SocialCapitalandSportintheUKEvidenceFromNationalandInternationalSurveyData:April19th,2005.LiamDelaneyEconomicandSocialResearchInstituteSimpleMessage“Theexistingdatapaintsaconvincingpictureofcorrelationsbetweenparticipationinsportsactivitiesandhighlevelsofsocialcapital.Thenextstepforresearchersandpolicymakersistodeterminetowhatextentthecausalityisrunningfromonetotheother.Itisalmostcertainlytwoway,butwecannottelltheextentfromtheexistingevidence”.IntroductionSocialcapitalisanincreasinglyimportantconceptinnationalpolicymaking.Increasingattentionbeingpaidtotheroleofsportincivilandcommunitylife.Alsoanincreasingemphasisonquantifyingtheroleandvalueofthesportssector.Thisreportexaminessurveydata.Delaney(2005)examinesculturalparticipationandsocialcapital.ScopeofReport“Sportmeansallformsofphysicalactivitywhichthroughcasualororganisedparticipation,aimatexpressingorimprovingphysicalfitnessandmentalwellbeing,formingsocialrelationshipsorobtainingresultsincompetitionatalllevels”.EuropeanSportsCharter,1993FocusesonparticipationinsportsandphysicalactivitythatfallundertheDCMSremit.ExistingLiteratureontheRoleofSportHugeliteratureontheeconomicsignificanceofthecultural,heritageandsportingsectors.Largeandgrowingliteratureonthephysicalandhealthbenefitsofsport.Recentemphasisonsocialbenefitsofsport.SeeDaly(2004)foracomprehensivereviewofsocialcapitalstudies.Seepaperforareviewofothersportsstudies.CivilRenewal/SocialCapitalAnumberofdiversetheoreticalpositions.Thispresentationconsidersthebroadestandutilisesmeasuresacrossdifferenttheoreticalstreams.Socialtrust,trustininstitutions,subjectivewell-being,civicmembership,informalgroupactivity,politicalactivity.Disentanglingsocialcapitalandcivilrenewal.TypesofSocialCapitalDerivedFromSportIndividual.Sportmayprovideabasisforanindividualtoformafriendshipbase,providegoalsandfosterwellbeing.Sportmayabsorbpro-socialmotivationsandutilisethetalentsofdiverseindividuals.Local/community.Sportmayprovideabasisforthebuildingoflocalnetworks.Throughinteractingwithchildren’ssports,parentsnetworksmayformwhichhavepotentiallybeneficialeffects.Sportmayprovideabasisforbringingdifferentsectionsofcommunitiestogether.National.Sportmayprovideabasisforcommonsharednormsandconversationalpointsaswellasprovidingabasisforcollectivememory.Sportcanacttotransmitpro-socialvaluessuchasfairnessandrulefollowing.Sportmayactasavehicleforcitizenstoengagewithothercountries.ACost-benefitShouldAlsoIncludeCostsProblem:wecannotsimplyassumethatNetBenefitisincreasinginthelevelofsportsmembership,attendanceandplaying.NetBenefit=Benefits(individualbenefits,indirectindividualbenefits,externalbenefits)–Costs(individualcosts,externalcosts).Bridgingandbondingsocialcapital.Sportsmayalsogeneratesociallynegativeeffects.Socialliability.EmpiricalQuestionsDoesBritainhavea“socialcapitaldeficit”whencomparedtootherEUcountries?Whatarethepatternsofsocialcapitalandcivilengagementwithinbritain?Whatarethepatternsofsportingparticipationwithinbritain?Towhatextentarethesepatternslinked?Atonelevel,theyarelinkedtautologicallyinthatsportingmembership/volunteeringisarguablyaformofsocialcapitalbutwearealsoaskingaboutthelinkswithotherformsofsocialcapital.DataUtilisedEuropeanSocialSurvey2002.BritishSocialAttitudesSurvey1984-2002.TimeUsageSurvey2000.HomeOfficeCitizenshipSurvey2001.BritainHasBelowAverageLevelsofSocialTrustAndAverageLevelsofIndividualTrustMenAreMoreLikelytoTakePartinSportThanWomen,AlthoughSportIsStillOneoftheMostPrevalentFormsofActivityforBothSexesWalkingisthemostpopulartypeofactivitySportisthemostfrequentfieldofvolunteeringformenVolunteeringTakesSeveralDifferentFormsThereareparticularlystrongCrossNationalCorrelationsbetweenparticipationinsportandtrustinotherpeople(seeAppendix1forInterpretation)CorrelationsBetweenSocialTrustandParticipation(UK)–SeeAppendix2forInterpretationMembershipofaSports/outdoorActivityClubHasaPositiveEffectonWell-beingControllingforOtherFactorsTheDemographicDeterminantsofSportingParticipation

ByexamingthedemographicdeterminantsofsportsparticipationwecanbegintothinkinamoretargetedfashiononthepotentialroleofsportinbuildingcommunitiesandsocialcapitalResultsfromthestatisticalmodelsshowthatwomen,manualworkersandunemployed,andolderpeopleplaymarkedlylesssport,whichshouldbetakenintoaccountwhenthinkingaboutsocialcapitalgeneration.Whodoesn’tParticipateinSport?(BinaryLogisticModelbasedonTimeUsageData)DifferentSports–DifferentDemographics(Seeappendix3)HowPeopleBecomeInvolvedBarrierstoFurtherInvolvementWaystoGetPeopleMoreInvolvedFutureResearchDevelopmorerefinedstatisticalmodelsofexistingmeasures.Developrefined,agreedupon,andpublicisedscales.Trackexistingmeasuresthroughtime.Programmaticevaluationsincorporatingmeasuresofsocialcapitalthatextendbeyondeconomiccost-benefit.Disentanglingthemacrocorrelation?References(1)Attwood,C.,Singh.,G.,Prime,D.,andCreasey,R.(2001)“2001HomeOfficeCitizenshipSurvey:people,familiesandcommunities”.HomeOfficeResearchStudy270”.Bailey,R.,(2005).“Evaluatingtherelationshipbetweeneducation,sportandsocialinclusion”educationalreview,volume57,issue1,pp71–90.Collins,M.(2004)."Sport,physicalactivityandsocialexclusion."JournalofSportsSciences

22(8):727-740.Curtis,J.,McTeer,W.,Andwhite,P.,(2003).“Dohighschoolathletesearnmorepay?Youthparticipationandearningsasanadult.”Sociologyofsportjournal,volume20,issue1,pp60–76.Daly,S.(2004).“Socialcapitalandtheculturalsector:literaturereviewpreparedforthedepartmentofculture,mediaandsport.”Centerforcivilsociety,LSE.Departmentofculturemediaandsport,UK(2002):gameplan:Astrategyfordeliveringgovernment'ssportandphysicalactivityobjectives.References(2)Delaney,L.(2005).“CulturalParticipationandSocialCapital:EvidencefromSurveyData”P(pán)aperPresentedattheipprConference,“CulturalParticipationandCommunities”.HeldattheUKHomeOffice,January2005.Delaney,L.andFahey,F.,(2005).“TheSocialandEconomicValueofSportinIreland,Dublin,EconomicandSocialResearchInstitute.(Forthcoming).Fahey,T.,Layte,R.,AndGannon,B.,(2003).“SportsparticipationandhealthamongadultsinIreland.”Dublin,economicandsocialresearchinstitute.Hall,P.A.(1999)."SocialcapitalinBritain."BritishJournalofPoliticalScience

29:417-461.Homeoffice,citizenshipsurvey,2002.PerformanceandInnovationUnit(2002).“SocialCapital:Adiscussionpaper”.LondonPIU,CabinetOffice.Putnam,R.D.(2000),bowlingalone:thedeclineandrevivalofAmericancommunity,newYork:SimonSchuster.References(3)SportE.Stolle,D.AndM.Hooghe(2005)."Reviewarticle:inaccurate,exceptional,one-sidedorirrelevant?Thedebateabouttheallegeddeclineofsocialcapitalandcivicengagementinwesternsocieties."Britishjournalofpoliticalscience35:149-167.Sturgis,P.,AndJackson,J.(2003).“Examiningparticipationinsportingandculturalactivities:analysisoftheUKtimeusagesurvey.Phase2”.Commissionedbythedepartmentofculture,mediaandsport.November.Worldhealthorganisation(2003):consultationdocumenttoguidedevelopmentofaWHOstrategyfordiet,physicalactivityandhealth.Appendix1TheCross-NationalCorrelationsareSpearmanRankCorrelationsbetweentheaveragescoreonsocialcapitalvariables(downtheside)andtheaveragescoreonParticipationVariables(ac