第一單元Theessaycanbebroadlydividedintofourmainparts.Thefirstparthasoneparagraph,i.e.Paragraph1,whichshowsthateverybodywantshappinessbutnobodycanpinitdownexactly.Thesecondpartconsistsoffourparagraphs,fromParagraph2toParagraph5,whichillustratethecommercialdrivebehindtheconceptofhappiness.Whilethe18th-centuryauthorandsocialcriticJonathanSwiftconceivedofhappinessas“thestateofbeingwell-deceived”means,manyAmericansbelievethattheirpurchasingpowercanbetradedforconcretehappinessintermsofbeautyanddreams.Thethirdpartconsistsoffourparagraphs,fromParagraph6toParagraph9.Inthisparttheauthorusestwoextremedefinitionsasameanstointroducearelativelyneutraldefinitionofhappiness.FromoneextremeofthespiritualjoyoftheIndianholymantoanotherextremeofgreedymaterialism,thereisahappymedium,similartoThoreau'spractice.Thefourthpartis,infact,themostimportantpartastheauthormakeshiscommentsonmeaningsofhappiness.Thispartismadeupoffourparagraphs,fromParagraph10toParagraph13.InParagraph10,theauthorpointsoutthegistofhappiness,namely,itisaneffort-makingprocess.Paragraph11presentsassupportingevidencetheeffort-makingprocessingames.InParagraph12,evaluationontheEasternandWesternextremesismade.InParagraph13,theauthorrestatestheeffort-makingprocessandanswersaquestionraisedinParagraph1byprovidingherunderstandingofhappiness.第二單元InthispassagetheauthortellsthestoryofhowhebecameasuccessfulwriterfromapoorunhappylittleboywhoemigratedtoAmerica,thankstothedirectionandhelpofMissBurd,hisEnglishteacher.HeparticularlydescribestheimportantroleMissBurdplayedinhisfirstsuccessasawriterandwhathewroteaboutinhisfirstsuccessfulessay.Therefore,intheauthor'sopinion,MissBurdisthepersonwhosavedhimfrompain,loss,andmisery.Thefollowingisthestructuraloutlineofthepassage,andfromthechartyoucanseehowtheauthordevelopshistheme.0ThefirstpartofthepassageisParagraph1.Itintroducesthebackgroundoftheauthor.ThesecondpartisfromParagraph2toParagraph9.ItnarrateshowMissBurdfirstimpressedtheauthorandhowshedirectedandencouragedhimtowriteabouthisownexpereince.Paragraphs2and3describetheauthor'sfirstimpressionofMissBurdandthewayshetaught.Paragraphs4to9giveanaccountoftheauthor'sexperienceofhowhecametowritehisfirstsuccessfulessayandwhathewroteaboutinit.ThethirdpartisParagraph10,whichshowsustheauthor'spathtosuccessthroughhisownefforts.Thefourthpart,Paragraph11andParagraph12,addsmoreaboutMissBurd,herteachingcareerandotheraspectsofherlife.Thelastpart,i.e.thelasttwoparagraphs,pointsoutthethemethatMissBurdistheauthor'ssalvation,shehasbeenandshouldbehonoredasagoodteacher,andthatthisarticleisatributetoher.第三單元Inthereadingpassagetheauthornarratesalong-losthistoryabouthumansintheAmazon:anintroductionwithaproposition,ahistoryofexplorationintheregionandanattempttolifttheveilofmisunderstandingthatshroudstheAmazonBasin,andfinallyaconclusionthatreaffirmstheproposition.ThefirstpartisParagraph1,ageneralintroductiontothepassage.Thesecondpart,consistingof3paragraphs,fromParagraph2toParagraph4,isaboutEuropeanexpeditionsintheAmazonBasinfromthetimeoftheRenaissancethroughtothelate17thcentury.Thethirdpartismadeupof5paragraphs,fromParagraph5toParagraph9.Itisaboutthemistakenideathatexistsinpeople'smindsandabouttheevidencethatisliftingtheveilofmisunderstandingaboutthehumansocietiesintheAmazon.Thefourthpartconsistsofthelasttwoparagraphs:Paragraph10andParagraph11.Itdrawsaconclusion:therainforestshouldnolongerbeseenasanuntouched“paradise”andthatknowledgeaboutthepasthasavitalroletoplayinplanninganddecisionmakingforthefuture.