新編簡明英語語言學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn)匯總1

IntroductionWhat

is

linguistics?Scientific

study

of

language.Interpretation:try

to

answer

the

basic

questions

and

probe

into

various

problemsrelated

to

language;linguistics

studies

not

any

particular

language

but

language

ingeneral;scientific

study

because

based

on

systematic

investigation

oflinguistic

data.The

scope

of

linguisticsThe

study

of

language

as

a

whole

is

often

called

general

linguistic.phoneticsphonologymorphologysyntaxsemanticspragmatics

Study

the

sounds

used

in

linguistic

studyHow

sounds

put

together

and

convey

meaningThe

way

symbols

representing

sounds

are

arrangedand

combined

to

form

wordsRules

governing

the

combination

of

wordsThe

study

of

meaningStudy

the

meaning

in

contextAbove

are

major

or

core

branches

of

linguistics;Following

are

linguistics

link

with

other

disciplines.sociolinguisticspsycholinguistics

language

and

societyHow

infant

acquire

mother

tongue,processinformation……（language

and

Applied

linguistics

Applied

to

the

recovery

oflanguage,language

acquisitionSome

important

distinctions

in

linguisticsprescriptive descriptiveDescribe

and

analyze

thelanguage

actually

use(modernAims

to

lay

down

rules

for“correct

&

linguists

believe

thatwhatever

occurs

in

thelanguage

people

use

should

bedescribed

and

analyzed)synchronic diachronicThe

description

of

a

language

The

description

of

a

languageat

some

point

of

time as

it

changes

through

timeModern

linguistics

are

most

synchronic:

Difficult

to

describe

the

changes

that

have

taken

place

inits

historical

development;Synchronic

description

are

often

thought

of

as

beingdescriptions

of

a

language

in

its

current

existence.speech

writingSpeech

is

prior

to

writing:writing

system

is

always“invented”by

the

users

to

recordthe

speech

when

the

need

arises;speech

plays

a

greater

role

in

terms

of

amount

of

conveyinginformation;speech

is

always

the

way

native

speaker

acquire

their

mothertongue

while

writing

is

learn

and

taught

in

school;spoken

language

reveals

more

feature

of

human

speech,whichis

authentic

while

written

language

is

only

the

revised

recordof

speech.Langue

語言 Parole

言語The

realization

of

language

inAbstract

linguistic

system;Relatively

stable

actual

use;

Concrete;Vary

from

person

to

person

&situation

to

situationProposed

by

Swiss

linguist Saussure

in

the

early

20century:parole

is

a

mass

of

linguistic

facts,to

abstract

languefrom

petenceThe

ideal

user’s

knowledge

ofthe

rules

of

his

language

performanceThe

actual

realization

of

thisknowledge

in

posed

by

American

linguist ,Similar

to

Saussure,whatlinguists

should

study

is

the

ideal

speaker’s

competence,notthe

performance.Difference:Saussure

took

sociological

view

of

language

and

his

notion

of

langue

is

a

matter

of

social

convention;whileChomsky

looks

atpsychological

point

and

to

him

competence

isa

property

of

the

mind

of

each

individual.Traditional

grammarPrescriptive;

Modern

linguisticsDescriptive;written

language

is

primary; Spoken

language

is

primary;Force

language

into

aLatin-based

framework;

Trying

to

set

up

a

universalframeworkModern

linguistics

begin

from

the

publication

of book

What

is

languageDefinitions

of

languageLanguage

is

a

system

of

arbitrary

vocal

symbols

used

for

humancommunication.Characteristics:language

is

system,elements

of

language

are

combined

accordingto

the

rules;language

is

arbitrary

in

the

sense

that

there

is

no

intrinsicconnection

between

a

linguistic

symbol

and

what

it

stands

for,

Arose

by

any

other

name

would

smell

as

well;language

is

vocal

because

the

primary

medium

for

all

language

issound;language

is

human

-specific,different

from

animal

communication.Design

features

of

languageProposed

by

American

linguist

Charles

Hockett:comparing

the

animal&

human

communication are

five

major

design

features

of

humanlanguage:arbitrarinessNo

logical

connection

between

meaning

and

sounds(exceptonomatopoetic

and

compound

words)productivityIt

makes

to

possible

to

construction

and

interpretation

of

newsignal

by

its

users.dualityLanguage

is

a

system

which

consists

of

two

structures.

At

the

lowerlevel

there

is

a

structure

of

sounds,which

are

meaningless

by thesounds

can

grouped

or

regrouped

together

into

a

larger

numbers

ofunits

of

meaning

such

as

morpheme

or

words,which

are

found

at

thehigher

level

of

system(carp

&

park).Then

the

higher

level

can

bearranged

and

rearranged

into

an

infinite

numbers

of

sentences;DisplacementLanguage

can

be

used

to

refer

to

contexts

removed

from

the

immediatesituations

of

the

speakers;cultural

transmissionWhile

human

capacity

for

language

has

a

genetic

basis,the

detailsof

any

language

systems

are

not

genetically

transmitted,

but

insteadhave

to

be

taught

and

learned.(language

is

culturaltransmitted[language

not

mutually

intelligible]

while

animal

callsystem

is

genetically

transmitted)Functions

of

languageThree

main

functions

of

language

which

distinct

from

each

other

butactually

overlapping

to

some

degree:descriptive

functionThe

primary

function

of

language;The

Sichuan

earthquake

is

the

most

serious

one

China

has

eversuffered.expressive

functionSupply

information

about

the

user’s

feeling,preference,prejudicesand

value,

will

never

come

to

this

coffee

shop

again.social

functionServes

to

establish

and

maintain

social

relations

between

people.How

can

I

help

you,

Sir?Others:Russian-born

structural

linguist

Roman

Jakobson

elemens(function)of

a

speech:Addresser-emotive

addressee-conative(意動(dòng))context-referential message-poetic

contact-phatic

communioncode-metalinguisticBritish

linguistic Halliday:ideational

function(語篇功能)[included

descriptive

&

expressivefunctin]

is

to

organize

the

experience

of

the

real

orimaginary

erpersonal

function

is

to

indicate

,establish,or

maintainsocial

relationship

between

people.[social

function]textual

function

is

to

organize

written

or

spoken

texts

to

coherewithin

themselves

and

fit

to

the

particular

situation

in

which

theyare

used.The

phonic

medium

of

languageSpeech

sounds

produced

by

human

speech

organTwo

major

media

of

communication:speech

and

writing;what

is

phonetics?The

study

of

phonic

medium

of

language;it

is

concerned

with

all

thesounds

that

occurs

in

the

language.Articulatory

Three

branches Auditory

Acoustic

orthgraphic

representation

of

speech

orthgraphic

representation

of

speech

sounds

:broad

&

narrowNarrow:

letter

symbols

+

it]

[spit]Pharyngeal

Nasal

cavity（鼻腔）Oral

cavity（口腔）Voicing:vibration

of

the

vocal

cordsInternational

phonetic

alphabet:letter→soundsBroad(used

in

textbook):letter

symbols

[p]h→

classification

of

English

speech

sounds

StopsVL

p

f

t

k(閉塞音)

VD

b

v

d

gFricativeVL

o

s

f

h（摩擦音）

VD

d

z

gAffricatesVL

tf

tf（塞擦音）VD

dg

dgNasalsVD（鼻音）LiquidsVD（流音）GlidesVD（滑音）Monophthongs：

nm