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專業(yè)專業(yè)word可編輯新視野大學(xué)英語3U1LovewithoutlimitationsMybrother,Jimmy,didnotgetenoughoxygenduringadifficultdelivery,leavinghimwithbraindamage,andtwoyearslaterIwasborn.Sincethen,myliferevolvedaroundmybrother's.Accompanyingmygrowingupwasalways“gooutandplayandtakeyourbrotherwithyou ”.Icouldn'tgoanywherewithouthim,soIurgedtheneighborhoodkidstocometomyhouseforsomeout-of-controlkid-centeredfun.MymothertaughtJimmypracticalthingslikehowtobrushhisteethorputonbelt.Myfather,asaint,simplyheldthehousetogetherwithhispatienceandunderstanding.IwasinchargeoutsidewhereIadministeredjusticebytrackingdowntheparentsofthekidswhopickedonmybrother,andtellingonthem.MyfatherandJimmywereinseparable.Theyatebreakfast togetherandonweekdaysdroveofftothenavyshipping centereverymorningwheretheybothworked-Jimmyunloadedcolor-codedboxes.Atnightafterdinner,theywouldtalkandplaygameslateintotheevening.Theyevenwhistledthesametunes.Sowhenmyfatherdiedofaheartattackin1991,Jimmywasawreck,beneathhiscarefuldisguise.Hewassimplyindisbelief.Usuallyveryagreeable,henowquitspeakingaltogetherandnoamountofwordscouldpenetratethevacantexpressionheworeonhisface.Ihiredsomeonetolivewithhimanddrivehimtowork,butnomatterhowmuchItriedtomakethingsstaythesame,evenJimmygraspedthattheworldheknownwasgone.OnedayIasked, "YoumissDad,don'tyou?”Hislipsquiveredand1heasked,“Whatdoyouthink,Margaret?Hewasmybestfriend. "OurtearsbeganMymotherdiedoflungcancersixmonthslaterandIalonewaslefttolookafterJimmy.Hedidn'tadjusttogoingtoworkwithoutmyfatherrightaway,sohecameandlivedwithmeinNewYorkCityforawhile.HewentwhereverIwentandseemedtoadjustprettywell.Still,Jimmylongedtoliveinmyparents 'houseandworkathisoldjobaIpledgedtohelphimreturn.Eventually,Iwasabletoworkitout.Hehaslivedtherefor11yearsnowwithmanydifferentcaretakersandblossomedonhisown.Hehasbecomeessentialtotheneighborhood.Whenyouhaveanymailtobepickeduporyourdogneedswalking,heisyourman.Mymotherwasright,ofcourse:Itwaspossibletohaveahomewithroomforbothhislimitationsandmyambitions.Infact,caringforsomeonewholovesasdeeplyandappreciatesmyeffortsasmuchasJimmydoeshasenrichedmylifemorethananythingelseevercouldhave.ThishithomeafewdaysaftertheSeptember11thdisasteronJimmy 's57thbiIhadapartyforhiminmyhomeinNewYork,butnoneofourfamilycouldjoinusbecausetravelwasdifficultandtheywerestillreckoningwiththesheerterrorthedisasterhadbrought.Icalledonmyfaithfulfriendstohelpmakeitamerryandfestiveoccasion,ignoringthefactthatmostofthemwereemotionallydrainedandexhausted.Insteadofthecustomary “Nogifts,please ”,Ishouted, “Gifts!Please!"Myfriends-peopleJimmyhadcometoknowovertheyears-broughttheidealpresents:countrymusicCDs,asweatshirt,oneleatherbeltwith -I-M-M-Y”onit,aaJknittedwoolhatandacowboycostume.Theeveningleduptothegiftsandthenthechocolatecakefromhisfavoritebakery,andofcoursetheceremonywasn 'tc(withoutthesinging.AthousandtimesJimmyasked, "Isittimeforthecakeyet? ”AfterdinnerandtheJimmycouldnolongerberestrained.Heanxiouslywaitedforthecandlestobelitandthenblewthemoutwithonelongbreathaswellallsang “Happybirthday”wasn'tsatisfiedwithoureffort,though.Hejumpeduponthechairandstooderectpointingbothindexfingersintotheairtoconductusandyell