Lecture24

AdverbandAdverbPhrase

TeachingContents24.1Chiefusesofadverbsandadverbphrases24.2Adverbswithorwithout–lyLikeadjectives,adverbsareaclassofwordsthatchieflyfunctionasmodifyingelements,andmodifyverbs,adjectives,prepositions,conjunctionsorotheradverbs.Intermsofwordformation,adverbsfallintotwogroups:simpleandderivativeadverbs.Simpleonesconsistofonlyonefreemorpheme;derivativesarederivedfromadjectivesbyaddingasuffix–lyandmostadverbsarederivatives.派生副詞：大多數(shù)派生副詞有-ly后綴：oddly。其它一些派生后綴：-wise:clockwise;-ways:sideways;-ward(s):northward(s);-style:cowboy-style;-fashion:schoolboy-fashion與介詞短語towardsthesouth/east/north/west相對應(yīng)的副詞有south,southward(s)。不帶-s的形式較為普遍，在美國的書刊英語中尤其如此。e.g.Thewindowfacessouth(最常見)/southwards/southward.形容詞所以能加-ly變成副詞，是與形容詞的動態(tài)性質(zhì)有關(guān)，如cheerful–cheerfully,suspiciously,jealously.但是，典型的各類靜態(tài)形容詞，如大小、顏色、年齡，不能加-ly，如*bigly,*tally,*redly,*blondly,*oldly,*youngly.24.1Chiefusesofadverbsandadverbphrases1)AdverbsasmodifierinphrasesAsaphraseelement,adverbsarechieflyuseda)asmodifierofverbs.e.g.Theycompletelyignoredmyviews.b)asmodifierofadjectives,e.g.I’mfeelingkindoftired.c)asmodifierofadverbs,e.g.Doitrightnow.d)asmodifierofprepositionsorconjunctions,e.g.Hisparentsaredeadagainstthetrip.e)asmodifierofdeterminers,e.g.Theyrecoveredroughlyhalftheirequipment.f)asmodifierofnounsorwholenounphrases,e.g.She’sratherafool.g)Onlyfewadverbscanbeusedaspostmodifiersofnouns,e.g.yourfriendhere,histripahead.Somecanbepremodifiers,e.g.hishomejourney.C.強調(diào)語(emphasizer)增強形容詞的語勢，而不是提高形容詞的程度。e.g.Theplayisverygoodindeed.Shehasareallybeautifulface.強調(diào)語和強化語不同，和不可分等級的形容詞連用，但是他們產(chǎn)生的效果與強化語的效果類似。e.g.You’recertainlywelcome.Theplaywasindeedexcellent/excellentindeed.2)作副詞修飾語：副詞的后置修飾語只有enough和indeed。e.g.Hespokeclearlyenough.(sufficientlyclearly)indeed常和very連用：e.g.Shespokeveryclearlyindeed.?Shespokeclearlyindeed.2)AdverbphrasesasadverbialinclausesorsentencesAsaclauseelement,adverbphrasesarechieflyusedaadjunct,disjuncts,andconjuncts.Whenusedasanadjunct,theadverbphrasedescribesthetime,placeormannerconcernedwiththeaction,processorstatedenotedbytheverb.Inthisuse,theadverbphraseisrelativelymobile,beingabletotaketheinitial,medialorendposition.Sometimesforrhetoricalreasons,amanneradjunctmayoccurattheheadofthesentence.e.g.Quietlyshewalkedonandon.Placeadjunctsnormallyappearattheendofthesentence.e.g.Icouldn’tfinditthroughIhadlookedeverywhere.24.2Adverbswithorwithout–ly1)TwoformswithnodifferenceinbasicmeaningThereareadverbswithtwoformswhichareidenticalinmeaningbutareusedindifferentcontexts.e.g.Driveslowlyontotheferry.Theworkersdecidedtogoslow.Heguessedright.Itservesyouright.Don’ttalksoloud/loudly.2)TwoformsdifferentorslightlydifferentinmeaningTheseadverbsalsoincludesomeoftheitemscitedintheprecedingsections.e.g.Hewalkedslowlybutsurely.Hestoppeddead.Hewasdeadtired.still/yet/already都是時間副詞，yet和still表示“仍舊、還”，但是位置不同。Yet位于句末