長程跨界空氣污染公約ConventiononLong-rangeTransboundaryAirPollution一、背景介紹和機構運行特色NationsEconomicConventiononLong-rangeTransboundaryAirPollution1983316約，只制定根本的原則和制度，至于對特定空氣污染物的掌握由51個締約國簽訂的議定書來解決。迄今為止共簽訂了八項議定架內(nèi)對一些具體問題做出規(guī)定。〔〕簽訂的目的在于各締約國盡力地去限制，盡可能、漸漸地削減和防止長距離跨界空氣污染的排放，尤其在掌握二氧化硫的排放和酸雨等方面。機構設置：該公約的執(zhí)行機構〔ExecutiveBody〕由各締個附屬機構：效應問題工作組〔WorkingGrouponEffects〕,歐洲空氣污染物長程廉價檢測和評價合作方案指導機構〔SteeringBodytoEMEP〕,策略和檢討問題工作組〔WorkingGrouponStrategiesandReview〕以及會議的執(zhí)行委員會，每年都要向執(zhí)行機構做匯報。向世界的其他地區(qū)共享其理念和信息。對于《公約》的執(zhí)行機構來說，它們的職責包括承受具有締約國具體義務的議定書以打算相關工作〔包括未能履行議定書特定義相關活動的財務事項。的關于大氣污染的國際協(xié)議協(xié)調(diào)進展。二、公約內(nèi)容〔翻譯〕公約遠距離越境空氣污染〔1979〕1983316到本公約的締約方，決心促進的關系，在環(huán)境保護領域的合作，意識到歐洲的聯(lián)合國經(jīng)濟委員會的活動加強，特別是在空氣污染，包括長程運輸領域的空氣污染物這種關系和合作，意義，法的有關規(guī)定執(zhí)行多邊，關于對安全和合作會議最終文件的環(huán)境中引用歐洲合作的一章中要求生疏到掌握空氣污染，包括長程運輸?shù)目諝馕廴疚锏挠叭疚铮?1，它表達了各國有共同的信念，依據(jù)對聯(lián)合國憲章和國際法原則，在其管轄或掌握下的活動不致?lián)p害其他國家或國家管轄范圍以外地區(qū)的環(huán)境的限制，染，包括越境空氣污染，這種不利影響，解決覺察的問題，申明他們情愿樂觀加強國際合作，制訂適當?shù)膰艺吆蛯π啪嚯x越境空氣污染的國家行動，定義1對于本公約的目的：一“空氣污染”是指由人介紹，直接或間接地把物質(zhì)或能量，境，和“空氣污染物”應作相應解釋;二“遠距離越境空氣污染”是指空氣污染，其物理根源所在區(qū)轄的區(qū)域在這樣的距離它不是一般區(qū)分開來的個人排放源或來源團體的奉獻。2止空氣污染，包括長程跨界污染。第三條第四條第五條Connexion的活動。第六條25兼容均衡進展，特別是使用現(xiàn)有的最正確技術，經(jīng)濟上是可行的，低收入和無廢技術。第七條和/或進展：包括技術和經(jīng)濟可行性和環(huán)境后果的排放量;二〕儀器儀表和監(jiān)測和測量排放率和空氣污染物環(huán)境濃度等技術;為一對遠距離越境空氣污染物的傳輸模式更好的生疏的提高;水產(chǎn)和其他自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和主要空氣污染物的知名度與一認為，建立一個效果的劑量/效應關系，旨在保護供給科學依據(jù)環(huán)境;e〕在為實現(xiàn)環(huán)境目標，包括遠距離越境空氣污染減量替代措施的經(jīng)濟，社會和環(huán)境評估;f〕與污染的硫化合物及其他主要空氣污染物的環(huán)境方面的教育和培訓打算。第八條當在它們的共同利益，交換供給的資料：〕按時間段的數(shù)據(jù)待商定，商定的空氣污染物，與二氧與二氧化硫開頭跨越國界，在距離和時間段在待商定;這將可能導致遠距離越境空氣污染的顯著變化;d〕在排放掌握或硫化合物及其他在全國范圍內(nèi)主要空氣污染物的估量本錢;五〕氣象和物理化學有關的數(shù)據(jù)在傳輸過程中的程序;六物理化學和生物有關的數(shù)據(jù)的遠距離越境空氣污染影響和損害的一這些數(shù)據(jù)說明可以歸因于遠距離越境空氣污染的程度;g〕國家，次區(qū)域和區(qū)域政策和戰(zhàn)略中的硫化合物和其他主要石油污染物的掌握。的評價9輸評估量劃”的實施需要〔以下簡稱EMEP〕及關于進一步進展本方案，同意強調(diào)：a〕在締約方參加并充分實施EMEP化硫及相關物質(zhì)的監(jiān)測為根底的必要性;b〕需要使用完可能可比監(jiān)測或標準化的程序;三轄;d〕將建立一個合作的環(huán)境監(jiān)測方案的框架根底上并考慮到當前和將來的國家，次區(qū)域區(qū)域和其他國際方案實行的可取性;開頭與二氧化硫，從電網(wǎng)商定的大小為單位的降臨;或商定的空氣污染物的通量，開頭與二氧化硫，跨越國界的距離和時間段，待商定。方法，包括模型，用于確定通量以及方法，包括模型，上，應供給并定期檢討，以改進的方法和模式;開頭，國家數(shù)據(jù)更;g〕需要供給氣象和物理化學數(shù)據(jù)在傳輸過程中有關程序;h〕需要監(jiān)測諸如水，土壤和植被，以及類似的監(jiān)控程序來記錄對安康和環(huán)境的影響等媒體化學成分;可取的。10ESE題，構成了本公約的執(zhí)行機構，并應在該力量至少每年一次。2。執(zhí)行機構應：一〕審查本公約的執(zhí)行狀況;b〕建立，并酌情工作組，以審議與實施本公約和進展，并為此事項;c〕履行的其他職能可依據(jù)本公約的規(guī)定適當?shù)?。組成局部，特別是關于數(shù)據(jù)收集和科學合作。4。執(zhí)行機構在履行其職責，應在其認為適當，也使信息的使用秘書處11一〕召集并預備執(zhí)行機構的會議;b〕將轉交締約方報告和其他資料符合本公約的規(guī)定接收;三〕履行的執(zhí)行機構安排的工作。121。任何締約方均可提出修訂本公約。2。擬議的修訂案文應以書面形式提交給經(jīng)濟委員會執(zhí)行秘書負903。作為本公約的修正案應通過對締約雙方代表達成共識，并應輸入締約上已承受之日后第九十天之日起生效的締約方三分之效的任何其他締約國黨的第九十天后的日期該締約方交存其修正案的承受書。13假設爭議雙方或一方為更多的解釋或適用公約締約方在本公約端各方的解決方案。簽在高級別會議在歐洲經(jīng)濟委員會的框架內(nèi)對環(huán)境的保護水3281947協(xié)定的適用方面的權限。2。對屬于其權限的事項，如區(qū)域經(jīng)濟一體化組織應以自己的名義，行使權利和履行職責，本公約的屬性，其成員國。