclausesandphrasesaresetoffbycommas:

Mr.Huang,thenewdirectorofthecompany,willsoonannouncehisplansforreforms.

Restrictiveclausesandphrasesarenotsetoffbycommas:

Thisisthelabwherestudentslistentotapesandseefilms.(4)Nonrestrictiveclausesand21(5)Commassetoffparentheticalelements:

Themachinesyouhavesuppliedus,I’mgladtotellyou,workverywell.(6)Indates,acommaisusedtoseparatethedayandtheyeariftheorderismonth-day-year;nocommaneedbeusediftheorderisday-month-year:

July1,1997;15September1980(7)Withnumbersof1000orover,commasorlittleblankspacesmaybeusedtoseparatedigitsbythousands.Fromrighttoleft,acommaisplacedaftereverythreenumerals.1,253,900690843201279(5)Commassetoffparenthetic222.ThePeriod(.)(1)Theperiod(fullstop)isusedattheendofadeclarativesentence,amildlyimperativesentence,andanindirectquestion.Theperiodmarkstheendofasentence.Thewordafteritbeginsanewsentenceandhastobecapitalized.(2)Theperiodisusedwithmostabbreviations:

Mr.Mrs.U.S.A.a.m.

Butsomepeopleprefernottousetheperiodwithabbreviations.2.ThePeriod(.)(1)Theperiod23(3)Threespacedperiodsmaketheellipsismark,whichindicatestheomissionofoneormorewordswithinaquotedpassage.Threespacedperiodsaresometimesusedtoapauseinconversationorfalteringspeech:

“Hesaidmanythings,suchas…suchas…oh,yes,hesaidthathewouldresignfromthecommittee.”

Ifasentenceendswithanellipsis,aperiodshouldbeusedafterit.Theresultisthatfourperiodsareusedtogether.(3)Threespacedperiodsmake243.TheSemicolon(;)(1)Thesemicolonisusedbetweentwocoordinateclauseswhicharenotlinkedbyaconjunction.

Shedoesn’tlikethisfilm;sheisdisgustedwithit.

Theabovesentencecanbeturnedintotwoseparatesentenceswithoutanychangeinmeaning.Butthereisthisdifference:thetwopartsinonesentenceseemmorecloselyconnectedthantheyareastwosentences.Ontheotherhand,thetwopartsgetgreateremphasisastwosentences.3.TheSemicolon(;)(1)Thesem25(2)Conjunctiveadverbsliketherefore,however,nonetheless,hence,otherwise,besides,moreover,etc.,shouldnotbeusedasconjunctionstolinktwocoordinateclauses.Beforethemthereshouldbeasemicolon,notacomma.

Hepromisedtocometothemeeting;however,hedidn’tappear.(3)Thesemicolonisusedwithconjunctionswhentheclausescontaininternalpunctuation.Ashepromised,hedonatedalargesumofmoney;andthismoneyhelpedwiththecompletionoftheproject.(2)Conjunctiveadverbsliket26(4)Thesemicolonisusedtoseparateaseriesofitemswithinternalcommas.

AmongthosewhojoinedthediscussionwereMissXu,awell-knownwriter;Mr.Li,editorofthelocalnewspaper;Dr.Qian,aprofessor:….(5)Asemicolonmaybeusedtojoinclauseswithwordsomitted,andtheomissionissometimesindicatedbyacomma.

Inthisprestigiousuniversitytherearemanyfamousprofessors;inthatsmalleruniversity,afew;inourcollege,none.(4)Thesemicolonisusedtos274.TheColon(:)(1)Thecolonisusedtointroduceaquotationorastatement.(2)Thecolonisusedtointroduceanexplanation,asummary,oranappositive.

Hegavetworeasonsforhisfailureintheexamination:poorhealthandinsufficienttimeforpreparation.4.TheColon(:)(1)Thecolon28(3)Thecolonisusedbetweenthehourandtheminutetoshowthetime,torecordthescoresofgames,toendthesalutationofabusinessletterandtheintroductoryremarkofaspeakertothechairmanandaudience.

at11:30

ChinabeatJapan3:2inthechampionships.