ed,"One???more???time!”Wesangwithalloftheenergyleftinoursoulsandwhenwewerefinishedheputbothhisthumbsupandshouted."Thatwassuper!”Wehadwantedtolethimknowthatnomatterhowdifficultthingsgotintheworld,therewouldalwaysbepeoplewhocaredabouthim.Weendedupremindingourselvesinstead.ForJimmy,thelovewithwhichwesangwasawelcomebonus,butmostlyhehadjustwantedtoseeeveryoneelsehappyagain.JustasmyfatherdeathhadchangedJimmy'worldovernight,September11thchangedourlives;theworldwe 'dknownwasgone.But,aswesangforJimmyandheldeachtightafterwardprayingforpeacearoundtheworld,wewereremindedthattheconstantloveandsupportofourfriendsandfamilywouldgetusthroughwhateverlifemightpresent.ThesimplicitywithwhichJimmyhadreconciledeverythingforusshouldnothavebeensurprising.TherehadneverbeenlimitationstowhatJimmy 'sl(accomplish.無限的愛我哥哥吉米出生時(shí)遇上難產(chǎn) ,因?yàn)槿毖鯇?dǎo)致大腦受損。兩年后,我出生了。從此以后,我的生活便圍繞我哥哥轉(zhuǎn) 。伴隨我成長的,是到外面去玩,把你哥哥也帶上?!辈粠纤?,我是哪里也去不了的。因此,我慫恿鄰居的孩子到我家來 ,盡情地玩孩子們玩的游戲。我母親教吉米學(xué)習(xí)日常自理 ,比如刷牙或系皮帶什么的。我父親宅心仁厚,他的耐心和理解使一家人心貼著心 。我則負(fù)責(zé)外面的事,找到那些欺負(fù)我哥哥的孩子們的父母 ,告他們的狀,為我哥哥討回公道。父親和吉米形影不離。他們一道吃早飯,平時(shí)每天早上一道開車去海軍航運(yùn)中心 ,他們都在那里工作,吉米在那TOC\o"1-5"\h\z搬卸標(biāo)有彩色代號(hào)的箱子 。晚飯后,他們一道交談,玩游戲,直到深夜。他們甚至用口哨吹相同的曲調(diào) 。所以,父親1991年因心臟病去世時(shí),吉米幾乎崩潰了,盡管他盡量不表現(xiàn)出來。他就是不能相信父親去世這一事實(shí) 。通常,他是一個(gè)令人愉快的人現(xiàn)在卻一言不發(fā)無論說多少話都不能透過他木然的臉部表情了解他的心事。我雇了一個(gè)人和他住在一起 ,開車送他去上班。然而,不管我怎么努力地維持原狀 ,吉米還是認(rèn)為他熟悉的世界已經(jīng)消失了 。有一天,我問他:你是不是想念爸爸?”他的嘴唇顫抖了幾下,然后問我:你怎么看,瑪格麗特?他是我最好的朋友?!苯又?,我倆都流下了眼淚。六個(gè)月后,母親因肺癌去世,剩下我一人來照顧吉米。TOC\o"1-5"\h\z吉米不能馬上適應(yīng)去上班時(shí)沒有父親陪著 ,因此搬來紐約和我一起住了一段時(shí)間 。我走到哪里他就跟到哪里 ,他好像適應(yīng)得很好。但吉米依然想住在我父母的房子里,繼續(xù)干他原來的工作。我答應(yīng)把他送回去。此事最后做成了。如今,他在那里生活了11年,在許多人的照料下,同時(shí)依靠自己生活得有聲有色 。他已成了鄰里間不可或缺的人物 。如果你有郵件要收,或有狗要遛,他就是你所要的人。當(dāng)然,母親的話沒錯(cuò):可以有一個(gè)家,既能容納他的缺陷又能裝下我的雄心 。事實(shí)上,關(guān)照像吉米這樣一個(gè)深愛又感激我的人 ,更加豐富了我的生活,其他任何東西都不能與之相比。這一點(diǎn),在911災(zāi)難后幾天更顯真切。那天是吉米57歲生日。我在紐約自己的家里為他舉辦生日宴會(huì) ,但是我們家的人都沒能來參加,因?yàn)榻煌ɡщy,而且災(zāi)難帶來的恐懼使他們依然心有余悸 。我邀請(qǐng)了我的好友,請(qǐng)他們來幫忙把宴會(huì)弄得熱鬧些 ,增加點(diǎn)歡快氣氛,沒去理會(huì)他們多數(shù)人在情感上都有些疲憊這一事實(shí) 。于是我一反常態(tài),沒說請(qǐng)不要帶禮物”,而是向他們喊請(qǐng)帶禮物來”。我的朋友——吉米認(rèn)識(shí)他們多年了——帶來了中意的禮物:鄉(xiāng)村音樂CD、一件長袖運(yùn)動(dòng)衫、一條有吉米”字樣的皮帶、一頂編織的羊毛帽,還有一套牛仔服。那天晚上,我們先是送禮物,然后是切從他喜歡的面包店里買來的巧克力蛋糕 ,當(dāng)然還唱了生日歌”,否則宴會(huì)就不算完整了。吉米一次次地問:該切蛋糕了吧?”等用完餐和送完禮物后,吉米再也控制不住了。他焦急地等著點(diǎn)上蠟燭,然后在我們生日快樂”的歌聲中,一口長氣吹滅了蠟燭。戶然而吉米對(duì)我們的努力還是感到不滿足 。他縱身跳到椅子上,直挺著身子,雙手食指朝天,一邊喊一邊指揮我們唱歌:再——來一一次!”我們?nèi)σ愿暗爻?。待我們唱完時(shí),他翹起兩個(gè)拇指喊道:好極了!”本來我們想讓他知道,無論世上有多難的事情,總是有人來關(guān)心他現(xiàn)在反倒是提醒了我們自己 。對(duì)于吉米來說,我們唱歌時(shí)的愛心,是他心中額外的禮物,但是他原先更想看到的,是別人再次感到快樂。有如父親的去世一夜之間改變了吉米的世界 ,911也改變了我們的生活;我們熟悉的世界不復(fù)存在了。但是,當(dāng)我們?yōu)榧壮?,相互緊擁,祈禱全球和平時(shí),我們也意識(shí)到,朋友、家人間永TOC\o"1-5"\h\z恒的愛和支持可以讓我們克服生活中的任何困難 。吉米以樸素的方式為我們協(xié)調(diào)了眼前的一切 ,他做到這一點(diǎn)并不令人吃驚 。吉米的愛可以征服一切,這是任何東西都限制不了的 。U2IronandtheEffectsofExerciseSportsmedicineexpertshaveobservedforyearsthatenduranceathletes,particularlyfemales,frequentlyhaveirondeficiencies.NowanewstudybyateamofPurdueUniversityresearcherssuggeststhatevenmoderateexercisemayleadtoreducedironinthebloodofwomen."Wefoundthatwomenwhowerenormallyinactiveandthenstartedaprogramofmoderateexerciseshowedevidenceofironloss,"saysRoseanneM.Lyle,associateprofessoratPurdue.Herstudyof62formerlyinactivewomenwhobeganexercisingthreetimesaweekforsixmonthswaspublishedinthejournalMedicine&ScienceinSports&Exercise."Womenwhoconsumedadditionalmeatortookironsupplementswereabletobounceback,"shenotes."Butthenewexerciserswhofollowedtheirnormaldietshowedadecreaseinironlevels.Irondeficiencyisverycommonamongwomeningeneral,affectingoneinfourfemaleteenagersandoneinfivewomenaged18to45,respectively.Buttheratioisevengreateramongactivewomen,affectingupto80percentoffemaleenduranceathletes.Thismeans,Lylesays,that"toomanywomenignoretheamountofirontheytakein";.Womenofchild-bearingageareatgreatestrisk,sincetheirmonthlybleedingisamajorsourceofironloss.Plus,manyhealth-consciouswomenincreasetheirriskbyrejectingredmeat,whichcontainsthemosteasilyabsorbedformofiron.Andbecausewomenoftenrestricttheirdietinanefforttocontrolweight,theymaynotconsumeenoughiron-richfood,andareliabletoexperienceadeficiency."Theaveragewomantakesinonlytwothirdsoftherecommendeddailyallowanceforiron,"notesanotherexpert."Forawomanwhoalreadyhasapoorironstatus,anyadditionalironlossfromexercisemaybeenoughtotipherovertheedgeintoamoreseriousdeficiency,"notestheexpert.Exercisecanresultinironlossthroughavarietyofmechanisms.Someironislostinsweat,and,forunknownreasons,intenseenduranceexerciseissometimesassociatedwithbleedingofthedigestivesystem.Athletesinhigh-impactsportssuchasrunningmayalsoloseironthroughaphenomenonwheresmallbloodvesselsinthefeetleakblood.Therearethreestagesofirondeficiency.Thefirstandmostcommonishavinglowironreserves,aconditionthattypicallyhasnosymptoms.Fatigueandpoorperformancemaybegintoappearinthesecondstageofdeficiency,whennotenoughironispresenttoformthemoleculesofbloodproteinthattransportoxygentotheworkingmuscles.Inthethirdandfinalstage,peopleoftenfeelweak,tired,andoutofbreath—andexerciseperformanceisseverelycompromised."Peoplethinkthatifthey'renotatthethirdstage,nothingiswrong,butthat'snottrue,"saysJohnL.Beard,whohelpeddesignthePurduestudy."You'renotstage3untilyourironreservesgotozero,andifyouwaituntilthatpoint,you'reintrouble."However,mostpeoplewithlowironreservesdon'tknowtheyhaveadeficiency,becausetraditionalmethodsofcalculatingtheamountofironinblood(bycheckinglevelsofthebloodproteinthattransportsoxygen)arenotsufficient,Beardstates.Instead,it'simportanttochecklevelsofadifferentcompound,whichindicatestheamountofstorageofironintheblood.Whileactive,child-bearingagewomenaremostlikelytohavelowironstores,henotes,"Menarenotsafe,especiallyiftheydon'teatmeatandhaveahighlevelofphysicalactivity."(Anestimated15percentofmalelongdistancerunnershavelowironstores.)Beardandotherexpertssayit'sadvisableforpeopleinthesegroupstohaveayearlybloodtesttocheckbloodironreserves.Ifironlevelsarelow,talkwithaphysiciantoseeifthedeficiencyshouldbecorrectedbymodifyingyourdietorbytakingsupplements.Ingeneral,it'sbettertoundotheproblembyaddingmoreiron-richfoodstothediet,becauseironsupplementscanhaveseriousshortcomings.Supplementsmayproduceafeelingofwantingtothrowup,andmaybepoisonousinsomecases.Thebestsourcesofiron,andtheonlysourcesoftheformofironmostreadilyabsorbedbythebody,aremeat,chicken,andfish.Goodsourcesofotherformsofironincludedates,beans,andsomeleafygreenvegetables."Selectbreadsandcerealswiththewords'iron-added'onthelabel,"writessportsdietexpertNancyClark."Thisaddedironsupplementsthesmallamountthatnaturallyoccursingrains.EatthesefoodswithplentifulVitaminC(forexample,drinkorangejuicewithcerealorputatomatoonasandwich)toenhancetheamountofironabsorbed."Clarkalsorecommendscookinginironpans,asfoodcanderiveironfromthepanduringthecookingprocess."Theironcontentoftomatosaucecookedinanironpotforthreehoursshowedastrikingincrease,thelevelgoingupnearly30times,"shewrites.Andpeoplewhoarelikelytohavelowironshouldavoiddrinkingcoffeeorteawithmeals,shesays,sincesubstancesinthesedrinkscaninterferewithironbeingabsorbedintothebody."Activewomenneedtobealotmorecarefulabouttheirfoodchoices,"sumsupPurdue'sLyle."Ifyoupayattentiontowarningsignsbeforeironreservesaregone,youcanremedythedeficiencybeforeitreallybecomesaproblem."