在這種狀況entitled.to。批準，承受，核準和參加151。本公約須經(jīng)批準，承受或核準。2197911171413。批準書，承受書，核準書或參加書應交存秘書長的聯(lián)合國，誰執(zhí)行保存的功能。生效161。本公約應自九十一日之后的批準書，承受書，核準書或參加其次十四屆書之日起生效。2。對每一締約方批準，承受或核準本公約或參加本議定書后，國。戒斷17第九十天后，其保存人收到通知之日起的作用。18合國秘書長的聯(lián)合國。在昭信守，經(jīng)正式授權，簽署本公約。公約原文見附件一三、最進展狀況CapacityBuildingforAirQualityManagementandtheApplicationofCleanCoalCombustionTechnologiesin潔煤燃燒技術應用工程。中亞地區(qū)經(jīng)濟的進展和變遷很大程度上依靠于本錢低廉的單一能源——煤,但是缺乏適當?shù)奈廴菊莆蘸湍茉粗圃旒夹g導致了空氣污染.城市地區(qū)的高污染已經(jīng)對人口安康和環(huán)境造成了重大影響.ProjectDescriptionWho：聯(lián)合國歐洲經(jīng)濟委員會(UNECE)作為主要機構,與聯(lián)合國亞共同發(fā)起一個名為”中亞地區(qū)空氣質(zhì)量治理和清潔煤燃燒技術實施”的工程.這個工程由聯(lián)合國進展帳戶〔UnitedNationsDevelopmentAccount〕供給資金支持.Objective：這個工程著重為中亞地區(qū)供給技術支持,提高中亞地區(qū)的空氣質(zhì)量治理意識When:工程持續(xù)時間三年,0407年中期Where:工程掩蓋中亞地區(qū):哈薩克斯坦/吉爾吉斯斯坦/土庫曼斯坦/烏茲別克斯坦成果：08421日,機構向聯(lián)合國提交報告,匯報工程成果:哈薩克斯坦開展了一個國家級的工程,旨在實現(xiàn)本國將來的空氣質(zhì)量治理政策,同時預備簽訂在長距離跨界污染公約下的4個議定書地區(qū)的網(wǎng)絡建設和培訓的開展:的專家有時機就現(xiàn)代空氣質(zhì)量治理技術建立信息網(wǎng)絡系統(tǒng)并組織培訓.在區(qū)域內(nèi)建立起重金屬和長久性有機污染物現(xiàn)代評估系統(tǒng).通過這些工程的實施,提高了網(wǎng)絡技術和能源和運輸部門決策者的現(xiàn)代化空氣質(zhì)量治理技能水平.亞地區(qū)擴展,一個的空氣質(zhì)量監(jiān)測站在哈薩克斯坦的波洛沃建立起來.能源價格和政策改革:來自地區(qū)的專家有時機國際研討會爭論煤,熱能和電力的價格改革,改革的主要目的是建立起一個穩(wěn)定而有競爭力的市場,旨在增加能源效勞的效率和質(zhì)量.關于投資工程:確立了遴選適宜的高效利用能源工程的標準,從四個中亞國家中選取了8個相關的工程,成功進展了3期商業(yè)進展規(guī)劃的訓練.四、典型案例3一、根本案情案件當事國為AlphaBetaDelta3ABD3故以煤炭為原料實行火力發(fā)電。由于原煤含氮、硫、汞及其他元素，在燃燒過程中能產(chǎn)生和排放硫、氮等污染物。BAA口。兩國間簽有長期的雙邊供電協(xié)定:AB電力；如遇履約爭端，任何一方都可向國際法院提起訴訟。DA溪流，是其本國居民和世界各國旅游者消遣之地。ABD了跨界污染。特別是A國燃煤電廠排放的汞，通過大氣輸送，污染了BD臭氧。臭氧是煙霧的主要成分之一，DD國近年實行了格外昂貴的措施使得空氣變得更加安全，水質(zhì)變得清潔。D國認為，A國燃煤電廠排放的污染物，通過長距離傳輸DD國通過外交途徑，要求A國關閉其燃煤電廠，但遭A國拒ADB二、各方主見及爭議焦點原告D國主見:雖然源于一國的空氣污染會在其他國家－－飄移到另一個大陸。D國認定，A國燃煤電廠排放的污染物經(jīng)過燃煤電廠；(2)A國必需向D被告A:A濟技術和資源條件打算只能承受燃煤發(fā)電。假設關閉燃煤電廠，經(jīng)濟增長速度將受到嚴峻影響，國民生活水準也將大幅下降。A國否認對DBB國主見:假設AAB國達成的協(xié)議，將影響兩國間長期供電協(xié)定的履行，B國將被迫支付更多費用以購置電力，AB的電價。由于ABB支持AAA廠對DA為擔當國家賠償責任？三、裁判結果A國燃煤電廠排放行為與D國所受D發(fā)要求AD國作為興旺國家，有責任供給經(jīng)濟和技術支持以幫助A國，并1010完成)。四、評述和啟發(fā)AB的沖突，也促進了國際環(huán)境合作。1、要重視對國際環(huán)境法的爭論。目前，跨界環(huán)境污染的國際法等”軟法”的爭論。2、重視環(huán)境損害賠償法律機制的完善。中國應當樂觀制定和完邊國家良好的環(huán)境合作關系，貫徹落實我國睦鄰友好的外交政策，具有同樣重要意義。4、重視私人企業(yè)的國家責任。一國管轄或掌握下的活動可能會或掌握下的活動的影響。為了預防和削減不必要的國際環(huán)境糾治理。附件一：附件一：ConventiononLong-RangeTransboundaryAirPollution(1979)ENTEREDINTOFORCE:16March1983ThePartiestothepresentConvention,〔締約方〕Determinedtopromoterelationsandcooperationinthefieldofenvironmentalprotection,〔旨在推動環(huán)境保護領域的關系語合作〕AwareofthesignificanceoftheactivitiesoftheUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEuropeinstrengtheningsuchrelationsandco-operation,particularlyinthefieldofairpollutionincludinglong-rangetransportofairpollutants,RecognizingthecontributionoftheEconomicCommissionforEuropetothemultilateralimplementationofthepertinentprovisionsoftheFinalActoftheConferenceonSecurityandCooperatinginEurope,CognizantofthereferencesinthechapteronenvironmentoftheFinalActoftheConferenceonSecurityandCo-operationinEuropecallingforco-operationtocontrolairpollutionanditseffects,includinglong-rangetransportofairpollutants,andtothedevelopmentthroughinternationalco-operationofanextensiveprogrammeforthemonitoringandevaluationoflong-rangetransportofairpollutants,startingwithsulphurdioxideandwithpossibleextensiontootherpollutants,ConsideringthepertinentprovisionsoftheDeclarationoftheUnitedNationsConferenceontheHumanEnvironment,andinparticularprinciple21,whichexpressesthecommonconvictionthatStateshave,inaccordancewiththeCharteroftheUnitedNationsandthe principlesof internationallaw,thesovereignrighttoexploittheirownresourcespursuanttotheirownenvironmentalpolicies,andtheresponsibilitytoensurethatactivitieswithintheirjurisdictionorcontroldonotcausedamagetotheenvironmentofotherStatesorofareasbeyondthelimitsofnationaljurisdiction,Recognizingtheexistenceofpossibleadverseeffects,intheshortandlongterm,ofairpollutionincludingtransboundaryairpollution,Concernedthatariseinthelevelofemissionofairpollutantswithintheregionasforecastmayincreasesuchadverseeffects,Recognizingtheneedtostudytheimplicationsofthelong-rangetransportofairpollutantsandtheneedtoseeksolutionsfortheproblemsidentified,Affirmingtheirwillingnesstoreinforceactiveinternationalco-operationtodevelopappropriatenationalpoliciesandbymeansofexchangeofinformation,consultation,researchandmonitoring,toco-ordinatenationalactionforcombatingairpollutionincludinglong-rangetransboundaryairpollution,Haveagreedasfollows:DEFINITIONSArticle1ForthepurposeofthepresentConvention:“airpollution“meanstheintroductionbyman,directlyorindirectly,ofsubstancesorenergyintotheairresultingindeleterious〔有毒的，有害的〕effectsofsuchanatureastoendangerhumanharmlivingresources〔生物資beconstruedaccordingly〔進展相應的解釋〕;“l(fā)ong-rangetransboundaryairpollution“meansairpollutionwhosephysicalnsd處于??境況〕yrntneathenationaljurisdictionofoneStateandwhichhasadverseeffectsintheareaunderthejurisdictionofanotherStateatsuchadistancethatitisnotgenerallyorgroupsofsources.FUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLESArticle2TheContractingParties,takingdueaccountofthefactsandproblemsinvolved,aredeterminedtoprotectmanandhisenvironmentagainstairpollutionandshallendeavourtolimitand,asfaraspossible,graduallyreduceandpreventairpollutionincludinglong-rangetransboundarypollution.Article3制止無故拖延履行公約義務TheContractingParties,withintheframeworkofthepresentConvention,shallbymeansofexchangesofinformation,consultation,researchandmonitoring,asameansofcombatingthedischargeofairpollutants,takingintoaccounteffortsalreadymadeatnationalandinternationallevels.Article4資源共享TheContractingPartiesshallexchangeinformationonandreviewtheirpolicies,scientificactivitiesandtechnicalmeasuresaimedatcombating,asfaraspossible,the discharge of air pollutants, which may have adverse