DearMr.Johnson:Mr.Chairman,LadiesandGentlemen:(3)Thecolonisusedbetween295.TheQuestionMark(?)(1)Thequestionmarkisusedafteradirectquestion.

Anindirectquestionispunctuatedinthesamewayasadeclarativesentence.(2)Thequestionmarkisusedafterastatementturnedintoaquestion(saidinarisingtone).“Youlikeit?Youwanttobuyit?”

5.TheQuestionMark(?)(1)Th30(3)Aquestionmarkputbetweenparenthesesindicatesthewriter’suncertaintyaboutthecorrectnessoftheprecedingword,figureordate.

CaoXueqin,whowroteDreamoftheRedMansions,wasborninanaristocraticfamilyin1715(?),anddiedinpovertyin1764(?).(3)Aquestionmarkputbetwee316.TheExclamationMark(!)(1)Theexclamationmarkisusedafteranexclamatorysentence,oranemphaticinterjection,oraphraseexpressingstrongemotion.

Howbeautifulitis!“Help!Help!”“Getout!”heyelled.(2)Sometimestheexclamationmarkisusedafteraslogan.

LonglivethePeople’sRepublicofChina!6.TheExclamationMark(!)(1)327.QuotationMarks(“…”)(1)Doublequotationmarksareusedtoenclosedirectquotationsindialogueorfrombooksorarticles.(2)Singlequotationmarksareusedtoencloseaquotationwithinaquotation.

Theprofessorsaid,“Confuciussays,‘Donotimposeonotherswhatyoudonotdesireyourself.’Thisisaverygoodprincipleofmoralconduct.”7.QuotationMarks(“…”)(1)Dou33(3)Indirectquotationsarenotenclosedbyquotationmarks.

Theprofessorsaidthatoneprincipleofmoralconduct,accordingtoConfucius,isnottoimposeonotherswhatonedoesnotdesireoneself.(4)Quotationmarksareusedfortitlesofarticles,essays,shortstories,shortpoems,songs,etc.,andforheadingsofchaptersorsubdivisionsofbooks.Titlesofbooks,newspapersandmagazinesaregenerallyunderlinedoritalicized.(3)Indirectquotationsareno34(5)Wordswithspecialmeaningaresometimesputbetweenquotationmarks.

Here“register”referstoaparticulartypeofvocabulary.Thatwarlordwassaidtohavebeen“elected”presidentofhiscountry.(6)Whenothermarksofpunctuationareusedwithquotedwordsorsentences,thefollowingrulesaregenerallyobserved:thecommaandtheperiodmaybeplacedeitherinsideoroutsidethequotationmarks;

Ihavejustfinishedreadinghisstory“AnUnusualExperience,”whichisveryinteresting./Ihave…“An…Experience”.(5)Wordswithspecialmeaning35thecolonandthesemicolonareplacedoutsidethequotationmarks;thedash,thequestionmark,andtheexclamationmarkareplacedwithinthequotationmarkswhentheyareconnectedonlywiththequotedwords,andtheyareplaceoutsidewhentheyareconnectedwiththewholesentence.Sheasked,“whatdoyoumean?”Couldyouexplainthemeaningof“postmodernism”?Themancried,“Fire!Fire!”thecolonandthesemicolonar368.Parentheses/Brackets((…))(1)Parenthesesareusedtosetoffparenthetical,supplementary,orillustrativewords.

AWTO(WorldTradeOrganization)delegationistovisitChinanextweek.(2)Parenthesesenclosefiguresorlettersusedforenumeration.Thisbookconsistsofthreeparts:(1)ancienthistory,(2)modernhistoryand(3)contemporaryhistory.8.Parentheses/Brackets((…)379.SquareBrackets([…])(1)Squarebracketsareusedtoindicatecorrectionsorexplanationsinquotedmattermadebythewriterwhoisquoting.