第四單元Thisreadingpassagemainlytellsastoryabouttheauthor'ssuddenencounterintheforestwithamotherwolfthathadbeencaughtbyatrapandhowhetriedtowinherconfidenceandsetherfree.Itcanbedividedintothreeparts:Thefirstpartiscomposedof4paragraphs,fromParagraph1toParagraph4.Itrelateshowtheauthormetbychancewithawolfcaughtbyahunter'strapwhilehewasprospectingforgold.Anditalsotellsushow,inordertosavethewolffromthetrap,theauthortriedtofindthemotherwolf'sbabiesandthenbroughtthemtoher.ThesecondpartisfromParagraph5toParagraph7.Inthisparttheauthorexplainshowhetriedtowinthemotherwolf'sconfidencebyfindingherfoodandmakingfriendswithherbabies.Havingfinallywonthewolf'sconfidence,theauthorsucceededinreleasingherfromthetrap.ThethirdpartconsistsofParagraph8andParagraph9.Ittellsushowtheauthorfollowedthemotherwolftoherclan.Therehespentonenightpeacefullyandharmoniouslywiththewolfclan,whichseemscompletelyagainstnature.第五單元Thisreadingpassageoffersageneralreviewofgeneticengineeringachievementstodateandtheprospectivebenefitsandlatentperils.Theauthorholdsthatwhattheresearchersareplottingisnotonlyarevolutioninbiologybutalsoinsociety.Thewholepassagemaybedividedinto4parts.Lookatthefollowingchartandyou'llfind:Thefirstpartofthepassageismadeupofthefirst3paragraphs,andisageneraldescriptionoftheappearanceofDNAanditspotentialfunction.Thesecondpartismadeupof4paragraphs,fromParagraph4toParagraph7.ThisparttellsthesignificanceofDNAresearchandhowitistobeappliedinmedicaltreatment.ThethirdpartconsistsofParagraph8andParagraph9,whichgivesanaccountofthedilemmaanddangercurrentlyposedbythegeneticrevolutionandscientists'worriesaboutthemisuseofDNAinformation.Thelastpartconsistsofthelast2paragraphsofthetext,i.e.Paragraph10andParagraph11.Thispartbringsforwardpeople'sdifferentopinionsofDNAresearch.第六單元Thereadingpassagefocusesonasocialphenomenon—jeansandtheculturethatliesbehindit.Thepassagecanbebroadlydividedintothreeparts.ThefirstpartconsistsofParagraphs1and2,dealingwiththesocialpositionofjeanscomparedtocourtdressesinthe19thcentury.ThesecondpartisfromParagraph3toParagraph8.Paragraph3tellsusthegeneralmeaningjeansgainedinthe20thcentury.Paragraphs4toParagraph7dealwiththespecificmeaningjeansexpressedforanti-traditionalcultureinthe1950s,theblackrightsmovementinthemid-1960s,antiwarstudentsduringtheVietnamWar,feminisminthelate1960s,andfashioninthe1980s.Paragraph8isabouttheoverwhelmingtrendofjeansshowninsociallife.Thethirdpart,Paragraph9toParagraph11,analyzeshowbluejeansdisplaysocialconcepts.Inthepassage,theauthorusesmanydifferentwritingtechniquestodevelopthemainideas.Oneofthemaintechniquesinvolvedisstructuringideasintoparagraphsorvisuallydefinedparts.Similarly,inaworkofliteraturethestructureisthecompositionofparts:chapters,episodes,acts,scenes,interludes,climaxes,turningpoints,stanzas.Inwritingaboutstructure,youidentifytheplanoftheworkandtheninvestigatethelogicalrelationshipsbetweenparts.Thepartsoftheworkareprobablyrelatedinsomeorallofthefollowingfourways:theorderofchronology,space,suspensefulemotionalresponse,andlogicalideas.Inthispassage,thechronology,orsequenceintermsoftime,isapplied.Mosttraditionalstories,novels,andplaysarestructuredaccordingtotime:theybeginatthebeginningofasequenceofeventsandmoverightthroughtotheend.Manyalsoincludeflashbacks,whichservepurposeslikegivingbackgroundormotivationatanappropriateplace.Theauthorofthispassageusescommonchronologicalorder,whichbestsuitstheprocessofhowjeans