鐵與運(yùn)動(dòng)的關(guān)系運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)專家經(jīng)過多年的觀察 ,發(fā)現(xiàn)耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)員,特別是女性,經(jīng)常會(huì)缺鐵。普渡大學(xué)研究人員進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)新的研究表明 :即使是適度的鍛煉,也可能會(huì)降低女性血液中的鐵含量。
我們發(fā)現(xiàn),那些通常不運(yùn)動(dòng)的女性一旦開始適度的鍛煉就會(huì)出現(xiàn)鐵含量下降的跡象我們發(fā)現(xiàn),那些通常不運(yùn)動(dòng)的女性一旦開始適度的鍛煉就會(huì)出現(xiàn)鐵含量下降的跡象普渡大學(xué)羅斯安妮M.萊爾副教授說。她對(duì)62名婦女進(jìn)行了研究,并將研究結(jié)果發(fā)表在咻育運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)與科學(xué)》雜志上。這些婦女原先不怎么運(yùn)動(dòng),后來開始了為期6個(gè)月、每周3次的鍛煉。TOC\o"1-5"\h\z萊爾指出:那些增食肉類食品或服用鐵質(zhì)補(bǔ)劑的女性能夠恢復(fù)到健康狀態(tài) 。但突然參加鍛煉卻仍沿用舊食譜的人則顯示出鐵含量降低 ?!比辫F在女性中是很常見的,每四個(gè)十幾歲的少女中有一人缺鐵 ,每五個(gè)18至45歲的女性中有一人缺鐵。而在積極鍛煉的婦女中這一比例更高 ,女耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)員中,缺鐵者比仞則高達(dá)80%。萊爾說,這意味著太多女性忽視了自己攝入的鐵含量 ”。育齡女性危險(xiǎn)最大,因?yàn)樵陆?jīng)是鐵流失的重要原因之一 。此外,許多保健意識(shí)太強(qiáng)的女性也很危險(xiǎn) ,因?yàn)樗齻兙芙^食用牛肉或羊肉 ,而這些肉中含有的鐵最易被吸收。而且,由于女性常常為了控制體重而節(jié)食 ,從而未能攝取足夠的含鐵豐富的食物 ,結(jié)果可能導(dǎo)致缺鐵。另一名專家指出,普通女性每天攝入的鐵只是應(yīng)攝入量的三分之二 ?!彼赋?,對(duì)于那些已經(jīng)缺鐵的女性,任何因鍛煉而產(chǎn)生的更多鐵質(zhì)流失都足以導(dǎo)致體內(nèi)缺鐵狀況的惡化?!边\(yùn)動(dòng)可能通過多種機(jī)制導(dǎo)致鐵流失 。有些鐵隨汗液流失。另外,由于某些未知的原因,高強(qiáng)度的耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)有時(shí)會(huì)引起消化系統(tǒng)內(nèi)出血。運(yùn)動(dòng)員從事跑步之類高強(qiáng)度劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng) ,也可能會(huì)因?yàn)樽悴垦苁а默F(xiàn)象而使鐵質(zhì)流失 。缺鐵分為三個(gè)階段:第一也即最常見的階段,是鐵質(zhì)儲(chǔ)量不足。這一階段一般沒有癥狀。到了缺鐵的第二階段,就會(huì)出現(xiàn)疲倦和力不從心 ,此時(shí)體內(nèi)已沒有足夠的鐵來形成血蛋白分子,將氧輸至運(yùn)動(dòng)肌肉。在第三即最后階段,人常常感到虛弱、疲乏無力、喘不過氣,運(yùn)動(dòng)成績大打折扣。人們認(rèn)為,只要不到第三階段就不會(huì)有什么問題。這種想法是不對(duì)的。”幫助設(shè)計(jì)普渡大學(xué)研究的約翰L.比爾德說。只有當(dāng)你的鐵儲(chǔ)量為零時(shí),你才會(huì)進(jìn)入第三階段。而你若坐等到這個(gè)時(shí)候,你的麻煩就大了?!比欢?,比爾德指出,大多數(shù)鐵質(zhì)儲(chǔ)量低的人并未意識(shí)到自己缺鐵,因?yàn)閭鹘y(tǒng)的檢測(cè)血液中鐵含量的方法——檢驗(yàn)血液中輸送氧氣的血蛋白的含量 ——是不夠的。其實(shí),有必要檢查血液中另一種混合成分的含量 ,它可以顯示血液中的鐵含量 。他還指出,雖然積極鍛煉的育齡婦女最有可能鐵含量低 ,但男性也并非不缺鐵,尤其是在他們不吃肉類而又從事高強(qiáng)度的體力活動(dòng)的情況下 ?!睂?duì)這些人而言(估計(jì)有15%的男性長跑運(yùn)動(dòng)員鐵含量低。)比爾德和其他專家都說好每年驗(yàn)一次血,以測(cè)定血液中的鐵含量。對(duì)這些人而言如果鐵含量低,就要去看醫(yī)生,以確定是否該通過調(diào)整飲食或服用鐵質(zhì)補(bǔ)劑來校正不足 。一般說來,解決問題的最好方法是在食譜中增加含鐵豐富的食物 ,因?yàn)殍F質(zhì)補(bǔ)劑可能存在嚴(yán)重缺陷。服用鐵質(zhì)補(bǔ)劑可能使人想嘔吐,有時(shí)甚至還會(huì)引起中毒。最好的鐵來源,以及唯一最易為身體所吸收的鐵來源 ,是肉、雞和魚。其他較好的鐵質(zhì)來源包括棗、豆類和一些多葉綠色蔬菜。”選擇那些標(biāo)有加鐵字樣的面包和麥片,”運(yùn)動(dòng)營養(yǎng)專家南??死藢懙溃@些增加的鐵質(zhì)補(bǔ)充了谷物中自然含鐵量的不足 。將這些食物與含有大量維生素 C的食物一起食用——比如吃麥片時(shí)喝橘子汁,或在三明治內(nèi)夾上番茄——可以促進(jìn)鐵質(zhì)吸收?!笨死诉€建議用鐵鍋烹食,因?yàn)榕胝{(diào)過程中食物能從鐵鍋中吸收鐵質(zhì) 。她寫道,在鐵鍋內(nèi)烹煮了3個(gè)小時(shí)的番茄汁,其鐵含量大大提高,增加到原來的30倍左右?!彼f,鐵含量可能低的人,吃飯時(shí)應(yīng)避免喝咖啡或飲茶 ,因?yàn)檫@些飲料中所含的物質(zhì)會(huì)妨礙身體對(duì)鐵質(zhì)的吸收。運(yùn)動(dòng)女性應(yīng)特別注意選擇飲食?!逼斩纱髮W(xué)的萊爾總結(jié)說:如果你在鐵含量流失之前就注意到了警告信號(hào) ,你就可以在它真正成為問題之前彌補(bǔ)鐵質(zhì)的不足?!盪3WherePrinciplesComeFirstTheHydeSchooloperatesontheprinciplethatifyouteachstudentsthemeritofsuchvaluesastruth,courage,integrity,leadership,curiosityandconcern,thenacademicachievementnaturallyfollows.HydeSchoolfounderJosephGauldclaimssuccesswiththeprogramatthe$18,000-a-yearhighschoolinBath,Maine,whichhasreceivedconsiderablepublicityforitsworkwithtroubledyoungsters."Wedon'tseeourselvesasaschoolforatypeofkid,"saysMalcolmGauld,Joseph'sson,whograduatedfromHydeandisnowheadmaster."Weseeourselvesaspreparingkidsforawayoflife ——bycultivatingacomprehensivesetofprinciplesthatcanaffectallkids."Now,JoeGauldistryingtospreadhiscontroversialCharacterFirstideatopublic,inner-cityschoolswillingtousethetaxdollarsspentonthetraditionalprogramforthenewapproach.ThefirstHydepublicschoolprogramopenedinSeptember1992.Withinmonthstheprogramwassuspended.Teachersprotestedtheprogram'sdemandsandthestrainassociatedwithmoreintensework.Thisfall,theHydeFoundationisscheduledtobeginapreliminarypublicschoolprograminBaltimore.TeacherswillbetrainedtolaterworkthroughouttheentireBaltimoresystem.OtherUSschoolmanagersareeyeingtheprogram,too.Lastfall,theHydeFoundationopenedamagnetprogramwithinapublichighschoolinthesuburbsofNewHaven,Connecticut,overparents'protests.Thecommunityfearedtheschoolwouldattractinner-cityminorityandtroubledstudents.AsinMainethequestfortruthisalsowidespreadattheschoolinConnecticut.InoneEnglishclass,the11studentsspendthelastfiveminutesinanenergeticexchangeevaluatingtheirclassperformanceforthedayona1-10scale."Igeta10.""Ichallengethat.Youdidn'tdoeitheryourgrammaroryourspellinghomework.""OK,aseven.""Yououghttogetasix.""Wait,Iputmybesteffortforthhere.""Yeah,butyoudidn'taskquestionstoday."Explaininghisapproachtoeducation,JoeGauldsaystheconventionaleducationsystemcannotbereformed.Henotes"noamountofchange"withthehorseandcarriage"willproduceanautomobile".TheHydeSchoolassumes"everyhumanbeinghasauniquepotential"thatisbasedoncharacter,notintelligenceorwealth.Conscienceandhardworkarevalued.Successismeasuredbygrowth,notacademicachievement.Studentsarerequiredtotakeresponsibilityforeachother.ToavoidthecontroversyofothercharacterprogramsusedinUSschools,Gauldsaystheconceptofdoingyourbesthasnothingtodowithforcingthestudentstoacceptaparticularsetofmoralsorreligiousvalues.TheHydecurriculumissimilartoconventionalschoolsthatprovidepreparationforcollege,completewithEnglish,history,mathandscience.Butallstudentsarerequiredtotakeperformingartsandsports,andprovideacommunityservice.Foreachcourse,studentsgetagradeforacademicachievementandfor"besteffort".AtBath,97%ofthegraduatesattendfour-yearcolleges.CommitmentamongparentsisakeyingredientintheHydemixture.Forthestudenttogainadmission,parentsalsomustagreetoacceptanddemonstratetheschool'sphilosophiesandoutlook.Theparentsagreeinwritingtomeetmonthlyinoneof20regionalgroups,gotoayearlythree-dayregionalretreat,andspendatleastthreetimesayearinworkshops,discussiongroupsandseminarsatBath.ParentsofMainestudentshaveanattendancerateof95%inthemanysessions.JoeandMalcolmGauldbothsaychildrentendtodotheirutmostwhentheyseetheirparentsmakingsimilarefforts.Thebiggestobstacleformanyparents,theysay,istorealizetheirownweaknesses.Theprocessforpublicschoolparentsisstillbeingworkedout,withalotmoredifficultybecauseitisdifficulttoconvinceparentsthatitisworthwhileforthemtoparticipate.Ofthe100studentsenrolledinNewHaven,about30%oftheparentsattendspecialmeetings.ThelowattendanceisinspiteofcommitmentstheymadeattheoutsetoftheprogramwhenHydeofficialsinterviewed300families.Oncetheproblemsareworkedout,Hydeshouldworkwellinpublicschools,saysateacheratBathwhotaughtfor14yearsinpublicschools.Heisoptimisticthatonceparentsmakeacommitmenttotheprogram,theywillbedailyrolemodelsfortheirchildren,unlikeparentswhosechildrenareinboardingschools.Oneformerinner-cityhighschoolteacherwhonowworksintheNewHavenprogram,saysteachersalsobenefit."Herewereallybegintofocusonhavingafruitfulrelationshipwitheachstudent.Ourfocusisreallyaboutteachertostudentandthenwetogetherdealwiththe…academics.Inthetraditionalhighschoolsetting,it'steachertothematerialandthentothestudent."Theteacher-studentrelationshipistakenevenfurtheratHyde.Facultyevaluationsareconductedbythestudents.JimmyDiBattista,19,isamazedhewillgraduatethisMayfromtheBathcampusandplanstoattendauniversity.Yearsago,hehadseenhisfutureas"jail,notcollege".DiBattistaremembershisfirstdaysatHyde."WhenIcamehere,Iinsultedandcursedeverybody.Everyotherschoolwas,'Getout,wedon'twanttodealwithyou.'Icamehereandtheysaid,'Wekindoflikethatspirit.Wedon'tlikeitwiththenegativeattitudes.Wewanttoturnthatspiritpositive.'"品德至上海德中學(xué)的辦學(xué)宗旨是 :如果你向?qū)W生傳授諸如求真 、勇敢、正直、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力、好奇心和關(guān)心他人等美德的話,學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)成績自然就會(huì)提高 。該校的創(chuàng)始人約瑟夫高爾德聲稱學(xué)校的教學(xué)很成功。海德中學(xué)位于緬因州巴思市,每年的學(xué)費(fèi)高達(dá)1.8萬美元,因其教導(dǎo)問題少年有方而聞名遐邇 。我們并不把自己看作一所專為某一類孩子而開設(shè)的學(xué)校 ,”馬爾科姆高爾德說。他是約瑟夫的兒子,畢業(yè)于海德中學(xué),現(xiàn)任海德中學(xué)校長。專業(yè)專業(yè)word可編輯我得10我得10分?!睂I(yè)word可編輯我們把幫助孩子培養(yǎng)一種生活方式看作自己的職責(zé)辦法是倡導(dǎo)一整套能影響所有孩子的我們把幫助孩子培養(yǎng)一種生活方式看作自己的職責(zé)辦法是倡導(dǎo)一整套能影響所有孩子的價(jià)值觀念。”現(xiàn)在,喬高爾德(約瑟夫高爾德)正試圖將他尚有爭議的 品德第一”的理念向舊城區(qū)的公立TOC\o"1-5"\h\z學(xué)校推廣。這些學(xué)校愿意將用于傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)計(jì)劃的稅金用于實(shí)施這一新的教學(xué)方法 。海德公立學(xué)校第一個(gè)教學(xué)計(jì)劃始于 1992年9月。但幾個(gè)月后,該計(jì)劃即告暫停。教師們對(duì)教學(xué)計(jì)劃的高要求以及高強(qiáng)度工作所帶來的壓力表示抗議 。今年秋天,海德基金會(huì)計(jì)劃在巴爾的摩啟動(dòng)初步的公立學(xué)校教學(xué)計(jì)劃 。教師要接受培訓(xùn),以便今后能在整個(gè)巴爾的摩體系內(nèi)勝任工作 。美國其他學(xué)校的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)們也在關(guān)注這個(gè)教學(xué)計(jì)劃 。去年秋天,在家長的一片抗議聲中,海德基金會(huì)在康涅狄格州紐黑文市郊區(qū)的一所中學(xué)內(nèi)啟動(dòng)了一個(gè)引人注目的教學(xué)計(jì)劃 。當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駬?dān)心該??赡苷羞M(jìn)來舊城區(qū)的少數(shù)民族學(xué)生和問題學(xué)生 。就像在緬因州那樣,求真也在康涅狄格州的這所中學(xué)得到廣泛推崇 。在一堂英語課上,11名學(xué)生用最后的5分鐘展開激烈的討論,依口^1-10的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相互評(píng)價(jià)他們當(dāng)天的課堂表現(xiàn)。我有意見。你既沒做語法作業(yè),也沒做拼寫練習(xí)那好,就7分吧。你只能得6分。等等,我可是全力以赴的是的,可你今天沒提問?!痹诮忉屪约旱慕逃椒〞r(shí),喬高爾德指出,對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的教育體制不能只是改革。他說無論怎樣改革”,用馬和馬車是改革不出汽車的”。海德中學(xué)認(rèn)為每一個(gè)人都有自己的獨(dú)特潛能 ”,這種潛能的基礎(chǔ)是品格而不是智力或財(cái)田O良知和苦干受到推崇。成功由不斷進(jìn)步來衡量,而不是由學(xué)習(xí)成績來評(píng)定。學(xué)生必須相互負(fù)責(zé)。為了避免美國中學(xué)使用的其他品格培養(yǎng)方案所引發(fā)的爭議 ,高爾德解釋說,全力以赴”這一概念并不是要強(qiáng)迫學(xué)生接受某一套道德原則或宗教觀念 。海德中學(xué)的課程與那些為升入大學(xué)做準(zhǔn)備的傳統(tǒng)學(xué)校所開設(shè)的課程相似史、數(shù)學(xué)和自然科學(xué)