effects, therebycontributingtothereductionofairpollutionincludinglong-rangetransboundaryairpollution.Article5關于磋商Consultationsshallbeheld,uponrequest,atanearlystagebetween,ontheonehand,ContractingPartieswhichareactuallyaffectedbyorexposedtoasignificantriskoflong-rangetransboundaryairpollutionand,ontheotherhand,ContractingPartieswithinwhichandsubjecttowhosejurisdictionasignificantcontribution to long-range transboundary air pollution originates, or originate,inconnexionwithactivitiescarriedonorcontemplatedtherein.AIRQUALITYMANAGEMENT空氣質(zhì)量治理Article6Takingintoaccountarticles2to5,theongoingresearch,exchangeofinformationandmonitoringandtheresultsthereof,thecostandeffectivenessoflocalandotherremediesand,inordertocombatairpollutioninparticularthatoriginatingfromneworrebuiltinstallations,eachContractingPartyundertakestodevelopthebestpoliciesandstrategiesincludingairqualitymanagementsystems,and,aspartofthem,controlmeasurescompatiblewithbalanceddevelopment,inparticularbyusingthebestavailabletechnologywhichiseconomicallyfeasibleandlow-andnon-wastetechnology.RESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTArticle7TheContractingParties,asappropriatetotheirneeds,shallinitiateandco-operateintheconductofresearchintoand/ordevelopmentof:existingandproposedtechnologiesforreducingemissionsofsulphurcompoundsandothermajorairpollutants,includingtechnicalandeconomicfeasibility,andenvironmentalconsequences;instrumentationandothertechniquesformonitoringandmeasuringemissionratesandambientconcentrationsofairpollutants;improvedmodelsforabetterunderstandingofthetransmissionoflong-rangetransboundaryairpollutants;theeffectsofsulphurcompoundsandothermajorairpollutantsonhumanhealthandtheenvironment,includingagriculture,forestry,materials,aquaticandothernaturalecosystemsandvisibility,withaviewtoestablishingascientificbasisfordose/effectrelationshipsdesignedtoprotecttheenvironment;theeconomic,socialandenvironmentalassessmentofalternativemeasuresforattainingenvironmentalobjectivesincludingthereductionoflong-rangetransboundaryairpollution;educationandtrainingprogrammesrelatedtotheenvironmentalaspectsofpollutionbysulphurcompoundsandothermajorairpollutants.EXCHANGEOFINFORMATIONArticle8TheContractingParties,withintheframeworkoftheExecutiveBodyreferredtoinarticle10andbilaterally,shall,intheircommoninterests,exchangeavailableinformationon:dataonemissionatperiodsoftimetobeagreedupon,ofagreedairpollutants,startingwithsulphurdioxide,comingfromgrid-unitsofagreedsize-oronthefluxesofagreedairpollutants,startingwithsulphurdioxide,acrossnationalborders,atdistancesandatperiodsoftimetobeagreedupon;majorchangesinnationalpoliciesandingeneralindustrialdevelopment,andtheirpotentialimpact,whichwouldbelikelytocausesignificantchangesinlong-rangetransboundaryairpollution;control technologies for reducing air pollution relevant to