Inthearticlehewrote,“Notforamomentdidshe[EmilyDickinson]intendtomakeherselffamousbypublishingherpoems.”(2)Squarebracketsareusedinsteadofparentheseswithinparentheses.

TherearequiteafewgoodtranslationsofclassicalChineseliteraryworksinthesetwovolumes(AnthologyofChineseLiterature[NewYork:GrovePress,Inc.,1965]).9.SquareBrackets([…])(1)Squ3810.TheDash(—)(1)Thedashindicatesabreakinthoughtorachangeintone,oraspeaker’sconfusionorhesitation.

Atthebeginningoftheyear,hemademanyresolutions—onlytobeforgotteninafewdays.(2)Thedashindicatesanunfinishedorinterruptedstatement.“Heismakingpreparationsfor—”“Forgoingabroad?”10.TheDash(—)(1)Thedashin39(3)Apairofdashessetoffaparentheticalelement.Allhisbelongings—afewarticlesofclothingandafewbooks—arehere.(4)Thedashissometimesusedtointroduceasummarizingclauseafteraseriesofnouns.

Bob,Lily,Andrian,Judy—

noneofthemknowwhereheis.(3)Apairofdashessetoffa40(5)Thedashissometimesusedjustlikequotationmarksinadialogue.

—WhenwasShakespeareborn?—Hewasbornin1564.(6)Thedashmaybeusedtointroducesubheadingsandauthorsafterquotations.

WangZhaojuninAutumnintheHanPalace—AnInterpretationoftheThemeofthePlay

“Itisuponbadfortunethatgoodfortuneleans:itisupongoodfortunethatbadfortunerests.—LaoZi(5)Thedashissometimesused4111.TheSlash(/)(1)Theslashindicatesalternatives,representingthewordsororand/or.

Theschoolgivesstudentswhohavefinancialdifficultiesloans/part-timejobs.(2)Theslashisusedtoseparatelinesinshortquotationsofpoetrybeingquotedinrunningtext.InthispoemKeatswrotethesefamouslines:“‘Beautyistruth,truthbeauty,’—thatisall/Yeknowonearth,andallyeneedtoknow.”11.TheSlash(/)(1)Theslash42(3)Whenfractionsarewritteninasentence,aslashisusedtoseparatethenumeratorfromthedenominator.Thisfactorynowemploys2/3oftheworkersitemployedlastyear,butitsoutputisincreasedby1/3.

(4)Sometimestheslashmeans“per”

Thehouseissoldat5000yuan/squaremeter.(3)Whenfractionsarewritten4312.UnderlinedandItalics

Inhandwrittenandtypewrittenpapersunderlininghasthesamefunctionasitalicsinprintedmatter.(1)Titlesofbooks,periodicals,newspapers,plays,moviesoperas,andlongpoemsareunderlinedoritalicized.(2)Foreignwordsareoftenunderlinedoritalicized.

OneChineseliisequaltohalfakilometer.OneChineseliisequaltohalfakilometer.12.UnderlinedandItalicsI44(3)Wordsandlettersreferredtoassuchareunderlinedoritalicized.TheworddoctorcomesfromtheLatinworddocere,whichmeanstoteach.(4)Namesofships,aircraftandworksofartareunderlinedoritalicized.

TheplotofthefilmisbasedonthetragicsinkingoftheTitanic.(5)Sometimesunderliningoritalicizingindicatesemphasis.(3)Wordsandlettersreferred45批改/校對(duì)符號(hào)（按字母順序排列）abfaultyabbreviationagr errorinagreementawk awkwardcap capitalizationCE ChineseEnglishcol errorincollocationd errorindictiondiv incorrectworddivisiondm danglingmodifierfcomp faultycomparisonfrag sentencefragmentgr erroringrammarid unidiomaticexpression批改/校對(duì)符號(hào)（按字母順序排列）ab46inccomp incompletecomparisonital italicize(underline)ll faultyparallelstructurelog faultylogicmm misplacedmodifiermng meaningunclearnocap unnecessarycapitalletternsw nosuchwordnum errorinuseofnumbersp errorinpunctuationred redundantref errorinpronounreferencerep unnecessaryrepetitioninccomp incom47run-on run-onsentencesl slangsp misspelledwordt errorinverbtensevb errorinverbformvo errorinvoicew wordyww wrongword[] delete? startnewparagraph︵ closeupspace︶∽ transpose∧ somethingmissingrun-on run-onsentence48ManuscriptForm