但所有的學(xué)生都必須選修表演藝術(shù)和體育還要提供社區(qū)服務(wù)但所有的學(xué)生都必須選修表演藝術(shù)和體育還要提供社區(qū)服務(wù)在每門課程中,學(xué)生都會(huì)得到一個(gè)綜合了學(xué)習(xí)成績和 努力程度”的分?jǐn)?shù)。TOC\o"1-5"\h\z在巴思市,97%的海德中學(xué)畢業(yè)生都升入了大學(xué)本科 。在海德中學(xué)的綜合教育中,父母的參與是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的組成部分 。為了使孩子被該校錄取,家長也必須同意接受并實(shí)踐學(xué)校的思想和觀點(diǎn) 。家長們簽約同意每月出席一次區(qū)域小組會(huì)議 (共20個(gè)區(qū)域小組),每年去區(qū)域休養(yǎng)所三天,每年至少參加三次巴思市的研修班、討論組和研討會(huì)。在很多活動(dòng)中,緬因州學(xué)生家長白^出席率高達(dá) 95%。喬和馬爾科姆高爾德都說,當(dāng)孩子們見到自己的父母都在全力以赴時(shí) ,他們也會(huì)竭盡全力。他們說,對(duì)許多家長而言,最困難的是讓他們意識(shí)到自己的不足 。公立學(xué)校學(xué)生家長的活動(dòng)計(jì)劃仍在制定之中 。這項(xiàng)工作的困難要大得多,因?yàn)楹茈y使家長相信他們的參與很有價(jià)值。在紐黑文市錄取的100名學(xué)生中,有30%左右的家長出席了各類特別會(huì)議 。這一低出席率違背了他們?cè)诮虒W(xué)計(jì)劃開始實(shí)施時(shí)所做的承諾 ,當(dāng)時(shí)海德中學(xué)的官員曾與300個(gè)家庭進(jìn)行了面談。巴思市一名在公立學(xué)校教書達(dá) 14年之久的教師說,一旦問題得到解決,海德教學(xué)計(jì)劃就會(huì)在公立學(xué)校中獲得成功。他樂觀地認(rèn)為,一旦家長們投入到計(jì)劃當(dāng)中 ,他們就會(huì)成為孩子們?nèi)粘P袨榈陌駱?,這與寄宿學(xué)校的學(xué)生家長完全不同一名曾任教于舊城區(qū)學(xué)校的教師如今在從事紐黑文教學(xué)計(jì)劃 。他說,教師也能從中受益TOC\o"1-5"\h\z在這里,我們真正開始集中精力與每一個(gè)學(xué)生建立卓有成效的關(guān)系 。我們的重點(diǎn)真的是先考慮師生關(guān)系,然后是師生共同探討學(xué)業(yè)。而在傳統(tǒng)的中學(xué)里,是先考慮教師和教材的關(guān)系 ,然后再考慮師生關(guān)系。”師生關(guān)系在海德中學(xué)被進(jìn)一步深化了 。對(duì)教職員工的評(píng)估由學(xué)生來進(jìn)行 。19歲的吉米迪巴蒂斯塔今年5月將從巴思校區(qū)畢業(yè),并準(zhǔn)備升入大學(xué)。對(duì)此他感到驚奇。幾年前,他還覺得自己的前途 是在監(jiān)獄,而不是在大學(xué)”。迪巴蒂斯塔還記得他剛到海德中學(xué)時(shí)的情景 。我來這兒時(shí),見人就侮辱,就咒罵。其他每所學(xué)校都會(huì)說:滾出去!我們這兒不要你?!襾淼竭@兒,他們卻說:我們有幾分喜歡這種活力,但并不喜歡它消極的一面,我們要將它轉(zhuǎn)化成積極的東西?!盪4FiveFamousSymbolsofAmericanCultureTheStatueofLibertyInthemid-1870s,FrenchartistFredericAugusteBartholdiwasworkingonanenormousprojectcalledLibertyEnlighteningtheWorld,amonumentcelebratingUSindependenceandtheFrance-Americaalliance.Atthesametime,hewasinlovewithawomanwhomhehadmetinCanada.Hismothercouldnotapproveofherson'saffectionforawomanshehadnevermet,butBartholdiwentaheadandmarriedhislovein1876.ThatsameyearBartholdihadassembledthestatue'srightarmandtorch,anddisplayedtheminPhiladelphia.Itissaidthathehadusedhiswife'sarmasthemodel,butfeltherfacewastoobeautifulforthestatue.Heneededsomeonewhosefacerepresentedsufferingyetstrength,someonemoreseverethanbeautiful.Hechosehismother.TheStatueofLibertywasdedicatedonanislandinUpperNewYorkBayin1886.Ithadhismother'sfaceandhiswife'sbody,butBartholdicalledit"mydaughter,Liberty".BarbieBeforeallthedifferenttypesofBarbiedollsforsalenow,therewasjustasingleBarbie.Actually,hernamewasBarbara.BarbaraHandlerwasthedaughterofElliotandRuthHandler,co-foundersoftheMattelToyCompany.RuthcameupwiththeideaforBarbieafterwatchingherdaughterplaywithpaperdolls.Thethree-dimensionalmodelforBarbiewasaGermandoll—ajokegiftforadultsdescribedashavingtheappearanceof"awomanwhosoldsex".Mattelrefashionedthedollintoadecent,all-American
althoughwithanexaggeratedbreastsize—althoughwithanexaggeratedbreastsize—versionandnameditafterBarbara,whowasthenateenager.Sinceherintroductionin1959,BarbiehasbecometheuniversallyrecognizedQueenoftheDolls.MattelsaystheaverageAmericangirlownstenBarbiedolls,andtwoaresoldsomewhereintheworldeverysecond.Nowmorethansixtyyearsold,Barbara—whodeclinesinterviewsbutissaidtohavelovedthedoll-maybethemostfamousunknownfigureontheplanet.Barbie'sboyfriend,Ken,wasintroducedin1961andnamedafterBarbara'sbrother.TherealKen,whodiedin1994,wasdisgustedbythedollthatmadehisfamilyfamous."Idon'twantmychildrentoplaywithit,"hesaidin1993.AmericanGothicGrantWoodinstantlyrosetofamein1930withhispaintingAmericanGothic,anoften-copiedinterpretationofthesolemnprideofAmericanfarmers.Thepaintingshowsaserious-lookingmanandawomanstandinginfrontofafarmhouse.HewasstronglyinfluencedbymedievalartistsandinspiredbytheGothicwindowofanoldfarmhouse,butthefacesinhiscompositionwerewhatcapturedtheworld'sattention.Woodlikedtopaintfacesheknewwell.Forthegravefarmerheusedhisdentist,asour-lookingman.Forthewomanstandingalongsidehim,theartistchosehissister,Nan.Hestretchedthemodels'necksabit,buttherewasnodoubtwhoposedfortheportrait.NanlaterremarkedthatthefameshegainedfromAmericanGothicsavedherfromaveryboringlife.TheBuffaloNickelToday,AmericancoinshonorprominentfiguresoftheUSgovernment —mostlyfamousformerpresidents.ButtheBuffalonickel,producedfrom1913to1938,honoredapairofconnectedtragediesfromthesettlementoftheAmericanfrontier -thedestructionofthebuffaloherdsandtheAmericanIndians.WhilewhitepeoplehadpreviouslybeenusedasmodelsformostAmericancoins,famedartistJamesEarleFraserwentagainsttraditionbyusingthreeactualAmericanIndiansasmodelsforhiscreation.Forthebuffaloontheotherside,sincebuffalonolongerwanderedaboutthegreatgrasslands,FraserwasforcedtosketchanagingbuffalofromNewYorkCity'sCentralParkZoo.Twoyearslater,in1915,thisanimalwassoldfor$100andkilledformeat,ahide,andawalldecorationmadefromitshorns.UncleSamFourteen-year-oldSamWilsonranawayfromhometojoinhisfatherandolderbrothersinthefighttoliberatetheAmericancoloniesfromtheBritishduringtheAmericanRevolution.Atage23,hestartedameatpackingbusinessandearnedareputationforbeinghonestandhardworking.Duringalaterwarin1812,WilsongainedapositioninspectingmeatforUSArmyforces,workingwithamanwhohadsignedacontractwiththegovernmenttoprovidemeattothearmy.Barrelsofmeatsuppliedtothearmywerestamped"EA-US",identifyingthecompany(EA)andcountryoforigin(US).Accordingtoonestory,whenagovernmentofficialvisitedtheplantandaskedabouttheletters,acreativeemployeetoldhim"US"wasshortfor"UncleSam"Wilson.SoonsoldiersweresayingallArmysupplieswerefrom"UncleSam".Afterthewar,acharactercalledUncleSambeganappearinginpoliticalcartoons,hisformevolvingfromanearliercartooncharactercalledBrotherJonathanthatwaspopularduringtheAmericanRevolution.UncleSamsoonreplacedBrotherJonathanasAmerican'smostpopularsymbol.ThemostenduringportraitofUncleSamwascreatedbyartistJamesMontgomeryFlagginhisfamousarmyrecruitingpostersofWorldWarsIandII.Thatversion—atallmanwithwhitehairandasmallwhitebeardonhischin,adarkbluecoatandatallhatwithstarsonit ——wasaself-portraitofFlagg.美國文化的五大象征<B>自由女神像</B>19世紀(jì)70年代中期,法國藝術(shù)家弗里德里克奧古斯特巴托爾迪正在設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)大項(xiàng)目,名為自由照耀世界”。這是一座慶祝美國獨(dú)立和美法聯(lián)盟的紀(jì)念碑 。與此同時(shí),他愛上了一位他在加拿大認(rèn)識(shí)的女子 。他母親不贊成自己的兒子和一個(gè)她沒有見過的女子戀愛,然而巴托爾迪不為所動(dòng),和心中所愛于1876年結(jié)為伉儷。同年,巴托爾迪組裝完雕像的右臂和火炬,并將它們陳列在費(fèi)城。據(jù)說,他用了妻子的手臂為模本,但覺得她的臉太漂亮,不適合做雕像模本。他需要這樣一個(gè)女人:面容滄桑卻不失堅(jiān)定,莊重多于美麗。他選擇了自己的母親。TOC\o"1-5"\h\z1886年,自由女神像在紐約灣北部落成 。雕像綜合了他母親的臉和他妻子的身材 ,不過巴托爾迪稱之為 我的女兒,自由之神”。<B>芭比娃娃</B>在現(xiàn)今銷售的各式各樣的芭比娃娃之前 ,原本部門只有一種芭比娃娃 。實(shí)際上,她的名字叫芭芭拉。芭芭拉漢德勒是馬特爾玩具公司的聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人艾略特和魯思 漢德勒夫婦的女兒。魯思是在見到女兒玩紙娃娃之后才想到做芭比娃娃的 。芭比娃娃的三維模特是一個(gè)德國洋娃娃 ,一個(gè)哄成年人開心的禮物,被描繪成具有風(fēng)塵女子”的模樣。馬特爾公司將這個(gè)娃娃做了一番改造 ,變成了體面而地道的美國版本 ,盡管胸圍有些夸張。它以當(dāng)時(shí)10多歲的少女芭芭拉的名字命名自從1959年面世,芭比娃娃就成了全球公認(rèn)的 娃娃女王”。TOC\o"1-5"\h\z馬特爾公司說,一般的美國女孩擁有10個(gè)芭比娃娃,全球每秒鐘就有兩個(gè)芭比娃娃售出 。如今芭芭拉已有60多歲了,她拒絕接受采訪,但據(jù)說她非常喜歡芭比娃娃 。她可能是當(dāng)今世上最著名的不為人知的人物了 。1961年,芭比娃娃的男朋友面世,按芭芭拉的弟弟肯的名字命名 。真正的肯于1994年去世。他對(duì)令自己全家名揚(yáng)天下的娃娃極為厭惡 。他在1993年說:我可不想讓我的孩子玩這洋娃娃 ?!?lt;B>美國哥特人》</B>1930年,格蘭特伍德因其畫作〈美國哥
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