long-rangetransboundaryairpollution;theprojectedcostoftheemissioncontrolorsulphurcompoundsandothermajorairpollutantsonanationalscale;meteorologicalandphysico-chemicaldatarelatingtotheprocessesduringtransmission;physico-chemicalandbiologicaldatarelatingtotheeffectsoflong-rangetransboundaryairpollutionandtheextentofthedamage1whichthesedataindicatecanbeattributedtolong-rangetransboundaryairpollution;g)national,subregionalandregionalpoliciesandstrategiesforthecontrolofsulphurcompoundsandothermajoroilpollutants.IMPLEMENTATIONANDFURTHERDEVELOPMENTOFTHECOOPERATIVEPROGRAMMEFORTHEMONITORINGANDEVALUATIONOFTHELONG-RANGETRANSMISSIONOFAIRPOLLUTANTSINEUROPEArticle9TheContractingPartiesstresstheneedfortheimplementationoftheexisting“Co-operativeprogrammeforthemonitoringandevaluationofthelong-rangetransmissionofairpollutantsinEurope“(hereinafterreferredtoasEMEP)andwithregardtothefurtherdevelopmentofthisprogramme,agreetoemphasize:thedesirabilityofContractingPartiesjoininginandfullyimplementingEMEPwhich,asafirststep,isbasedonthemonitoringofsulphurdioxideandrelatedsubstances;theneedtousecomparableorstandardizedproceduresformonitoringwheneverpossible;thedesirabilityofbasingthemonitoringprogrammeontheframeworkofbothnationalandinternationalprogrammes.Theestablishmentofmonitoringstationsandthecollectionofdatashallbecarriedoutunderthenationaljurisdictionofthecountryinwhichthemonitoringstationsarelocated;thedesirabilityofestablishingaframeworkforaco-operativeenvironmentalmonitoringprogramme,basedonandtakingintoaccountpresentandfuturenational,subregionalregionalandotherinternationalprogrammes;theneedtoexchangedataonemissionsatperiodsoftimetobeagreedupon,ofagreedairpollutants,startingwithsulphurdioxide,comingfromgrid-unitsofagreedsize;oronthefluxesofagreedairpollutants,startingwithsulphurdioxide,acrossnationalborders,atdistancesandatperiodsoftimetobeagreedupon.Themethodincludingthemodel,usedtodeterminethefluxesaswellasthemethod,includingthemodel,usedtodeterminethetransmissionofairpollutants,basedontheemissionspergrid-unit,shallbemadeavailableandperiodicallyreviewed,inordertoimprovethemethodsandthemodels;theirwillingnesstocontinuetheexchangeandperiodicupdatingofnationaldataontotalemissionsofagreedairpollutants,startingwithsulphurdioxide;theneedtoprovidemeteorologicalandphysico-chemicaldatarelatingtoprocessesduringtransmission;theneedtomonitorchemicalcomponentsinothermediasuchaswater,soilandvegetation,aswellasasimilarmonitoringprogrammetorecordeffectsonhealthandenvironment;thedesirabilityofextendingthenationalEMEPnetworkstomakethemoperationalforcontrolandsurveillancepurposes.EXECUTIVEBODYArticle10TherepresentativesoftheContractingPartiesshall,withintheframeworkoftheSeniorAdviserstoESEGovernmentsonEnvironmentalProblems,constitutetheExecutiveBodyofthepresentConvention,andshallmeetatleastannuallyinthatcapacity.TheExecutiveBodyshall:reviewtheimplementationofthepresentConvention;establish,asappropriate,workinggroupstoconsidermattersrelatedtotheimplementationanddevelopmentofthepresentConventionandtothisendtoprepareappropriatestudiesandotherdocumentationandtosubmitrecommendationstobeconsideredbytheExecutiveBody;fulfilsuchotherfunctionsasmaybeappropriateundertheprovisionsofthepresentConvention.TheExecutiveBodyshallutilizetheSteeringBodyfortheEMEPtoplayanintegralpartintheoperationofthepresentConvention,inparticularwithregardtodatacollectionandscientificcooperation.TheExecutiveBody,indischargingitsfunctions,shall,whenitdeemsappropriate,alsomakeuseofinformationfromotherrelevantinternationalorganizations.SECRETARIATArticle11TheExecutiveSecretaryoftheEconomicCommissionforEuropeshallcarryout,fortheExecutiveBody,thefollowingsecretariatfunctions--toconveneandpreparethemeetingsoftheExecutiveBody;totransmittotheContractingPartiesreportsandotherinformationreceivedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthepresentConvention;todischargethefunctionsassignedbytheExecutiveBody.AMENDMENTSTOTHECONVENTIONArticle12AnyContractingPartymayproposeamendmentstothepresentconvention.ThetextofproposedamendmentsshallbesubmittedinwritingtotheExecutive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Europe, who communicatethemtoallContractingParties.TheExecutiveBodyshalldiscussproposedamendmentsatitsnextannualmeetingprovidedthatsuchproposalshavebeencirculatedbytheExecutiveSecretaryoftheEconomicCommissionforEuropetotheContractingPartiesatleastninetydaysinadvance.AnamendmenttothepresentConventionshallbeadoptedbyconsensusoftherepresentativesoftheContractingParties,andshallenterintoforcefortheContractingPartieswhichhaveaccepteditontheninetiethdayafterthedateonwhichtwo-thirdsoftheContractingPartieshavedepositedtheirinstrumentsofacceptancewiththedepositary.Thereafter,theamendmentshallenterintoforceforanyotherContractingPartyontheninetiethdayafterthedateonwhichthatContractingPartydepositsitsinstrumentofacceptanceoftheamendment.SETTLEMENTOFDISPUTESArticle13談判協(xié)商方式解決IfadisputearisesbetweentwoormoreContractingPartiestothepresentConventionastotheinterpretationorapplicationoftheConvention,theyshallseekasolutionbynegotiationorbyanyothermethodofdisputesettlementacceptabletothepartiestothedispute.SIGNATUREArticle14公約的主體、成員國的權限ThepresentConventionshallbeopenforsignatureattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom13to16November1979ontheoccasionoftheHigh-levelMeetingwithintheframeworkoftheEconomicCommissionforEuropeontheProtectionoftheEnvironment,bythememberStatesoftheEconomicCommissionforEuropeaswellasStateshavingconsultativestatuswiththe8ofEconomicandSocialCouncilresolution36(IV)of28March1947,andbysovereignStatesmembersoftheEconomicCommissionforEurope,whichhavecompetence in respect of the negotiation conclusion and application internationalagreementsinmatterscoveredbythepresentConvention.Inmatterswithintheircompetence〔在權限內(nèi)〕,suchre