andPunctuationManuscriptForm

andPunctuati49I.ManuscriptForm1.Arrangement1)Whenwewriteanessaytobereadbytheteacher,weshouldwriteoneveryotherlinesothattherewillberoomforcorrections.Itisnecessarytoleaveamarginofabouttwocentimetersatthetopandthebottomofthepage,andoneofacentimeterandahalfontherightandleftside.I.ManuscriptForm1.Arrangeme502)Thetitleortopicoftheessayshouldbeplacedinthemiddleofthefirstline.Everywordofthetitle(includingwordsfollowinghyphensincompoundwords)shouldbecapitalized,exceptarticles,prepositions,coordinatingconjunctions(and,or,but,nor,andfor)andtoininfinitives.Butifoneofthesewordsisthefirstorlastwordofthetitle,itshouldbecapitalized.2)Thetitleortopicofthee51Topicsaregenerallynounphrases(nounswiththeirmodifiers),thoughotherformsarepossible.Nofullstopshouldbeusedattheendofatitle.Aquestionmarkisneededifthetopicisadirectquestion(butanindirectquestionisnotfollowedbyaquestionmark).Thetitleofabookwithinthetopicshouldbeunderlined(italicizedinprinting),andthetitleofanarticleputbetweenquotationmarks.Topicsaregenerallynounp52Belowaresomeexamples:

MyImpressionsofBeijingTheWallBetweenWhereDoAlltheNewWordsComeFrom?WhatTraditionsMeantotheChineseAClean,Well-LightedPlaceDifferentViewsonJaneEyreInterpretationsofRobertFrost’s“FireandIce”Belowaresomeexamples:533)Thefirstlineofeveryparagraphshouldbeindented(startedafteraspaceoffourorfiveletters).4)Arabicnumeralsaregenerallyusedforpaging.Theycanbeputeitherintheupperright-handcornerorinthemiddlebelowthelastlineofeverypage.3)Thefirstlineofeverypara545)Alineisneverbegunwithacomma,aperiod,asemicolon,acolon,aquestionmarkoranexclamationmark;alineneverendswiththefirsthalfofapairofbracketsorquotationmarks.Thehyphenthatshowsawordisdividedisputattheend,notatthebeginning,ofaline.5)Alineisneverbegunwith552.WordDivision

Thefollowinghintsmaybehelpfultousinthedivisionofwords:One-syllablewordsuchascount,healthandthoughtcannotbedivided.Wordswithtwoormoresyllablescanbedividedaccordingtotheformationofsyllables:re·peat,in·sist,punc·tual,san·dal,de·cline,trans·la·tionAstressedclosesyllableusuallytakesaconsonantwithit:ded·i·cate,grat·i·fy,la·bor·a·to·ry,fin·ishAconsonantplus–leistreatedasasyllable:min·gle,peo·ple,no·ble,gig·gleAsinglelettercannotbeputattheendoratthebeginningofaline:e·voke,heart·y2.WordDivisionThefo56Atwo-letterendingshouldnotbeputatthebeginningofaline:hand·ed,hard·enDivisionsthatmaymisleadthereadershouldbeavoided:re·ally,lay·manWordswithhyphensshouldbedividedonlyatthehyphen:broad-minded,broken-heartedTwo-syllablewordswithdoubleconsonantsinthemiddleareasaruledividedbetweenthetwoconsonants:strug·gle,lat·terDivisionofpropernamesshouldbeavoided:Dickens,ParisAtwo-letterendingshouldnot57Thelastwordofapageshouldnotbedivided.Itshouldbewrittenonthenextpage.Divisionofwordsattheendsofseveralconsecutivelinesshouldbeavoided.

Divisionofwordsisnotalwayseasy.Whenwearenotsure,weshouldconsultadictionary.Insomedictionariessyllabicationisindicatedbyadot,asintheexamplesgivenabove;inothersbyaspace:together,summerThelastwordofapageshould583.Capitalization

Capitalizedwordsareusedmainlyinthreeplaces:propernames,keywordsintitles,andthefirstwordsofsentences.(examplesomitted)Lookatthefollowingexamplesandpayspecialattentiontotheuseofcapitallettersandpunctuationinquotedwordsandsentences.

3.CapitalizationCapital59MissJohnsonsaid,“Whenyouwriteanessay,youshouldpayattentiontobothcontentandlanguage.”“Whenyouwriteanessay,”shesaid,“youshouldpayattentiontobothcontentandlanguage.”“Whenyouwriteanessay,youshouldpayattentiontobothcontentandlanguage,”theteachersaid.MissJohnsonadvisedusto“payattentiontobothcontentandlanguage”whenwewroteanessay.MissJohnsonsaid,“Wheny60

Theseexamplesshow:thesubjectandverbofsayingbeforethequotationarefollowedbyacomma;acompletesentencewithinquotationmarksaftertheverbofsayingbeginswithacapitalletterandendswithafullstop;Theseexamplesshow:61ifthequotedsentenceisbrokenintotwopartsandputbetweentwopairsofquotationmarks,withthesubjectandverbofsayingplacedbetweenthem,thefirstpartendswithacomma,thesecondpartdoesnotbeginwithacapitalletter(unlessthefirstwordisapropername),andthewholesentenceendswithafullstop;ifthequotedsentenceisbro62ifthequotedsentenceisputbeforethesubjectandverbofsaying,itendswithacomma,andtheverbofsayingisfollowedbyafullstop;ifthequotedwordsareaphraseinsteadofacompletesentence,thephraseistreatedaspartofthewholesentence.ifthequotedsentenceisput634.HandwritingTherearetwocommonwaysofwritingtheletters:toformloopsandtoprint.Botharegood,butwehadbettersticktooneofthetwostyles.Weshouldalwaystrytowriteneatlysothatourhandwritingcanbereadeasily.4.HandwritingTherearetwoco64Whenwewanttocrossoutaword,weshoulddrawathicklinethroughit.Itismisleadingtoputitbetweenbrackets,becausethatmeansthewordisanexplanatoryremark.Whenwewanttoaddaword,weshouldwriteitabove,notbelow,thelineofwordswehavewrittenwithaclearsignshowingwhereitistobeinserted.Whenwewanttocrossoutawo65II.PunctuationTheComma(,)(1)Acommaisusedtojoincoordinateclauses.Itisputbeforetheconjunction(and,but,or,for,so,nor,oryet)Weshouldrememberthatcoordinateclauseshavetobejoinedwithacommaandaconjunction.OnecommaalonecannotdothejobthoughitispossibleinChinese.Usingacommatolinktwoclausesisacommonmistakewhichhasaname:thecommafaultorthecommasplice.Butwecanuseasemicolon,adash,oracolonbetweencoordinateclauses(seeexplanationsofthesemarks).II.PunctuationTheComma(,)66(2)Acommaisusedafteranadverbialclauseorphrase,includingaprepositionalandaparticipialphrasebeforethesubject,orinsertedinthemiddleofthesentence:

Whentherainstopped,wecontinuedtoworkinthefields.Onhearingabouttheaccident,hewenttothesiteatonce.Somelisteners,boredbythelengthytalk,closedtheireyesanddozedoff.

Iftheadverbialelementfollowsthemainclause,nocommaisrequired.

Thestudentswerebusyworkingintheclassroomw